Constitution of the Year VIII
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Constitution of the Year VIII | |
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Original title | (in French) Constitution de l'an VIII |
Created | 13 December 1799 |
The Constitution of the Year VIII (
After the coup, Napoleon and his allies legitimized his position by crafting the "short and obscure Constitution of the Year VIII", as Malcolm Crook has called it.[1] The constitution tailor-made the position of First Consul to give Napoleon most of the powers of a dictator. It was the first constitution since the 1789 Revolution without a Declaration of Rights.
The document vested executive power in three
The Constitution of Year VIII established a legislature of three houses, which was composed of a Conservative Senate of 80 men over the age of 40, a Tribunate of 100 men over the age of 25, and a Legislative Body (Corps législatif) of 300 men over 30 years old.
The Constitution also used the term "
Napoleon held a plebiscite on the Constitution on 7 February 1800. The vote was not binding, but it allowed Napoleon to maintain a veneer of democracy. Lucien Bonaparte announced results of 3,011,007 in favor and 1,562 against the new dispensation. The true result was probably around 1.55 million for it, with several thousand against it.[3]
This Constitution was amended, firstly, by the
Adoption
Following the refusal of the Council of Five Hundred to revise the Constitution of the Year III, Napoleon Bonaparte conducted a coup d'État on the 18th Brumaire of year VIII (9 November 1799) and took control of the government alongside the Abbot Sieyès and Roger Ducos, establishing a provisional consulate.[4]
Napoléon proceeded to compose, alongside Sieyès, a new constitution aiming to assure a strong executive power, concentrated in Napoleon's hands.[5] The assemblies designated a commission each for the preparation of a new constitution. Multiple sessions took place before Napoleon interfered to accelerate the process.[5]
The Constitution of the Year VIII was composed in 11 days,[6] principally by Pierre Claude François Daunou, who belonged to the Society of Ideologues (liberal republicans hostile to Jacobinism) and had had a significant role in writing the Constitution of the Year III.[7] It was adopted on the 13th of December 1799, under pretext of emergency, before being ratified by a plebiscite which took place for 15 days, the official results of which were made public the 7th of February 1800. Officially, the Constitution was approved by 3,011,107 citizens against 1,562 opposants,[8] from a base of around 6 million voters registered in electoral lists. French historian Claude Langlois demonstrated in 1972 that the results of this plebiscite had been massively falsified by Napoleon's brother Lucien Bonaparte.[9][10]
New Constitutional Order
The Constitution of the Year VIII marks a break with the preceding constitutions- it allows Napoleon to exercise a personal power[11] all the while maintaining an illusion of democracy. The text is very technical, and defines mainly the powers of the First Consul.
Unlike the preceding Republican Constitutions, the Constitution of the Year VIII does not feature a declaration of rights and freedoms.[12] However, some rights are affirmed in general terms, such as the inviolability of the home, personal safety, and the right to petition.
The Constitution establishes universal masculine suffrage, but the electoral system does not allow a real expression of the citizens; in effect, elections are removed, with citizen unable to elect representants but limited to create "Lists of Confidence (or notability)".[13] These were lists of candidates from which membres of the Assemblies, consuls, and functionaries are names or elected by the government or the Senate.
This universal suffrage is indirect, and proceeds in three stages:
- The voters of each canton designate a tenth of them to constitute the district list. This list makes it possible to choose the public servants of the arrondissement. These members designate another tenth of them to constitute the departmental list.
- This departmental list makes it possible to choose the officials of the department. These members designate another tenth of them to constitute the national list.
- The national list makes it possible to choose national civil servants including members of the Legislative Body and the Tribunate.
In addition, the length of stay required of a foreigner to claim French citizenship increases: it is no longer seven years but ten years, or twice as long as the period provided for by the Legislative Assembly in 1791.[14]
The Constitution appears "tailored" to Napoleon, to the point that he is designated explicitly and by name as the First Consul, highly unusual for a constitutional text,[15] which is by definition destined to be permanently applicable. The designation by name of five citizens (Napoleon, Cambacérès, Lebrun, Sieyès, and Ducos)[16] limits the applicability of the text to the lifetimes of the Consuls.
The Consulate is composed of three Consuls, but contrary to the Directory, the Second and Third Consuls only had a consultative power.
The powers of the First Consul are considerable. He names the main civil servants and has the right of initiative. Additionally, he is given significant powers in diplomacy and military affairs.
Constitutional organs
The executive power, weakened during the Revolution, now holds the real political power, aided by the advisory role of the then newly-established Conseil d'État (Council of State). Three Consuls are named for ten years and indefinitely re-electable by the Senate.[16] The Second and Third Consul only being able to make their opinion known, executive power now effectively belongs to the First Consul, who also has a large amount of legislative power. He proposes and promulgates laws, names and revokes ministers and civil servants, and has no political responsibility.[17]
The first three consuls designated by the Constitution of Year VIII are Napoléon Bonaparte, Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, and Charles-François Lebrun.[18]
The legislature is now weakened by its division in three assemblies: the Conservative Senate, the Tribunate, and the Legislative Body.[19]
Sources
Connelly, Owen (2000). The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era. 3rd Edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt. pp. 201–203.
References
- ^ Crook, Malcolm (1999). "The Myth Of The 18 Brumaire". H-France Napoleon Forum. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- )
- OCLC 46498013.
- ^ Lefebvre, Georges (1964). The French Revolution. Vol. II: from 1793 to 1799. pp. 252–256.
- ^ a b Duverger, Maurice. « Les révolutions et la valse des constitutions », Maurice Duverger éd., Les constitutions de la France. Presses Universitaires de France, 2004, pp. 34-72.
- ISBN 978-94-035-3576-0.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica (in French) (11th ed.). Horace Everett Hooper. 1910–1911. pp. 849–850.
- ^ Horn, J. (2002). Building the New Regime: Founding the Bonapartist State in the Department of the Aube. French Historical Studies, 25(2), 225–263.
- ISBN 0-340-71916-8.
- ISBN 0708314015.
- ISSN 2100-0123.
He is especially criticized for favoring the concentration of powers around the figure of the First Consul, thus going against the primary meaning of the separation of powers
- ISSN 2100-0123.
Ensuite, elle est la première constitution écrite à laquelle n'est pas associée une Déclaration des Droits. (In addition, it is the first constitution written to which is not affixed a declaration of rights)
- ISSN 1266-7862.
- ^ "Constitution of 1791". University of Santa Fe. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014.
- ^ Ribner, Jonathan P. (1993). Broken Tablets. University of California Press. p. 36.
The Napoleonic practice of inscribing Bonaparte's name in the constitution reflected this personalization of the law. Whereas the revolutionary constitutions had upheld Rousseau's insistence that law remain unsullied by particulars, the Constitution of Year VIII cited the three consuls by name, and the imperial Constitution of Year XII [...] specified the positions of Napoleon's heirs in the line of succession to the throne.
- ^ a b "Constitution du 22 Frimaire An VIII". Conseil Constitutionnel.
- ^ LENTZ Thierry, « Napoleon and his ministers », Napoleonica. La Revue, 2013/1 (N° 16), p. 88-113. DOI : 10.3917/napo.131.0088. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-napoleonica-la-revue-2013-1-page-88.htm
- ^ "Constitution du 22 Frimaire An VIII". Conseil Constitutionnel.
- ^ Ribner, Jonathan P. (1993). Broken Tablets. University of California Press. p. 37.