Daniel Inouye
Dan Inouye | |
---|---|
Delegate) | |
Succeeded by | Thomas Gill |
Personal details | |
Born | Daniel Ken Inouye September 7, 1924 Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, U.S. |
Died | December 17, 2012 Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. | (aged 88)
Resting place | National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouses | |
Children | 1 |
Education | |
Other offices
| |
Daniel Ken Inouye (
Inouye
Inouye was the second Asian American senator, following Hawaii Republican
Inouye was a posthumous recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Order of the Paulownia Flowers. Among other public structures, Honolulu International Airport has since been renamed Daniel K. Inouye International Airport in his memory.
Early life (1924–1942)
Daniel Ken Inouye was born in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii on September 7, 1924.[5] His father, Hyotaro Inouye, was a jeweler[6] who had immigrated to Hawaii from Japan as a child.[7] His mother, Kame (née Imanaga) Inouye, was a homemaker[6] born on Maui to Japanese immigrants.[8] Her parents died young and she was adopted and raised by a family in Honolulu. Both of Daniel's parents were Christian, and met at the River Street Methodist Church in Honolulu. They married in 1923.[5] This heritage makes Daniel a Nisei (second-generation Japanese-American) through his father and a Sansei (third-generation) through his mother. Daniel was named after Kame's adoptive father.[5]
Inouye grew up in Bingham Tract, a Chinese-American enclave in Honolulu.[9] He was raised Christian,[10] and was the oldest of four children.[11] As a child, he collected homing pigeons which he hatched from eggs given to him at an army base in Schofield Barracks in return for him cleaning the coops. As a teenager, he worked on the local beaches teaching tourists how to surf.[12] Inouye's parents raised him and his siblings with a mix of American and Japanese customs. His parents spoke English at home, but had their children attend a private Japanese language school in addition to public school.[13] Inouye dropped out of the Japanese school in 1939 because he disagreed with his instructor's anti-American rhetoric, and focused on his studies at President William McKinley High School.[14] He intended to go to college and medical school after his planned 1942 graduation.[15]
Inouye witnessed the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, while still a senior in high school.[16] The Japanese surprise attack brought the United States into World War II. Being a volunteer first aid instructor with the Red Cross, he was called on by his supervisor to report to a Red Cross station set up at Lunalilo Elementary School.[17] There, he tended to civilians injured by antiaircraft shells that had fallen into the city. After the United States declared war on Japan the next day, Inouye took up a paid job from his Red Cross supervisor to work there as a medical aide. For the remainder of his senior year, Inouye attended school during the day, and worked at the Red Cross station at night.[18] He graduated from McKinley High School in 1942.[19] Although Inouye wanted to join the armed forces after graduating, he did not possess that right as a Japanese-American. The United States Department of War had declared all Japanese-Americans as "enemy aliens", which stipulated they could not volunteer or be drafted for military service.[20] Inouye enrolled at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in September 1942 as a premedical student with the goal of becoming a surgeon.[20]
Army service (1943–1947)
In March 1943, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, an all-Nisei combat unit. Inouye applied and was initially turned down because his work at the Red Cross was deemed critical, but was inducted later that month.[21] The unit was composed of over 2,500 Nisei from Hawaii, and 800 from the mainland. Inouye went with his unit in April to Camp Shelby in Mississippi for a 10-month training period, postponing his medical studies.[21] While in Mississippi, the unit visited the Rohwer War Relocation Center in Arkansas, where Inouye witnessed the internment of Japanese Americans first hand.[22]
The 442nd shipped off to Italy in May 1944 after the conclusion of their training,
Arm injury
On April 21, 1945, Inouye was grievously wounded while leading an assault on the heavily defended Colle Musatello ridge near
Inouye's platoon moved to his aid, but he shouted for them to keep back out of fear his severed fist would involuntarily relax and drop the grenade. As the German inside the bunker began reloading his rifle with regular
Rehabilitation and discharge
Shortly before the Japanese surrender and end of World War II in August 1945, Inouye was shipped back to the United States to recover for eleven months at a rehabilitation center for wounded soldiers in
Inouye was
Entry into politics
Inouye decided to study law hoping it would lead him into a political career.[39] He enrolled at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in late 1947 as a prelaw student, majoring in government and economics.[40] He relied on the financial benefits of the G.I. Bill to fund his education.[40] When not in class, Inouye would volunteer for the Democratic Party at the Honolulu County Democratic Committee. He had been talked into joining the party by John A. Burns, a former police captain and future governor, who had ties to the Japanese American community. Though the territory of Hawaii had been politically dominated by the Republican Party, Burns convinced Inouye that the Democratic Party could help Japanese Hawaiians achieve social and economic reform.[40] During these years, Inouye met speech instructor Margaret Awamura at the university, whom he married in 1948.[39]
After graduating in 1950, Inouye moved with his wife to Washington D.C. so he could continue his studies at George Washington University Law School.[39] While there, he volunteered at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters to gain more experience to bring back with him to Hawaii.[39] Inouye earned his J.D. degree in two years, and moved back with his wife to Hawaii in late 1952.[39] Inouye spent the next year studying for the Hawaii bar exam and volunteering with the Democratic Party. After passing the bar exam in August 1953, Inouye was appointed assistant public prosecutor for the city and county of Honolulu by the city mayor and fellow Democrat John Wilson.[41]
At the urging of Burns, Inouye successfully ran for the
United States Senate (1963–2012)
In 1962, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, succeeding retiring fellow Democrat Oren E. Long.
He was the chairman of the
He was reelected eight times, usually without serious difficulty. His closest race was in
Inouye was also involved in the Iran-Contra investigations of the 1980s, chairing a special committee (Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition) from 1987 until 1989. During the hearings, Inouye referred to the operations that had been revealed as a "secret government", saying:
[There exists] a shadowy Government with its own Air Force, its own Navy, its own fundraising mechanism, and the ability to pursue its own ideas of the national interest, free from all checks and balances, and free from the law itself.[45]
— Daniel Inouye
Criticizing the logic of Marine Lt. Colonel
On May 1, 1977, Inouye stated that President Carter had telephoned him to express his objections to a sentence in the Senate Intelligence Committee's report on the Central Intelligence Agency.[46]
On November 20, 1993, Inouye voted against the North American Free Trade Agreement.[47] The trade agreement linked the United States, Canada, and Mexico into a single free trade zone and was signed into law on December 8 by President Bill Clinton.[48]
In 2009, Inouye assumed leadership of the powerful Senate Committee on Appropriations after longtime chairman Robert Byrd stepped down. Following the latter's death on June 28, 2010, Inouye was elected President pro tempore, the officer third in the presidential line of succession.
In 2010, Inouye announced his decision to run for a ninth term.[49] He easily won the Democratic primary—the real contest in heavily Democratic Hawaii — and then won against Republican state representative Campbell Cavasso with 74 percent of the vote.
Inouye ran for
Prior to his death, Inouye announced that he planned to run for a record tenth term in 2016 when he would have been 92 years old.[51][52] He also said,
I have told my staff and I have told my family that when the time comes, when you question my sanity or question my ability to do things physically or mentally, I don't want you to hesitate, do everything to get me out of here, because I want to make certain the people of Hawaii get the best representation possible.[53]
1980s
In 1986, West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd opted to run for Senate Majority Leader, believing that his two opponents to claiming the position would be Inouye and Louisiana Senator J. Bennett Johnston. Cutting a deal with Inouye, Byrd pledged that he would step aside from the position in 1989 if Inouye supported him for Senate Majority Leader of the 100th United States Congress. Inouye accepted the offer and was given the chance to select the new Senate sergeant-at-arms.[54]
Foreign policy
In early 1981, Inouye called for tighter restrictions on what Americans can ship overseas, citing his belief that American international stature would be harmed along with the country's foreign policy interests in the event of the shipments causing environmental damage.[55]
In March 1981, Inouye was one of 24 elected officials to issue a joint statement calling on the Reagan administration to compose a method of finding a peaceful solution that would end The Troubles in Northern Ireland.[56]
In July 1981, a Federal commission began hearings to decide on rewarding compensations to Japanese-Americans placed in internment camps during World War II, Inouye and fellow Hawaii Senator
In October 2002, Inouye was one of 23 senators who voted against authorization of the use of military force in Iraq.[61]
Domestic policy
In March 1982, amid controversy surrounding Democratic Senator Harrison A. Williams for taking bribes in the Abscam sting operation,[62] Inouye delivered a closing defense argument stating the possibility of the Senate looking foolish in the event the conviction was reversed on appeal. Inouye confirmed that he had received telephone calls regarding Williams critiquing his remarks during his defense of himself the previous week and questioned if the Senate was going to punish him "because his presentation was rambling, not in the tradition of Daniel Webster" and for his wife believing in him.[63]
In October 1982, after President Reagan appointed two new members to the board of the Legal Services Corporation, Inouye was one of 32 Senators to sign a letter expressing grave concerns over the appointments.[64]
On December 23, Inouye voted against[65] a 5 cent a gallon increase in gasoline taxes across the U.S. imposed to aid the financing of highway repairs and mass transit. The bill passed on the last day of the 97th United States Congress.[66][67]
In March 1984, Inouye voted against a constitutional amendment authorizing periods in public school for silent prayer[68] and against President Reagan's unsuccessful proposal for a constitutional amendment permitting organized school prayer in public schools.[69][70] In August, Inouye secured the acceptance of the Senate's defense appropriations subcommittee for an amendment meant to cure mainland milk arriving at Hawaiian and Alaskan military bases sour, arguing thousands of gallons of milk coming from the mainland must be dumped due to their souring and said shipments were arriving eight days after pasteurization.[71]
In February 1989, after Oliver North went on trial in Federal District Court amid accusations of a dozen crimes in accordance with his role in diverting profits from the secret sale of arms to Iran to the Nicaraguan rebels and Jack Brooks questioned North's role in composing a "contingency plan in the event of an emergency that would suspend the American Constitution," Inouye replied that the inquiry touched on both a classified and sensitive matter that would only be discussed in a closed session.[72]
Alleged sexual misconduct
In 1992, Inouye's hairdresser made allegations of sexual misconduct initiating with a 1975 incident wherein she was placed on an errand to his apartment, which he denied.[73] Although reaching press nationally, consensus was that Hawaii's culture of silence towards indiscretions of those in power, prevailed.[74][75] A Senate ethics committee review was dropped in 1993 over lack of participation or refusal to be publicly identified by accusers.[76]
In 2014, two years after Inouye's death, senator Kirsten Gillibrand from New York wrote in her autobiography about a male colleague who squeezed her waist and commented: "Don't lose too much weight now. I like my girls chubby!" Although not named in the autobiography, The New York Times identified Inouye as the perpetrator, setting off national discussion of Inouye's past.[77][78][79][80][81][82] In 2017, discussion resurfaced in local Hawaii media about the power of Inouye, and hence deference given to him politically and publicly, with the #MeToo movement providing impetus for just one more of the nine accusers coming forward publicly.[83][84] The former staffer told about how Inouye initiated with asking her to rub his shoulders in his office, continuing with him later trying to put his hand on her leg once when in an automobile. When she tried to stop him, he grabbed her hand. During a trip to the 1988 Democratic National Convention in Atlanta, after a late night simulcast to Hawaii, he asked her if she was hungry, and offered her a ride inviting her to a late dinner in his room; upon arriving in the room, he requested she sit next to him on the bed. She complied but immediately stood away, and called a fellow female staffer to join her there; shortly thereafter, Inouye tried to, in an automobile, bring his hand under her skirt, which she stopped. The corroborator of her story requested to remain unidentified.[85]
A state lawmaker, who learned about the 1992 accusations through a PBS television program, questioned the 2016 renaming of the Honolulu International Airport after Inouye. They declined seeking to undo the naming while receiving criticism from within and outside the Hawaii Democratic party for labelling Inouye as "an accused serial rapist."[86][87]
Gang of 14
On May 23, 2005, Inouye was a member of a bipartisan group of 14 moderate senators, known as the
Electoral history
Inouye never lost an election.[90]
In August 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson placed a phone call to vice president and Democratic presumptive presidential nominee Hubert Humphrey, urging him to select Inouye as his running mate.[91] Johnson went as far as to request a background check on Inouye from the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[92] Johnson told Humphrey that Inouye's World War II injuries would silence Humphrey's critics on the Vietnam War: "He answers Vietnam with that empty sleeve. He answers your problems with (Republican presumptive presidential nominee and former vice president Richard) Nixon with that empty sleeve", Johnson said.[91] Humphrey eventually chose Edmund Muskie as his running mate, and lost the election.[93] According to his chief of staff, Jennifer Sabas, Inouye knew that he was being considered as a vice presidential pick, but was uninterested in the possibility, apparently content with his current position.[94]
Family
Inouye's first wife was Margaret "Maggie" Shinobu Awamura, who was working as a speech instructor at the University of Hawaiʻi when Inouye was attending as a prelaw student after the war. The two married on June 12, 1948, at the Harris Memorial Methodist Church in Honolulu.
Inouye's son Kenny was the guitarist for the hardcore punk band Marginal Man.[97]
Honors
- Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1968.[98][99]
- Grand Cross of the Philippine Legion of Honor in 1993.[100]
- On June 21, 2000, Inouye was presented the Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton for his service during World War II.[101][102]
- In 2000, Inouye was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun by the Emperor of Japan in recognition of his long and distinguished career in public service.[103]
- In 2006, the U.S. Navy Memorial awarded Inouye its Naval Heritage award for his support of the U.S. Navy and the military during his terms in the Senate.[104]
- Grand Cross (Bayani) of the Order of Lakandula on August 14, 2006.[105]
- In 2007, Inouye was personally inducted as a Chevalier of the
- In February 2009, a bill was introduced in the benefits for Filipino World War II veterans.[107]
- In June 2011, Inouye was appointed a Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers, the highest Japanese honor which may be conferred upon a foreigner who is not a head of state. Only the seventh American to be so honored, he is also the first American of Japanese descent to receive it. The conferment of the order was "to recognize his continued significant and unprecedented contributions to the enhancement of goodwill and understanding between Japan and the United States."[108]
- In 2011, Philippine president Benigno Aquino III conferred Order of Sikatuna upon Inouye. He had previously been awarded Order of Lakandula and a Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation.[109]
- Inouye was inducted as an honorary member of the Navajo Nation and titled "The Leader Who Has Returned With a Plan".[110]
- On August 8, 2013, Inouye was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. The citation in the press release reads as follows:
- Daniel Inouye was a lifelong public servant. As a young man, he fought in World War II with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, for which he received the Medal of Honor. He was later elected to the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives, the United States House of Representatives, and the United States Senate. Senator Inouye was the first Japanese American to serve in Congress, representing the people of Hawaii from the moment they joined the Union.[111]
Awards and decorations
On May 27, 1947, Inouye was honorably discharged and returned home as a Captain with a Distinguished Service Cross, Bronze Star Medal, two Purple Hearts, and 12 other medals and citations. In 2000, his Distinguished Service Cross was upgraded to the Medal of Honor.[112][113][114]
Combat Infantryman Badge | ||||||||||||||||
1st row | Medal of Honor | Bronze Star Medal | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd row | Purple Heart (with oak leaf cluster) | Presidential Medal of Freedom | Rhineland and Northern Apennines campaigns) |
World War II Victory Medal | ||||||||||||
3rd row | Grand Cross of the Order of Lakandula (Philippines) |
Grand Cross of the Order of Sikatuna (Philippines) |
Chief Commander of the Legion of Honor (Philippines) |
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (Japan) | ||||||||||||
4th row | Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (Japan) | Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur (France) | Chief of Staff Medal of Appreciation (Israel) | Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation |
Death
In 2012, Inouye began using a wheelchair in the Senate to preserve his knees, and received an oxygen concentrator to aid his breathing. In November 2012, he sustained a minor cut after falling in his apartment and was treated at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.[115] On December 6, he was again hospitalized at George Washington University Hospital so doctors could further regulate his oxygen intake, and was transferred to Walter Reed Medical Center on December 10. He died there of respiratory complications seven days later on December 17, 2012.[116][117] According to the senator's Congressional website, his last word was "Aloha."[118] Prior to his death, Inouye left a letter encouraging Governor Neil Abercrombie to appoint Colleen Hanabusa to succeed Inouye should he become incapacitated;[119] instead Abercrombie appointed Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz until a November 2014 special election, which Schatz won.[120]
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid announced Inouye's death on the floor of the Senate, referring to Inouye as "certainly one of the giants of the Senate." Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell referred to Inouye as one of the finest Senators in United States history.[121] President Barack Obama referred to him as a "true American hero".[122]
Inouye's body lay in state at the United States Capitol rotunda on December 20, 2012.[123] President Obama, former president Bill Clinton, Vice President Joe Biden, House speaker John Boehner and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid spoke at a funeral service at the Washington National Cathedral on December 21. Inouye's body was then flown to Hawaii where it lay in state at the Hawaii State Capitol on December 22. A second funeral service was held at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu the following day.[124][125][126]
Legacy
The Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, founded in 1993, is part of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.[127]
He made a cameo appearance as himself in the 1994 film
In 2001, the
In 2007, The Citadel dedicated Inouye Hall at the Citadel/South Carolina Army National Guard Marksmanship Center to Senator Inouye, who helped make the Center possible.[130]
In May 2013, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced that the next Arleigh Burke-class destroyer would be named USS Daniel Inouye (DDG-118).[131] The destroyer was officially christened at Bath Iron Works on June 22, 2019.[132]
In November 2013, the National Asian Pacific American Bar Association renamed its Trailblazer Award in honor of Inouye, posthumously honoring him with the Senator Daniel K. Inouye NAPABA Trailblazer Award.[133]
In December 2013, the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope at
Numerous federal properties at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam and around Hawai'i have been dedicated to Senator Inouye, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Daniel K. Inouye Regional Center (2013),[135] the Hawaii Air National Guard Daniel K. Inouye Fighter Squadron Operations & Aircraft Maintenance Facility (2014),[136] the Senator Daniel K. Inouye Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency building (2015),[137] the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies at Fort Derussy (2015),[138] and the Pacific Missile Range Facility Daniel K. Inouye Range and Operations Center on Kauai (2016).[139]
In 2014, Israel named the simulator room of the
A Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, tail number 5147, of the 535th Airlift Squadron, was dedicated Spirit of Daniel Inouye on August 20, 2014.[141]
The Parade Field at
On April 27, 2017, Honolulu's airport was renamed Daniel K. Inouye International Airport in his honor.[143]
In 2018, Honolulu-based Matson, Inc. named its newest container ship, the largest built in the United States, the Daniel K. Inouye.[144]
The University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo dedicated its pharmacy college the Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy (DKICP) on December 4, 2019.[145]
In August 2021, while visiting Japan for the Tokyo Olympics, First Lady Jill Biden dedicated a room in the U.S. ambassador's residence to Inouye and his wife, Irene.[146]
See also
- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Asian Americans in the United States Congress
- List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)#2010s
References
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Bibliography
- Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2007). Daniel Inouye. New York: Chelsea House. OCLC 71004145.
Further reading
- Winston, Mitch. Senator Daniel Inouye: WW II Hero and America Finest Senator (2022), Democrat of Hawaii