Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation
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Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation suffered greatly during World War II.
While there is academic consensus that the extermination of the non-European Jews was a long-term goal for the Nazi regime,[1] it is less clear whether there were any imminent plans or policies to that end. Although there is no unanimity among historians on this point, historian Matthew Ghobrial Cockerill writes that "The purported evidence for planned extermination operations outside of Europe is unpersuasive."[2]
In European North Africa
There were 400,000 Jews in France on the other side of the Mediterranean in North Africa (
Like the Jews of Denmark, the Jews of Europe's four territories in North Africa were spared the mass deportations that happened in some countries and territories under Nazi occupation or in the German sphere of influence.
Jews of Italian Libya
Jews of Vichy Algeria
Vichy France (that ruled in Algeria from 1940) cancelled the citizenship of the Jews and instituted the same restrictions that applied to the Jews in metropolitan France. It forbade them from working for the government or as bankers, teachers and students. In addition, the number of Jews permitted to work in free professions was limited.[5] In 1941, the property of the Jews was confiscated however Islamic religious leaders throughout Algiers delivered sermons warning Muslims against participation in schemes to strip Jews of their property.[6] The suffering of the Jews of Algeria was worsened by their previous high position in society. In 1941, some Jews joined the anti-Nazi underground. Many Jews were caught and were sent to labor camps or were executed. The Judenräte required assistance in preparation of materiel. In November 1942 Algeria was liberated by Anglo-American forces. In 1943, the restraints on the Jews of Algeria were officially cancelled.[5]
Jews of Vichy Tunisia
Tunisia was also ruled by pro-Nazi Vichy France, which extended its anti-Jewish measures to Morocco and Algeria. In November 1942 Nazi Germany occupied French Tunisia for six months, until May 1943. SS Oberstrumbannführer Walter Rauff, a brutal and notorious killer involved in the development of death gas vans and the Final Solution in Eastern Europe, was posted as commander of Tunis. From July 1942 until May 1943, he headed an Einsatzkommando to take care of the Jewish Question in Tunisia, and to continue to implement the Final Solution in Vichy Tunisia. Oswald Pohl, charged by Himmler to organize the camps in Eastern Europe, joined him. Despite constant attacks by the Allies, Rauff instigated drastic anti-Jewish policies.[citation needed]
The Nazis established a local
Jews of Vichy Morocco
In 1940, the Nazi-controlled Vichy government issued antisemitic decrees excluding Jews from public functions and imposing the wear of the yellow Star of David.[5] Sultan Mohamed V refused to apply these laws and, as sign of defiance, insisted on inviting all the rabbis of Morocco to the 1941 throne celebrations.[7]
In Asia
Jews of Iraq
While not under occupation by Nazi Germany, Iraq was, for a short term, under the Nazi-allied regime of Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. While the regime did not last long, the Farhud (a pogrom in which 180 Jews died) is considered among its results.
Jews in Japan and China
Prior to the war there was a small Jewish presence in Japan, particularly
When Japan entered the war, many Jews were interned, including the
Jews in Vichy French Indochina
As late as 1939, the estimated combined population of the Jewish communities of
In 1940 the
Jews in Vichy French Syria and Lebanon
Although reports differ, there were roughly 30,000 Jews in Syria and 20,000 in Lebanon at the beginning of World War II. Following the
References
- ^ Piorkowski, Christoph David (2017-02-05). "Verfolgung von Juden in Nordafrika: Die vergessenen Opfer des Holocaust". Tagesspiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2.
- ^ Ochayon, Sheryl. "The Jews of Libya". The International School for Holocaust Studies. Yad Vashem.
- ^ a b c d Sheryl Ochayon. "The International School for Holocaust Studies". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ The Schindlers of the Middle East
- ^ Moroccan Jews pay homage to `protector' - Haaretz - Israel News
- ^ "Jewish Life during the Holocaust". Jewish Federation. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ a b "The Holocaust: Japan & the Jews". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ Statistics of Jews Archived 2015-05-31 at the Wayback Machine, American Jewish Committee, 1940.
- ISBN 0-8047-5047-5Page 145
- ISBN 0-8248-2868-2
- ISBN 0-8047-5047-5Pages 144–145
- ^ "The Lippmann Affair". 15 November 2015.
- ISBN 0-7391-1146-9Pages 65–66
- ISBN 0-253-33854-9Page 69
- ^ Stillman, Norman (1991). The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times. New York: Jewish Publication Society. p. 146.
- ^ "How Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis found shelter in Beirut". L'Orient Today. 15 June 2022.
- ^ "France Vichy military collaboration Syria". histclo.com. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "De Gaulle Annuls Anti-jewish Laws in Syria and Lebanon". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
Further reading
- Abrevaya Stein, Sarah; Boum, Aomar, eds. (2018). The Holocaust and North Africa. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503605435.
- ISBN 1-58648-399-4
- ISBN 0-8143-1824-X
- Cohen, Asher, The Shoah in France (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1996). The book also deals with the persecution of the Jews in Vichy France-North Africa.
- Documents pour servir à l'histoire de la Guerre; par Service d'Information des Crimes de Guerre, Crimes ennemis en France - La persecution raciale. (Paris: Archives du service de recherche des crimes de guerre ennemis, Office français d'édition, 20 février 1947); the text tells the story of the racial persecution of the Jews in metropolitan France and in Vichy France-North Africa. The book has a special chapter on Vichy France-Tunisia under Nazi rule.
- Kaspi, André, Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation, (Paris: Seuil, 1991). Kaspi tells the story of the persecution of the Jews in metropolitan France and in Vichy France-North Africa.
- Kaspi, André, Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation, (Paris: Seuil, 1991). Kaspi tells the story of the persecution of the Jews in metropolitan France and in Vichy France-North Africa.
- Poliakov, Léon, France - The Fate of the French Jews, in the Algemeyne Entsiklopedya (New York: Shulsinger Pubs. and Dubnov Fund & Entsiklopedye Komitet: 1966), Section "Yidn" vol. 7. Poliakov's article appeared in a section of the encyclopedia devoted to the Holocaust in various European countries. The geographic regions of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, appeared as sub-headings under the title of 'France.' Poliakov's article is called in English translation: "The Fate of the French Jews."
- Sabille, Jacques. Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation. (Paris: . Editions du Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine, 1954)
- Yahil, Leni, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). Yahil tells the story of the persecutions, deportations, and murder of the Jews of European North Africa (French North Africa and Italian Libya) in her chapters about "European Jewry" in the sub-headings "France" and "Italy," respectively. Yahil ystematically explores the evolution of the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe. Leni Yahil's book won the Shazar Prize, one of Israel's highest awards for historical work.