11th century

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Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere in early half of 11th century
Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century

The 11th century is the period from 1001 (represented by the Roman numerals MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium.

In the

Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
.

In

technology and literature
. Rival political factions at the Song dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. In Korea, the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao dynasty (Manchuria).

In this century the Turkish

Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century. The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, the Ghaznavids, and the Chola dynasty in India had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The Western Chalukya Empire (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century. In Japan, the Fujiwara clan
continued to dominate the affairs of state.

In the Americas, the

Tiwanaku Empire centered around Lake Titicaca
collapsed in the first half of the century.

Overview

Rajaraja I

In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the

Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism
saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church.

In

Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics. In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism, which emphasized dialectic arguments in disputes of Christian theology as well as classical philosophy
.

In

Kievan Rus.

A Scholar in a Meadow, Chinese Song dynasty
, 11th century

In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the

Chinese pagoda was accomplished in Chinese architecture
.

In Japan, the

puppet monarch' during the Heian period. In Korea, the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan
invasions with their armies.

In the Middle East, the

Abbasid
caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.

In India, the

Ghaznavid Empire
would invade northwest India, an event that would pave the way to a series of later Muslim expansions into India.

In Southeast Asia, the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power. The Khmer Empire would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia while Srivijaya would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia. Further east, the Kingdom of Butuan, centered on the northern portion of Mindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. In Vietnam, the Lý dynasty began, which would reach its golden era during the 11th century.

In

Hausa kingdoms and Borno dynasty in the north, and the Oyo Empire and Kingdom of Benin
in the south.

Events

1001–1009

Fatimid
Egypt

1010s

Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes

1020s

imperial guardian lion of the Chinese Song dynasty
, 11th or 12th century

1030s

  • 1030: Stephen I of the Kingdom of Hungary defeats Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire; after the war, Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers Leitha and Fischa to Hungary in the summer of 1031.
  • 1030: the Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olav Haraldsson loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
  • 1030:
    Kingdom of Sunda
    . (to 1579)
  • 1033: An earthquake strikes the Jordan Valley, followed by a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast, killing tens of thousands.[5]
  • 1035:
    Raoul Glaber
    chronicles a devastating three-year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France
  • 1035:
    Canute the Great
    dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
  • 1035:
    Mezzogiorno
  • 1037: Ferdinand I of León conquers the Kingdom of Galicia.

1040s

Almoravids

1050s

A flat casket carved out of ivory from Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain), c. 1050

1060s

The Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066

1070s

An 11th-century Chola dynasty bronze figurine of Arthanariswara

1080s

A page of the Domesday Book of England

1090–1100

Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

Undated

Gallery

Architecture

Main article: 11th century in architecture
St Albans Cathedral of England, completed in 1089
Ziyarid dynasty of Iran
Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built in 1056 in Shanxi, China by the Khitan Liao dynasty in 1056

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Iraqi physicist, Ibn al-Haytham
(Alhazen)
Islamic medicine at the Schola Medica Salernitana
.
waterwheel, escapement mechanism, chain drive, striking clock jacks, and armillary sphere of his clock tower
al-Bīrūnī's book Kitab al-tafhim showing lunar phases and lunar eclipse
Islamic astronomy, was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II
.

Science and technology

Main article: Timeline of historic inventions § 11th century

Literature

Novgorod
, 1057

Notes

  1. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52
  2. ^ "index". www.muslimphilosophy.com.
  3. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56
  4. ^ Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41
  5. JSTOR 27924451
    .
  6. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
  7. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 120–124.
  8. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84.
  9. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252.
  10. ^ On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).
  11. ^ Einar Joranson (1928). "The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065". In Paetow, Louis J. (ed.). The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students. New York: Crofts. pp. 3–43. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  12. ^ Bowman, 599.
  13. ^ Mohn, 1.
  14. ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
  15. ^ Kennedy, 152.
  16. ^ Ebrey et al. (2006), 158.
  17. ^ Darlington, 474–475.
  18. ^ Seife, 77.
  19. ^ Darlington, 473.
  20. ^ Tester, 131–132.
  21. ^ Darlington, 467–468.
  22. ^ Tester, 130–131, 156.
  23. ^ Salhab, 51.
  24. ^ Darlington, 475.
  25. ^ Holmes, 646.
  26. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 291.
  27. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 603 – 604, 614, 618.
  28. ^ Sivin, III, 23.
  29. ^ Chan, Clancey, & Loy, 15.
  30. ^ Sivin, III, 16–19.
  31. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416.
  32. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 98.
  33. ^ Sivin, III, 34.
  34. ^ Fraser & Haber, 227.
  35. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.
  36. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660.
  37. ^ Wu (2005), 5.
  38. ^ Unschuld, 60.
  39. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 446.
  40. ^ Needham, Volume 6, Part 1, 174, 175.
  41. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 648.
  42. ^ Hartwell, 54.
  43. ^ Prioreschi, 193–195.
  44. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352.
  45. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.

References

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