2022 in paleomalacology

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

List of years in paleomalacology
In science
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
In paleontology
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
In paleomammalogy
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
In paleobotany
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
In arthropod paleontology
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
In paleoentomology
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
In paleoichthyology
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
In reptile paleontology
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
In archosaur paleontology
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025

This list of fossil molluscs described in 2022 is a list of new

molluscs that were described
during the year 2022, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to molluscan paleontology that occurred in 2022.

Ammonites

New taxa

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Acanthohoplites albedocostatus[1]

Sp. nov

In press

Matsukawa

Early Cretaceous

 Japan

Acantholytoceras costaevariavilis[1]

Sp. nov

In press

Matsukawa

Early Cretaceous

 Japan

Aulatornoceras beyrichi[2]

Sp. nov

Valid

Söte & Becker

Devonian (Frasnian)

Büdesheim Formation

 Germany

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. Announced in 2022; the final article version was published in 2023.

Buedesheimites[2]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Söte & Becker

Devonian (Frasnian)

Büdesheim Formation

 Germany

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. Genus includes new species B. housei. Announced in 2022; the final article version was published in 2023.

Cadoceras (Catacadoceras) imlayi[3]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiselev

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

Chinitna Formation

 United States
( Alaska)

Cadoceras kniazevi[3]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiselev

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

 Russia

Cadoceras (Paracadoceras) pseudofrearsi[3]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiselev

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

 Russia

Cadomites zelenchukensis[4]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mitta

Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)

 Russia
( Karachay-Cherkessia)

Collignoniceras rhodanicum[5]

Sp. nov

Valid

Amédro, Baudouin & Delanoy in Amédro et al.

Late Cretaceous (Turonian)

 France

Crassotornoceras tenue[2]

Sp. nov

Valid

Söte & Becker

Devonian (Frasnian)

Büdesheim Formation

 Germany

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. Announced in 2022; the final article version was published in 2023.

Crioceratites tepehuaensis[6]

Sp. nov

Valid

Esquivel-Macías et al.

Early Cretaceous

 Mexico

Cryptomorphiceras[7]

Gen. et comb. et 2 sp. nov

Valid

Marchesi, Balini & Jenks

Late Triassic (Carnian)

 United States
( Nevada)

A member of Trachyceratinae. The type species is C. compressum (Johnston, 1941); genus also includes new species C. crassum, and C. levicostatum. Announced in 2022; the final article version was published in 2023.

Dactylioceras kopiki[8]

Sp. nov

Valid

Rogov in Rogov & Lutikov

Early Jurassic (Toarcian)

 Canada
( Northwest Territories)
 Norway
 United States
( Alaska)
 Russia?

A member of the family Dactylioceratidae.

Diplesioceras fischeri[9]

Sp. nov

Valid

Dietze, Schweigert & Chandler

Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)

Oolithe de Bayeux Formation

 France

Egoianites jauberti[10]

Sp. nov

Valid

Delanoy et al.

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

 France

A member of the family Heteroceratidae.

Epitornoceras transmediterraneum[11]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Devonian (Givetian)

 Morocco

A member of the family Tornoceratidae.

Forresteria (Harleites) seidli[12]

Sp. nov

Valid

Summesberger et al.

Late Cretaceous (Santonian)

Gosau Group
(Streiteck Formation)

 Austria

Heteroceras arnaudi[10]

Sp. nov

Valid

Delanoy et al.

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

 France

A member of the family Heteroceratidae.

Heteroceras munierchalmasi[10]

Sp. nov

Valid

Delanoy et al.

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

 France

A member of the family Heteroceratidae.

Heteroceras penagei[10]

Sp. nov

Valid

Delanoy et al.

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

 France

A member of the family Heteroceratidae.

Hildoceras appenninicus[13]

Sp. nov

Valid

Ridente

Early Jurassic (Toarcian)

 Italy

Kepplerites (Gowericeras) copernici[14]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mönnig & Dietl

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

 Germany

Kepplerites (Gowericeras) halleyi[14]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mönnig & Dietl

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

 France
 Germany
 Russia
( Kostroma Oblast)

Kepplerites (Toricellites) besseli[14]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mönnig & Dietl

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

 Germany

Kutatissites sudai[1]

Sp. nov

In press

Matsukawa

Early Cretaceous

 Japan

Lentitornoceras[11]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Devonian (Givetian)

Red Ironstone Formation

 Germany

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. The type species is L. materni.

Linguatornoceras acutilobatum[2]

Sp. nov

Valid

Söte & Becker

Devonian (Frasnian)

Büdesheim Formation

 Germany

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. Announced in 2022; the final article version was published in 2023.

Linguatornoceras sandense[2]

Sp. nov

Valid

Söte & Becker

Devonian (Frasnian)

Büdesheim Formation

 Germany

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. Announced in 2022; the final article version was published in 2023.

Lissoceras kubanense[15]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mitta

Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)

 Russia
( Karachay-Cherkessia)

Lissoceras paviai[15]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mitta

Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)

 Russia
( Karachay-Cherkessia)

Megatyloceras leteilensis[16]

Sp. nov

Valid

Delanoy et al.

Early Cretaceous (Aptian)

 France

A member of the family Douvilleiceratidae.

Nejdia arabica[17]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gelin

Early Jurassic (Toarcian)

Marrat Formation

 Saudi Arabia

Paracrochordiceras watanabei[18]

Sp. nov

Valid

Ehiro

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

Fukkoshi Formation

 Japan

A member of the family

Acrochordiceratidae
.

Paradanubites ozashiense[18]

Sp. nov

Valid

Ehiro

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

Fukkoshi Formation

 Japan

A member of Danubitoidea belonging to the family Danubitidae.

Parahedenstroemia? tatjanae[19]

Sp. nov

Valid

Đaković, Krystyn & Sudar

Early Triassic

 Montenegro
 Russia?

A member of the family Hedenstroemiidae.

Parapopanoceras involutum[18]

Sp. nov

Valid

Ehiro

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

Fukkoshi Formation

 Japan

A member of Ceratitida belonging to the group Megaphyllitoidea and the family Parapopanoceratidae.

Paucitornoceras[11]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Devonian

Red Ironstone Formation

 Germany
 United States
( New York)

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. The type species is "Goniatites" paucistriatus d`Archiac & de Verneuil (1842); genus also includes "Tornoceras" rhysum Clarke (1898).

Ponticeras materni[20]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Devonian (Givetian)

Red Ironstone Formation

 Germany

A member of Agoniatitida belonging to the group Gephuroceratina and the family Ponticeratidae.

Procheloniceras yajimai[1]

Sp. nov

In press

Matsukawa

Early Cretaceous

 Japan

Pseudocrioceras mazierei[21]

Sp. nov

Valid

Frau & Delanoy

Early Cretaceous (Barremian/Aptian transition)

 France

Pseudosaynella pacifica[1]

Sp. nov

In press

Matsukawa

Early Cretaceous

 Japan

Psilokhvalynites[18]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Ehiro

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

Fukkoshi Formation

 Japan

A member of Dinaritoidea belonging to the family Khvalynitidae. The type species is P. takaizumii.

Shasticrioceras nakazawai[1]

Sp. nov

In press

Matsukawa

Early Cretaceous

 Japan

Sigaloceras (Gulielmina) fabricius[14]

Sp. nov

Valid

Mönnig & Dietl

Middle Jurassic (Callovian)

 Germany

Tornoceras incisum[2]

Sp. nov

Valid

Söte & Becker

Devonian (Frasnian)

Büdesheim Formation

 Germany

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. Announced in 2022; the final article version was published in 2023.

Tornoceras ventrovaricatum[2]

Sp. nov

Valid

Söte & Becker

Devonian (Frasnian)

Büdesheim Formation

 Germany

A member of the family Tornoceratidae. Announced in 2022; the final article version was published in 2023.

Witchellia companyi[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Sandoval

Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)

 Spain

A member of the family Sonniniidae.

Witchellia striata[22]

Sp. nov

Valid

Sandoval

Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)

 Spain

A member of the family Sonniniidae.

Ammonite research

  • Mironenko & Naugolnykh (2022) describe a collection of cephalopod jaws from the Permian (Artinskian) Divjinskian Formation (Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia), intepreted as likely fossil material of goniatitid ammonites belonging to the genus Uraloceras, and infer from the anatomy of the studied jaws that representatives of the genus Uraloceras were likely active predators.[23]
  • A study on the morphological change through ontogeny of beyrichitine ammonites from the Anisian of Nevada is published by Bischof, Schlüter & Lehmann (2022).[24]
  • A study aiming to determine whether the environmental changes around the Triassic–Jurassic boundary influenced development of septal thickness in ammonites, as well aiming to determine the relation between septal thickness and paleolatitudinal occurrences, and whether ontogenetic septal thickness-trajectories reflected paleogeographic origin or phylogenetic relationships of ammonites, is published by Weber et al. (2022).[25]
  • A study on the hydrodynamic properties of shells of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic ammonites is published by Hebdon et al. (2022).[26]
  • A study on the functional morphology of ammonites from the Middle Triassic to the Early Jurassic, reevaluating possible causes of an overall shift of ammonite shell forms during the studied periods, is published by Hebdon et al. (2022), who interpret their findings as indicating that the trade-offs between coasting efficiency, volume accretion per unit surface area accreted and diameter accretion per unit of surface area (three factors proposed as explanations of the shift of shell forms) were identical in the Triassic and in the Jurassic.[27]
  • Jaws of ammonites belonging to the Boreal family Polyptychitidae, with lower jaws closely resembling jaws of craspeditids, cardioceratids and hoplitoids, are described for the first time from the Valanginian of Russia by Mironenko & Mitta (2022).[28]
  • A study on changes of septal spacing between succeeding chambers of the shell of Gaudryceras tenuiliratum during its ontogeny is published by Kawakami, Uchiyama & Wani (2022).[29]
  • A study on the impact of the conch shape on ammonite locomotion, based on data obtained from tests of 3D-printed, biomimetic robots representing the oxycone morphology (based on Sphenodiscus lobatus and S. lenticularis), the serpenticone morphology (based on Dactylioceras commune), the sphaerocone morphology (based on Goniatites crenistria) and the morphospace center, is published by Peterman & Ritterbush (2022).[30]

Other cephalopods

New taxa

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Aphelaeceras azzelmattiense[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (TournaisianViséan boundary interval)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Arctoteuthis angusta[32]

Sp. nov

Valid

Efremenko

Early Cretaceous

 Russia

A belemnite belonging to the family Cylindroteuthididae.

Binoleniceras[33]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Afhüppe & Becker

Devonian (Givetian)

Hagen-Balve Formation

 Germany

A member of Discosorida belonging to the family Entimoceratidae. The type species is B. stichlingi.

Boreioteuthis mirifica[32]

Sp. nov

Valid

Efremenko

Early Cretaceous

 Russia

A belemnite belonging to the family Cylindroteuthididae.

Chisiloceras maocaopuense[34]

Sp. nov

Valid

Fang in Fang et al.

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

 China

A member of the family Endoceratidae.

Domatoceras tuckeri[35]

Sp. nov

Valid

Niko, Mapes & Seuss

Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)

Graham Formation

 United States
( Texas)

A member of the family Grypoceratidae.

Endolobus sturgeoni[35]

Sp. nov

Valid

Niko, Mapes & Seuss

Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)

Graham Formation

 United States
( Texas)

A member of the family Koninckioceratidae.

Enoploceras rieberi[36]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pieroni

Middle Triassic (Anisian)

Besano Formation

  Switzerland

Eximioceras[37]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Shchedukhin

Early Permian

 Russia
( Bashkortostan)

A member of the family Rhiphaeoceratidae. The type species is E. venustum.

Holmiceras havelense[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Red Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany

Kotoceras minosiphonatum[34]

Sp. nov

Valid

Fang in Fang et al.

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

 China

A member of the family Endoceratidae.

Lispoceras orbis[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Lituites baculus[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Middle Ordovician

 Sweden

Lituites bottkei[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Middle Ordovician

 Poland
 Sweden

Lituites clavis[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Grey Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany

Lituites dewitzi[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Grey Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany

Lituites kruegeri[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Grey Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany

Lituites nebeni[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Grey Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany

Maccoyoceras concavum[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian–Viséan boundary interval)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Maccoyoceras habadraense[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Maccoyoceras pentagonum[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Maccoyoceras saharensis[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Metacoceras quadratum[35]

Sp. nov

Valid

Niko, Mapes & Seuss

Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)

Graham Formation

 United States
( Texas)

A member of the family Tainoceratidae.

Michelinoceras minutum[34]

Sp. nov

Valid

Fang in Fang et al.

Ordovician (Darriwilian and Sandbian)

 China

Michelinoceras multiseptum[34]

Sp. nov

Valid

Fang in Fang et al.

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

 China

Pararhiphaeoceras parvum[37]

Sp. nov

Valid

Shchedukhin

Early Permian

 Russia
( Bashkortostan)

A member of the family Rhiphaeoceratidae.

Planetoceras destrictum[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Planetoceras transforme[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Pleuronautilus chisatoi[40]

Sp. nov

Valid

Ehiro

Permian (Wordian)

Takakurayama Formation

 Japan

A member of the family Tainoceratidae.

Proterovaginoceras rapidum[34]

Sp. nov

Valid

Fang in Fang et al.

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

 China

A member of the family Endoceratidae.

Rhynchorthoceras kranepuhlense[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Red Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany
 Poland

Rhynchorthoceras rugium[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Red Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany

Rineceras multituberculatum[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Rineceras rectangulatum[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Rineceras tenerum[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Solenochilus jackense[35]

Sp. nov

Valid

Niko, Mapes & Seuss

Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)

Graham Formation

 United States
( Texas)

A member of the family Solenochilidae.

Stroboceras ancilis[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Viséan)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Stroboceras mane[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Stroborineceras[31]

Gen. et 2 sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae. The type species is S. insalahensis; genus also includes new species S. felis and possibly also "Nautilus (Trematodiscus)" meekianus Winchell (1862) and "Nautilus (Trematodiscus)" strigatus Winchell (1862).

Syllipsimopodi[41]

Gen. et sp. nov

Disputed

Whalen & Landman

Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)

Bear Gulch Limestone

 United States
( Montana)

A member of

Vampyropoda; Klug et al. (2023) considered it to be a probable junior synonym of Gordoniconus beargulchensis.[42][43] The type species is S. bideni, named for Joe Biden.[44]

Thrincoceras devolvere[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Tohokubelus[45]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Niko & Ehiro

Early Triassic (Olenekian)

Osawa Formation

 Japan

A sinobelemnitid belemnite. Genus includes new species T. takaizumii.

Trilacinoceras filix[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Grey Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany

A member of the family Lituitidae.

Trilacinoceras knoefleri[38]

Sp. nov

Valid

Aubrechtová & Korn

Ordovician (Darriwilian)

Upper Grey Orthoceratite Limestone

 Germany

A member of the family Lituitidae.

Trilobitoceras[31]

Gen. et sp. et comb. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous

 Algeria
 United States
( Michigan)

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae. The type species is T. peculiaris; genus also includes "Nautilus (Trematodiscus)" planidorsalis Winchell (1862).

Vestinautilus angulatus[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Vestinautilus bicristatus[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Vestinautilus concinnus[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Vestinautilus inflexus[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Vestinautilus padus[39]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn, Miao & Bockwinkel

Early Carboniferous

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Vestinautilus papilio[31]

Sp. nov

Valid

Korn & Bockwinkel

Carboniferous (Tournaisian)

 Algeria

A member of the family Trigonoceratidae.

Xainzanoceras densum[34]

Sp. nov

Valid

Fang in Fang et al.

Ordovician (Katian)

Pagoda Formation

 China

Possibly a member of the family Diestoceratidae.

Other cephalopod research

  • A study on the phylogenetic relationships of Cambrian and Ordovician cephalopods is published by Pohle et al. (2022).[46]
  • Putative
    tentaculitoid Iwakiella ichiroi is reinterpreted as a sphaerorthoceratid orthocerid cephalopod by Niko (2022).[47]
  • A study on the identity of enigmatic black amorphous fossils often associated with belemnoid remains, based on the analysis of fossil material from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) Polzberg Lagerstätte (Austria), is published by Lukeneder & Lukeneder (2022), who interpret the enigmatic fossils as likely representing the preservation of a mineralized and secondarily carbonized cephalic-ocular-arm-cartilage complex of the belemnoid Phragmoteuthis bisinuata.[48]
  • A study on structures interpreted by Eduard Suess as beaks of Phragmoteuthis bisinuata is published by Doguzhaeva et al. (2022), who reinterpret the studied structures as cartilaginous remains of a prey, presumably juvenile fish; the authors also report a gladius of a previously unknown Carnian teuthid from the Cave del Predil (Italy), possibly similar to the Permian taxon Glochinomorpha stifeli, as well as an upper beak of a coleoid from the Anisian Buchenstein Formation (Italy), demonstrating typical coleoid upper beak morphology and composition, and interpreted by the authors as likely indicative of similar upper beak structure in P. bisinuata.[49] Their interpretation of purported beaks of P. bisinuata as remains of a prey is subsequently contested by Lukeneder & Lukeneder (2022).[50][51]
  • Belemnite species Liobelus acrei, otherwise known from the latest Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of the Boreal Realm, is reported from the Valanginian of the Vocontian Basin (France) by Mutterlose, Picollier & Dzyuba (2022), who interpret this finding as evidence of an isolated immigration of belemnites from the north in the early Valanginian, and establish two taxonomically different faunas of Tethyan belemnites.[52]
  • A study on the age of belemnites from the lower Santonian "Sponge horizon" of the Mozhzhelloovrazhnaya Formation in the Lower Volga region between Saratov and Volgograd (Russia), some of which are interpreted as redeposited from middle and upper Coniacian deposits on the basis of strontium, carbon and oxygen isotope data (with the first representatives of the genus Belemnitella interpreted as late Coniacian in age), is published by Zakharov et al. (2022).[53]
  • Revision of the type specimens of Eothinoceras americanum is published by Evans & Cichowolski (2022), who restrict the genus Eothinoceras to the type species, and propose a new scheme for classification of the genera belonging to the order Cyrtocerinida.[54]
  • A study on the distribution of
    agorophiids) were not found to significantly affect the demise of nautiloids.[55]
  • Fossil material of "Kummelonautilus" taiwanum is described from the Miocene Houdongkeng Formation (Taiwan) by Goedert, Kiel & Tsai (2022), who provisionally transfer this species to the genus Nautilus, and review the fossil record of the genus Nautilus in the Indo-Pacific region.[56]
  • A study on the external and internal morphology, affinities and ecology of Vampyronassa rhodanica, based on data on soft tissue of specimens from the La Voulte-sur-Rhône (France), is published by Rowe et al. (2022).[57]
  • First cephalopod statoliths from the Lower Cretaceous of Poland and United Kingdom are described by Pindakiewicz et al. (2022), who compare Mesozoic statoliths to those of extant cephalopods, and find the closest resemblance between Mesozoic forms and statoliths of extant idiosepiids.[58]
  • A study on the fossil material of Belosaepia from the Egemkapel Clay Member of the Tielt Formation and the Roubaix Clay Member of the Kortrijk Formation (Belgium), applying micro-CT imaging to the studied fossils, is published by Goolaerts et al. (2022), who identify growth lines in the studied fossils, and interpret their findings as indicating that the studied material belongs to representatives of a single species (B. tricarinata).[59]

Bivalves

New taxa

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Acila (Truncacila) interferencia[60]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiel et al.

Miocene

Amlang Formation

 Philippines

A species of Acila.

Anniedhondtella[61]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Jagt, Cooper & Jagt-Yazykova

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Maastricht Formation

A member of Trigoniida belonging to the family Rutitrigoniidae. Genus includes new species A. rieui.

Aphanaia sobopolensis[62]

Sp. nov

Valid

Biakov & Kutygin

Early Permian

 

Sakha
)

Arcopagia esteponensis[63]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Pliocene

 Spain

A member of the family Tellinidae.

Arcopagia ligustica[63]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Early Pliocene

 Italy

A member of the family Tellinidae.

Arcopella crestii[63]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Late Pliocene

 Italy

A member of the family Tellinidae.

Arcopella pseudomista[63]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Early Pliocene

 Italy

A member of the family Tellinidae.

Bathymodiolus labayugensis[60]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiel et al.

Miocene

Amlang Formation

 Philippines

A species of Bathymodiolus.

Choniocardia olivieri[64]

Nom. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Eocene

 France

A member of the family Carditidae; a replacement name for Cardita (Miodon) bezanconi Cossmann (1887).

Conchocele pangasinanensis[60]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiel et al.

Miocene

Amlang Formation

 Philippines

A member of the family Thyasiridae.

Crassatella (Bathytormus) ignava[65]

Sp. nov

Valid

Berezovsky

Eocene

Malinovskaya Formation

 Ukraine

A member of the family Crassatellidae.

Crassatella lassa[66]

Sp. nov

Valid

Berezovsky

Late Eocene

 Ukraine

Crassostrea sophiae[64]

Nom. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Eocene

 France

A species of Crassostrea; a replacement name for Ostrea elegans Deshayes (1832).

Cyclotellina hugoi[64]

Nom. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Eocene

 France

A member of the family Tellinidae; a replacement name for Tellina (Cyclotellina) bezanconi Cossmann (1906).

Gryphaea (Gryphaea) lavernockensis[67]

Sp. nov

Valid

Hodges

Early Jurassic

 United Kingdom

Kasimlara ? antiqua[68]

Sp. nov

Valid

Fang & Carter

Permian

 Russia

A member of the family Kalenteridae belonging to the subfamily Healeyinae.

Liaoningoconcha[69]

Nom. nov

Fang & Carter

Late Triassic

Yangcaogou Formation

 China

A member of Cardiida belonging to the family Ferganoconchidae; a replacement name for Liaoningia Yu & Dong (1993). Ceccolini & Cianferoni (2021) proposed a replacement name Sinoliaoningia for the same genus in an earlier publication.[70]

Megaxinus gorrospei[60]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiel et al.

Miocene

Amlang Formation

 Philippines

A member of the family Lucinidae.

Meleagrinella golberti[71]

Sp. nov

Valid

Lutikov & Arp

Early Jurassic (Toarcian)

 Canada
 Germany
 Russia
 United Kingdom

A member of the family Oxytomidae. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[71]

Meleagrinella prima[71]

Sp. nov

Valid

Lutikov in Lutikov & Arp

Early Jurassic (Toarcian)

 Russia

A member of the family Oxytomidae. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[71]

Monginaia[72]

Gen. et comb. nov

In press

Delvene et al.

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

Camarillas Formation

 Spain

A member of Unionida belonging to the new family Monginaiidae. Genus includes "Elliptio" galvensis Mongin (1966).

Myonia komiensiformis[73]

Sp. nov

Valid

Biakov

Permian

 Russia

A member of

Pholadomyida belonging to the family Sanguinolitidae
.

Myonia kutygini[73]

Sp. nov

Valid

Biakov

Permian

 Russia

A member of Pholadomyida belonging to the family Sanguinolitidae.

Oudardia pliorecens[74]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Plio-Pleistocene

 Italy

A member of the family Tellinidae.

Palaeomutela (Palaeanodonta) berrutii[75]

Sp. nov

Valid

Silantiev et al.

Permian (Kungurian)

Collio Formation

 Italy

A member of Actinodontida belonging to the family Palaeomutelidae.

Palaeomutela (Palaeanodonta) guncinaensis[75]

Sp. nov

Valid

Silantiev et al.

Permian (Kungurian)

Guncina Formation

 Italy

A member of Actinodontida belonging to the family Palaeomutelidae.

Peronidia iberica[74]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Early Pliocene

 Spain

A member of the family Tellinidae.

Peronidia intermedia[74]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Early Pliocene

 Italy

A member of the family Tellinidae.

Pliocardia ballesterosi[60]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiel et al.

Miocene

Amlang Formation

 Philippines

A species of Pliocardia.

Praebarrettia magnifica[76]

Sp. nov

Mitchell

Late Cretaceous (Campanian)

Dry Hill Formation

 Jamaica

A rudist bivalve.

Psammotreta santacatalinae[63]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Early Pliocene

 Spain

A member of the family Tellinidae.

Sisonia[60]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Kiel et al.

Miocene

Amlang Formation

 Philippines

A bivalve of uncertain affinities. The type species is S. frijellanae.

Squiresica[77]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Hybertsen, Goedert & Kiel

Oligocene

Lincoln Creek Formation

 United States
( Alaska
 Washington)

A member of the family Vesicomyidae. The type species is "Archivesica" knapptonensis Amano & Kiel (2007); genus also includes "Archivesica" marincovichi Kiel & Amano (2010).

Verneuilnodon[68]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Fang & Carter

Permian

 Russia

A member of the family Kalenteridae belonging to the subfamily Healeyinae; a new genus for "Mytilus (Modiola)" pallasi de Verneuil (1845).

Whitfieldiella catherinei[76]

Sp. nov

Mitchell

Late Cretaceous (Campanian)

Dry Hill Formation

 Jamaica

A rudist bivalve.

Whitfieldiella gracilis[76]

Sp. nov

Mitchell

Late Cretaceous (Campanian)

Dry Hill Formation

 Jamaica

A rudist bivalve.

Wolfgangella[61]

Gen. et 2 sp. nov

Valid

Jagt, Cooper & Jagt-Yazykova

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Maastricht Formation

A member of Trigoniida belonging to the family Rutitrigoniidae. Genus includes new species W. neilpearti and W. ignota.

Bivalve research

  • Late Triassic bivalves are identified for the first time in olistostromes from the Sêwa Formation in the Riganpeicuo area (Tibet, China) by Xiao et al. (2022).[78]
  • A study on the impact of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event on the body-size distribution of bivalves, based on data from three study sites in the United Kingdom, is published by Opazo & Twitchett (2022).[79]
  • Wolkenstein (2022) presents evidence of abundance and diversity in the color patterns of Pleuronectites laevigatus from the Middle Triassic Muschelkalk of Central Europe.[80]
  • Asato, Nakayama & Imai (2022) study color patterns of freshwater bivalves from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation (Japan), providing evidence of the presence of similar shell color patterns in extant and Early Cretaceous bivalves.[81]

Gastropods

New taxa

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Akburunella laminaris[82]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Akburunella nefanda archaica[82]

Ssp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Akburunella sinuosa[82]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Akburunella spinosa[82]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Ampezzopleura barremica[83]

Sp. nov

Valid

Isaji, Haga & Kashiwagi

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

Kimigahama Formation

 Japan

Angularia corallina[84]

Sp. nov

Valid

Nützel et al.

Late Triassic (Rhaetian)

Oberrhät Formation

 Austria

A member of Caenogastropoda belonging to the family Purpuroideidae.

Angulomphalus senowbarii[84]

Sp. nov

Valid

Nützel et al.

Late Triassic (Rhaetian)

Oberrhät Formation

 Austria

A member of Vetigastropoda belonging to the family Ptychomphalidae.

Anisocycla subcylindrica[85]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pavia et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A member of the family Murchisonellidae.

Antiphora aurora[83]

Sp. nov

Valid

Isaji, Haga & Kashiwagi

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

Kimigahama Formation

 Japan

Aplexa canculae[86]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Paleocene (Thanetian)

 France

A species of Aplexa.

Aplexa cotiensis[86]

Nom. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Eocene

 France

A species of Aplexa; a replacement name for Physa (Aplecta) brevispirata Cossmann & Pissarro (1913).

Aplexa iota[86]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Paleogene

 France

A species of Aplexa.

Aplexa oryza[86]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Paleogene

 France

A species of Aplexa.

Aplexa risleius[86]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Paleocene (Thanetian)

 France

A species of Aplexa.

Aplexa zhui[86]

Nom. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

Dalazi Formation

 China

A species of Aplexa; a replacement name for Physa fusiformis Zhu (1980).

Arachnotropis[87]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Pérez, Ferrari & Ezcurra

Paleocene–Eocene

Antarctica
 Australia

A member of the family Eucyclidae. The type species is "Calliotropis" microglyptophorus Darragh (1997); genus also includes "Calliotropis" antarchais Stilwell (2005).

Archaeocyclotus brevivillosus[88]

Sp. nov

In press

Bichain et al.

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

 Myanmar

A member of the family Cyclophoridae.

Archaeostylus[89]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Brook & Hayward

Pliocene (Waipipian)

Kaawa Formation

 New Zealand

A member of the family Bothriembryontidae belonging to the subfamily Placostylinae. The type species is A. manukauensis.

Astralium ena[90]

Sp. nov

Valid

Tomida, Inoue & Kase

Miocene

Ena Limestone

 Japan

A species of Astralium.

Austrocypraea jimgracei[91]

Sp. nov

Valid

Southgate & Roberts

Pliocene

 Australia

A member of the family Cypraeidae.

Barycypraea iungo[92]

Sp. nov

Valid

Seccombe & Aiken

Pleistocene

 South Africa

A species of Barycypraea.

Baylea tenera[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Boggy Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A member of the family Eotomariidae.

Brachystomia succineiformis[82]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

A species of Brachystomia. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Ceritella convexa[94]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel et al.

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)

 Germany

A member of the family Ceritellidae.

Choshipleura[83]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Isaji, Haga & Kashiwagi

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

Kimigahama Formation

 Japan

Genus includes new species C. striata.

Clathromangelia acuticostata[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Clathromangelia.

Clathromangelia mulderi[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Clathromangelia.

Clathromangelia oliverioi[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Clathromangelia.

"Clavatula" ariejansseni[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Serravallian)

Týrtar Formation

 Turkey

A member of the family Clavatulidae.

"Clavatula" atatuerki[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Serravallian)

Týrtar Formation

 Turkey

A member of the family Clavatulidae.

"Clavatula" iberica[97]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Harzhauser

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A member of the family Clavatulidae.

"Clavatula" irisae[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Baden Formation

 Austria
 Slovenia

A member of the family Clavatulidae.

"Clavatula" jarzynkae[96]

Nom. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Grund Formation

 Austria
 Poland

A member of the family Clavatulidae; a replacement name for Clavatula auingeri Finlay (1927).

"Clavatula" nana[97]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Harzhauser

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A member of the family Clavatulidae.

"Clavatula" pliogradata[97]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Harzhauser

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A member of the family Clavatulidae.

Clavatula sorini[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Dej Formation

 Romania
 Italy?

A species of Clavatula.

Columbellaria rara[98]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

St-Ursanne Formation

  Switzerland

A member of the family Colombellinidae.

Conotomaria lecatae[99]

Sp. nov

Valid

Chaix & Grenier

Late Cretaceous (Campanian)

 France

A member of the family Pleurotomariidae.

Conus damianakisi[100]

Sp. nov

Valid

Psarras, Merle & Koskeridou

Miocene (Tortonian)

 Greece

A species of Conus.

Conus davolii[100]

Sp. nov

Valid

Psarras, Merle & Koskeridou

Miocene (Tortonian)

 Greece
 Italy
 Hungary?

A species of Conus.

Conus dellabellai[85]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pavia et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Conus.

Conus ictini[100]

Sp. nov

Valid

Psarras, Merle & Koskeridou

Miocene (Serravallian and Tortonian)

 Greece
 Turkey

A species of Conus.

Conus lauriatragei[100]

Sp. nov

Valid

Psarras, Merle & Koskeridou

Miocene (Langhian to Tortonian)

 Greece
 Hungary

A species of Conus.

Conus moissettei[100]

Sp. nov

Valid

Psarras, Merle & Koskeridou

Miocene (Tortonian)

 Greece

A species of Conus.

Conus villalvernensis[85]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pavia et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Conus.

Coptocheilus kachinensis[101]

Sp. nov

Yu, Zhuo & Páll-Gergely

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

 Myanmar

A species of Coptocheilus.

Cornirostra anistratenkorum umbilicaris[82]

Ssp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Crepidula bellardii[85]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pavia et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Crepidula.

Cretadiostoma[101]

Gen. et 2 sp. nov

Yu, Zhuo & Páll-Gergely

Cretaceous

Burmese amber

 Myanmar

A member of the family Pupinidae. Genus includes new species C. caperatum and C. umbilicarinatum.

Cryptoptyxis? fortiter[98]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

St-Ursanne Formation

  Switzerland

A member of the family Maoraxidae.

Cyrillia clathrataeformis[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Cyrillia.

Cyrillia saldubensis[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Cyrillia.

Dentitriangularum[102]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Chaix in Chaix & Plicot

Late Cretaceous (Santonian)

 France

A member of the family Cypraeidae. The type species is D. pacaudi.

Diaugasma mediterranea[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Diaugasma.

Dictyotomaria turrisbabel[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Caddo Creek Formation

 United States
( Texas)

A member of the family Phymatopleuridae.

Diempterus? multicostatus[98]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

St-Ursanne Formation

  Switzerland

A member of the family Aporrhaidae.

Edrozeba[82]

Gen. et 4 sp. et comb. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

A member of the family Hydrobiidae. The type species is E. caeca; genus also includes new species E. angulata, E. minuta and E. striata, as well as "Hydrobia" enikalensis Kolesnikov (1935). Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Eirlysella[93]

Gen. et sp. et comb. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Boggy Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A member of the family Luciellidae. The type species is E. buckhornensis; genus also includes "Trochus" hissingerianus de Koninck (1843), "Pleurotomaria" squamula Phillips (1836) and "Luciellina" ocultabanda Kues & Batten (2001).

Endoplocus acutus[94]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel et al.

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)

 Germany

A member of the family Nerineidae.

Endoplocus inflatus[94]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel et al.

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)

 Germany

A member of the family Nerineidae.

Ericusa ngayawang[103]

Sp. nov

Valid

Yates

Miocene (Langhian)

Cadell Formation

 Australia

A species of Ericusa.

Exelissa ursannella[98]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

St-Ursanne Formation

  Switzerland

A member of Cerithioidea belonging to the family Cryptaulacidae.

Faureicerithium[102]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Chaix in Chaix & Plicot

Late Cretaceous (Santonian)

 France

A member of the family Campanilidae. The type species is F. bidentata.

Favartia plioelata[104]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brunetti & Della Bella

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Favartia.

Granulatocincta[96]

Gen. et comb. et 3 sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene and Pliocene

 Austria
 Bulgaria
 Czech Republic
 France
 Hungary
 Italy
 Romania
 Slovakia
 Spain
 Turkey

A member of the family Clavatulidae. The type species is "Pleurotoma" granulato-cincta Münster in Goldfuss (1841); genus also includes new species G. callim, G. theoderichi and G. pelliscrocodili, as well as "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" angelae Hoernes & Auinger (1891), "Clavatula" contorta Švagrovský (1958), "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" nataliae Hoernes & Auinger (1891), "Pleurotoma" schreibersi Hörnes (1854), "Clavatula" calcarai Bellardi (1877), "Clavatula" curionii Bellardi (1877), "Clavatula" pellegrinii Simonelli (1896), "Pleurotoma" sotterii Michelotti (1847), "Clavatula" turbinata Bellardi (1877), "Clavatula" turgidula Bellardi (1877), "Clavatula" vigolensis Bellardi (1877), "Clavatula" rugata Bellardi (1877), "Murex" rusticus Brocchi (1814), "Pleurotoma" capgrandi Tournouër (1873), "Pleurotoma" obtruta Millet (1865), "Clavatula" delgadoi Vera-Peláez & Lozano-Francisco (2001) and possibly "Clavatula" boreointerrupta Kautsky (1925).

Hologyra callosa[84]

Sp. nov

Valid

Nützel et al.

Late Triassic (Rhaetian)

Oberrhät Formation

 Austria

A member of the family Neritopsidae.

Hydrobia neofrauenfeldi[82]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

A species of Hydrobia. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Hydrobia orientalis[105]

Sp. nov

Valid

Zhu

Late Permian

Wutonggou Formation

 China

A species of Hydrobia.

Iberellus colladoi[106]

Sp. nov

Valid

Juárez-Ruiz & Altaba

Pliocene

 Spain

A species of

Iberellus
.

Itieroptygmatis cylindrata[94]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel et al.

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)

 Germany

A member of Nerineoidea belonging to the family Itieriidae.

Jenneria sandrae[107]

Sp. nov

Valid

Daughenbaugh

Pleistocene (Chibanian)

Probably Bermont Formation

 United States
( Florida)

A species of Jenneria.

Leufroyia gradata[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Leufroyia.

Loriolotrema? nodosa[98]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

St-Ursanne Formation

  Switzerland

A member of the family Brachytrematidae.

Lyria estotiensis[108]

Sp. nov

Valid

Bail, Ledon & Pacaud

Oligocene (Chattian)

 France

A species of Lyria.

Lyria lozoueti[108]

Sp. nov

Valid

Bail, Ledon & Pacaud

Miocene (Aquitanian)

 France

A species of Lyria.

Maoristylus pliocenicus[89]

Sp. nov

Valid

Brook & Hayward

Pliocene (Waipipian)

Kaawa Formation

 New Zealand

A member of the family Bothriembryontidae belonging to the subfamily Placostylinae.

Megaclavatula[96]

Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene

 Austria
 Czech Republic
 Hungary
 Poland
 Romania
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 Ukraine
 Italy?

A member of the family Clavatulidae. The type species is M. grunerti; genus also includes new species M. pilleri, as well as "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" amaliae Hoernes & Auinger (1891), "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" antoniae Hoernes & Auinger (1891), "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" evae Hoernes & Auinger (1891), "Pleurotoma" laevigatum Eichwald (1830), "Perrona" nemethi Kovács & Vicián (2021), "Pleurotoma" neudorfensis Schaffer (1898), "Pleurotoma tuberculosa" polonica Pusch (1837), "Pleurotoma (Clavatula) asperulata" var. subsculpta Schaffer (1912), "Pleurotoma" ernesti Toula (1901), "Pleurotoma" asperulata Lamarck (1822), Clavatula saubrigiana laurensii Peyrot (1931) and possibly "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" szontaghi Strausz (1926), "Clavatula" taurofusulata Sacco (1890), "Clavatula" subdepressa Sacco (1890) and "Clavatula" tortonica Peyrot (1931).

Metacerithium boshuae[83]

Sp. nov

Valid

Isaji, Haga & Kashiwagi

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

Kimigahama Formation

 Japan

A member of the family Metacerithiidae.

Metalycaeus fossilis[109]

Sp. nov

In press

Yu, Páll-Gergely & Salvador

Miocene

Zhangpu amber

 China

A species of Metalycaeus.

Microandonia[95]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A member of the family Raphitomidae. The type species is M. minutissima.

Microdrillia plioserratula[110]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Harzhauser

Pliocene

 Italy
 Spain

A species of Microdrillia.

Microschiza rhaetica[84]

Sp. nov

Valid

Nützel et al.

Late Triassic (Rhaetian)

Oberrhät Formation

 Austria

A member of the family Purpurinidae.

Mitromorpha (Mitrolumna) velerinensis[110]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Harzhauser

Pliocene

 Spain
 Italy?

A species of Mitromorpha.

Muricopsis landaui[111]

Sp. nov

Valid

Merle in Merle, Garrigues & Pointier

Miocene

 Turkey

A species of Muricopsis.

Napaeus guanche[112]

Sp. nov

In press

Miller et al.

Middle Pleistocene

 Spain
( Canary Islands)

A species of Napaeus.

Napaeus lipauges[112]

Sp. nov

In press

Miller et al.

Middle Pleistocene

 Spain
( Canary Islands)

A species of Napaeus.

Narrimania saldubensis[113]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Mulder

Pliocene

 Spain

Neoperrona[96]

Gen. et comb. et sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

 Croatia
 Hungary
 Italy

A member of the family Clavatulidae. The type species is "Perrona" harzhauseri Kovács & Vicián (2021); genus also includes new species N. zoltanorum, as well as "Clavatula" taurinensis Bellardi (1877).

Nerinea donosa[94]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel et al.

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)

 Germany

A member of the family Nerineidae.

Neuburgensia[98]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Gründel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian to Tithonian)

 Germany
  Switzerland

Possibly a member of Cerithioidea. The type species is "Gymnocerithium" concavum Janicke (1966); genus also includes "Cerithium" amabile Zittel (1873), "Gymnocerithium"? convexoconcavum Gründel, Keupp & Lang (2019), "Cerithium" crenato-cinctum Zittel (1873), "Cerithium" involvens Zittel (1873) and "Cerithium" perrotundum Cossmann (1913).

Nystia conoidalis[114]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kadolsky & Morton

Oligocene (Rupelian)

 United Kingdom

A species of Nystia.

Odetta chirlii[85]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pavia et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Odetta.

Odostomia caucasica[82]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

A species of Odostomia. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Oleginina[96][95]

Gen. et sp. et comb. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen in Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Miocene (Burdigalian to Tortonian)

 Austria
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Italy
 Moldova
 Poland
 Romania
 Slovakia
 Ukraine

A member of the family Clavatulidae. The type species is O. mandici; genus also includes "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" agathae Hoernes & Auinger (1891), "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" brigittae Hoernes & Auinger (1891), "Pleurotoma" doderleini Hörnes (1854), "Pleurotoma (Clavatula)" dorotheae Hoernes & Auinger (1891), "Pleurotoma" rumana Simionescu & Barbu (1940), Clavatula schreibersi szokolyensis Strausz (1960), "Pleurotoma" winterlingensis Quenstedt (1884), "Clavatula" aradasi Bellardi (1877), "Clavatula" baccifera Bellardi (1877), "Clavatula" consularis Bellardi (1877) and "Clavatula" stazzanensis Bellardi (1877). The original generic name was Olegia,[96] but this name turned out to be preoccupied by Olegia Shaposhnikov (1979), necessitating the creation of a replacement name.[95]

Oligoptyxis khorasanica[115]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzhov & Nazemi in Raisossadat et al.

Early Cretaceous (Aptian)

 Iran

A member of the family Nerineidae.

Ondina curta[85]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pavia et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Ondina.

Ondina elongata[85]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pavia et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Ondina.

Ondina pseudovitrea[85]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pavia et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Ondina.

Ophieulima lobilloensis[113]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Mulder

Pliocene

 Spain

A species of Ophieulima.

Ovalotrema[98]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Gründel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

 France
  Switzerland

A member of the family Brachytrematidae. The type species is "Turbo" cotteausius d'Orbigny (1853); genus might also include "Turbo" greppini De Loriol in De Loriol & Koby (1895).

Palaeoleuca edeni[116]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Paleocene (Thanetian) to Eocene (Ypresian)

 France

A member of the family Ellobiidae.

Palaeoleuca gradata[116]

Sp. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Paleocene (Thanetian) to Eocene (Ypresian)

 France

A member of the family Ellobiidae.

Palaeoleuca hulvizensis[116]

Nom. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Paleocene

 United Kingdom

A member of the family Ellobiidae; a replacement name for Auricula (Conovulus) pygmaea Morris (1854).

Paleothyca[117]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Forner, Domènech & Martinell

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

 Spain

A member of the family Eulimidae. The type species is P. quinionarii.

Panneritina[118]

Gen. et comb. et sp. nov

In press

Salvador & Yu

Jurassic and Cretaceous

 China
 Myanmar

A member of the new family Neritidae. Genus includes Chinese species formerly assigned to the genus Mesoneritina ("M." crassa Pan, 1982, "M." dakangensis Pan, 1978, "M." gansuensis Yu & Guo, 1982, "M." nanshanensis Pan, 1984, "M." opima Yu, 1974, "M." pustula Pan, 1980), as well as new species P. ambrae from the Kachin amber.

Papuliscala spinosa[113]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Mulder

Pliocene

 Spain

A species of Papuliscala.

Paragoniozona ornata[93]

Nom. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Lazy Bend Formation

 United States
( Texas)

A member of the family Phymatopleuridae; a replacement name for Pleurotomaria aspera Girty (1934).

Paragoniozona yanceyi[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Boggy Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A member of the family Phymatopleuridae.

Perrona grossi[96]

Nom. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Florian Formation

 Austria

A species of Perrona; a replacement name for Pleurotoma (Clavatula) auingeri Hilber (1879).

Perrona ilonae[96]

Nom. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Sámsonháza Formation

 Hungary
 Ukraine

A species of Perrona; a replacement name for Clavatula vindobonensis nodosa Csepreghy-Meznerics (1954).

Perrona koeberli[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Grund Formation

 Austria

A species of Perrona.

Perrona loetschi[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Grund Formation

 Austria

A species of Perrona.

Perrona wanzenboecki[96]

Nom. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Baden Formation

 Austria

A species of Perrona; a replacement name for Pleurotoma concinna Handmann (1883).

Peruvispira kanchanaburiensis[119]

Sp. nov

In press

Karapunar, Nützel & Ketwetsuriya

Permian

Ratburi Group

 Thailand

A member of the family Goniasmatidae.

Peruvispira oklahomaensis[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Gene Autry Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A member of the family Goniasmatidae.

Phymatopleura conica[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Gene Autry Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A member of the family Phymatopleuridae.

Phymatopleura girtyi[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Wewoka Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A member of the family Phymatopleuridae.

Platyphysa nagensis[86]

Nom. nov

Valid

Pacaud

Cretaceous

 India

A replacement name for Physa prinsepii elongata Hislop (1860).

Pleurotomella obesula[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Pleurotomella.

Pleurotomella turrita[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Pleurotomella.

Pomatiasia[82]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

A member of the family Hydrobiidae. Genus includes "Amnicola" cyclostomoides Sinzov (1880). Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[82]

Propefavartia[111]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Merle in Merle, Garrigues & Pointier

Eocene

 France

A member of the family Muricidae belonging to the subfamily Muricopsinae. The type species is "Murex" distans Deshayes (1835).

Pseudamnicola roblesi[120]

Sp. nov

Valid

Albesa, López & Crespo

Early Miocene

Ribesalbes-Alcora Basin

 Spain

A species of Pseudamnicola.

Pseudamnicola taodonggouensis[105]

Sp. nov

Valid

Zhu

Late Permian

Wutonggou Formation

 China

A species of Pseudamnicola.

Pseudodaphnella iberica[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Pseudodaphnella.

Pseudodaphnella velerinensis[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Pseudodaphnella.

Pseudomelania yamadai[83]

Sp. nov

Valid

Isaji, Haga & Kashiwagi

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

Kimigahama Formation

 Japan

Pseudonerinea ? pseudomelaniformis[94]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel et al.

Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)

 Germany

A member of Nerineoidea belonging to the family Pseudonerineidae.

Purpuripullina[115]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Guzhov & Raisossadat in Raisossadat et al.

Cretaceous

 Iran
 Lebanon

The type species is "Natica" scalaris Conrad (1852).

Purpuroidea moosleitneri[84]

Sp. nov

Valid

Nützel et al.

Late Triassic (Rhaetian)

Oberrhät Formation

 Austria

A member of Caenogastropoda belonging to the family Purpuroideidae.

Pusionella hofmanni[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Dej Formation

 Romania

A species of Pusionella.

Ringicula costata chokrakensis[121]

Ssp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[121]

Ringicula costata paratethica[121]

Ssp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[121]

Ringicula subglobosa[121]

Sp. nov

Valid

Guzhov

Miocene

 Russia

A species of Ringicula. Published online in 2023, but the issue date is listed as December 2022.[121]

Saalensia lorioli[98]

Sp. nov

Valid

Gründel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

St-Ursanne Formation

  Switzerland

A member of the family Brachytrematidae.

Shansiella (Oklahomaella) globilineata[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Gene Autry Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A member of the family Portlockiellidae.

Sigmesalia anatole[122]

Sp. nov

Valid

Hoşgör & Pacaud

Paleocene (Danian)

Çaldağ Formation

 Turkey

A member of the family Turritellidae.

Sigmesalia erifensis[122]

Sp. nov

Valid

Hoşgör & Pacaud

Paleocene (Danian)

Çaldağ Formation

 Turkey

A member of the family Turritellidae.

Skenea gofasi[113]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Mulder

Pliocene

 Spain

A species of Skenea.

Specula estebbunensis[113]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Mulder

Pliocene

 Spain

A species of Specula.

Spinatus ruizi[123]

Sp. nov

Valid

Liverani & Wieneke

Miocene (Langhian)

 Indonesia

A member of the family Strombidae.

Spiroscala quasipulchra[93]

Nom. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Permian

 United States

A member of the family Eotomariidae; a replacement name for Euconospira pulchra Batten (1958).

Spiroscala shwedagoniformis[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Gene Autry Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A member of the family Eotomariidae.

Striopusionella[96]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

 Hungary

A member of the family Clavatulidae. The type species is "Clavatula" szekelyhidiae Kovács & Vicián (2021).

Stuoraxis kasei[83]

Sp. nov

Valid

Isaji, Haga & Kashiwagi

Early Cretaceous (Barremian)

Kimigahama Formation

 Japan

A member of the family Stuoraxidae.

Stuorella zapfei[84]

Sp. nov

Valid

Nützel et al.

Late Triassic (Rhaetian)

Oberrhät Formation

 Austria

A member of Vetigastropoda belonging to the family Stuorellidae.

Subpterynotus eocaenicus[124]

Sp. nov

Merle, Lesport & Ledon

Eocene (Bartonian)

 France

A species of Subpterynotus.

Subpterynotus mainotensis[124]

Sp. nov

Merle, Lesport & Ledon

Miocene (Aquitanian)

 France

A species of Subpterynotus.

Talassia plioalboranensis[113]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Mulder

Pliocene

 Spain

A species of Talassia.

Teretia inflatissima[95]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau, Harzhauser & Giannuzzi-Savelli

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Teretia.

Thalassonerita hagai[60]

Sp. nov

Valid

Kiel et al.

Miocene

Amlang Formation

 Philippines

A member of the family Phenacolepadidae.

Tomellana aueri[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Baden Formation

 Austria
 Bulgaria
 Hungary
 Romania
 Slovakia
 Slovenia

A species of Tomellana.

Tomellana dulaii[96]

Sp. nov

Valid

Harzhauser, Landau & Janssen

Miocene (Langhian)

Dej Formation

 Hungary
 Romania

A species of Tomellana.

Tomellana onubensis[97]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Harzhauser

Early Pliocene

 Spain

A species of Tomellana.

Tomellana postjouannetii[97]

Sp. nov

Valid

Landau & Harzhauser

Pliocene (Piacenzian)

 Spain

A species of Tomellana.

Tortaxis zhangpuensis[109]

Sp. nov

In press

Yu, Páll-Gergely & Salvador

Miocene

Zhangpu amber

 China

Tosapusia peregrina[125]

Sp. nov

Valid

Bertaccini et al.

Pliocene

 Italy

A species of Tosapusia.

Trigonostoma ariejansseni[126]

Sp. nov

Valid

Roosen

Miocene

 Germany

A species of Trigonostoma.

Tudorella lenneae[127]

Sp. nov

Valid

Groh et al.

Pliocene

 Spain
( Canary Islands)

A species of Tudorella.

Tudorella rothei[127]

Sp. nov

Valid

Groh et al.

Pliocene

 Spain
( Canary Islands)

A species of Tudorella.

Turbonilla yadongensis[128]

Sp. nov

Li, Li & Garvie

Eocene (Ypresian)

Zhupure Formation

 China

A species of Turbonilla.

Valvata complanusa[105]

Sp. nov

Valid

Zhu

Late Permian

Wutonggou Formation

 China

A species of Valvata.

Varicoturbo[129]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Nützel, Schweigert & Karapunar

Late Triassic (Carnian)

San Cassiano Formation

 Italy

A member of the family Seguenziidae. Genus includes new species V. microstriatus.

Worthenia (Yochelsonospira) kuesi[93]

Sp. nov

Valid

Karapunar et al.

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

Wetumka Formation

 United States
( Oklahoma)

A species of Worthenia.

Xinjiangospira habita[105]

Sp. nov

Valid

Zhu

Late Permian

Wutonggou Formation

 China

A member of the family Hydrobiidae.

Gastropod research

  • A study on transitions from water to land throughout the evolutionary history of gastropods is published by Vermeij & Watson-Zink (2022).[130]
  • A study on changes in gastropod diversity at the genus/subgenus level from the Norian to the Pliensbachian is published by Ferrari & Hautmann (2022), who report that gastropods lost 56% of genera/subgenera during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, which was much more than the average loss of marine life at the time, and attempt to determine potential causes of the end-Triassic extinctions of gastropods.[131]
  • A study aiming to determine the drivers of diversification for European freshwater gastropods over the past 100 million years is published by Neubauer et al. (2022).[132]
  • A study aiming to determine the factors which caused the diversification of European freshwater gastropods in the Late Cretaceous is published by Neubauer & Harzhauser (2022).[133]
  • Revision of the fossil material of Ancistrolepis from the Eocene (Ypresian) Llajas Formation (California, United States), representing the oldest occurrence of this genus reported to date, is published by Squires (2022).[134]

Other molluscs

New taxa

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Location Notes Images

Calloplax roederi[135]

Sp. nov

Valid

Vendrasco, Powell & LaFollette

Miocene

 United States
( California)

A chiton.

Chiton solaris[135]

Sp. nov

Valid

Vendrasco, Powell & LaFollette

Miocene

 United States
( California)

A chiton.

Dorispira avannga[136]

Sp. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian (Wuliuan)

Henson Gletscher Formation

 Greenland

A helcionellid.

Dorispira? lemdadensis[137]

Sp. nov

Mghazli et al.

Cambrian

 Morocco

Dorispira septentrionalis[136]

Sp. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian (Wuliuan)

Henson Gletscher Formation

 Greenland

A helcionellid.

Dorispira tavsenensis[136]

Sp. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian (Wuliuan)

Henson Gletscher Formation

 Greenland

A helcionellid.

Dorispira tippik[136]

Sp. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian (Wuliuan)

Henson Gletscher Formation

 Greenland

A helcionellid.

Erugoconus[136]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian (Wuliuan)

Henson Gletscher Formation

 Greenland

A member of Helcionelloida of uncertain affinities. The type species is E. acuminatus.

Hoarepora[138]

Nom. nov

Valid

Mapes in Mazaev

Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)

 United States

A rostroconch; a replacement name for Oxyprora Hoare, Mapes & Yancey (2002).

Ischnochiton loureiroi[139]

Sp. nov

Valid

Dell'Angelo et al.

Pliocene

Mondego Basin

 Portugal

A chiton, a species of Ischnochiton.

Lepidochitona rochae[139]

Sp. nov

Valid

Dell'Angelo et al.

Pliocene

Mondego Basin

 Portugal

A chiton, a species of Lepidochitona.

Scenella? siku[136]

Sp. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian (Wuliuan)

Henson Gletscher Formation

 Greenland

A member of Helcionelloida. Originally tentatively assigned to the genus Scenella, but subsequently made the type species of the separate genus Hensoniconus.[140]

Sermeqiconus[136]

Gen. et comb. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian

Aftenstjernesø Formation

 Greenland

A helcionellid. The type species is "Figurina" polaris Peel (2021).

Tavseniconus[136]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian (Wuliuan)

Henson Gletscher Formation

 Greenland

A member of Helcionelloida of uncertain affinities. The type species is T. erectus.

Vendrascospira[136]

Gen. et 2 sp. nov

Valid

Peel & Kouchinsky

Cambrian (Wuliuan)

Henson Gletscher Formation

 Greenland

A helcionellid. The type species is V. troelseni; genus also includes V. frykmani.

Yochelcionella gracilituba[137]

Sp. nov

Mghazli et al.

Cambrian

 Morocco

Yochelcionella longituba[137]

Sp. nov

Mghazli et al.

Cambrian

 Morocco

Other mollusc research

  • Revision of the oldest known specimens of Jinonicella kolebabai from the Middle Ordovician strata of Ukraine and Belarus is published by Gubanov et al. (2022), who report the preservation of growth lines which were previously documented only in Silurian specimens.[141]
  • New information on the anatomy of Typhloesus wellsi is presented by Conway Morris & Caron (2022), who consider it plausible that Typhloesus was a pelagic mollusc with possible affinities with gastropods.[142]

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 248483413
    .
  2. ^ .
  3. ^
    S2CID 249224293. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  4. .
  5. .
  6. .
  7. .
  8. .
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