2020 in paleontology

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palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science

. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2020.

Plants

Sponges

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Endostoma stellata^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Eoghanospongia^[3]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Botting et al.	Silurian (Telychian)		United Kingdom	A hexactinellid sponge. Genus includes new species E. carlinslowpensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Eudea maxima^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Iniquispongia^[2]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae. The type species is I. iranica.
Polyendostoma? irregularis^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Polyendostoma? regularis^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Preperonidella tabasensis^[2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Seriespongia^[2]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Esfandiar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae. The type species is S. iranica.
Shouzhispongia^[4]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	In press	Botting et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A rossellid sponge. Genus includes S. coronata and S. prodigia.
Spongia mantelli^[5]	Nom. nov	Valid	Van Soest, Hooper & Butler	Cretaceous		United Kingdom	A replacement name for Spongia ramosa Mantell (1822).

Cnidarians

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Actinoseris riyadhensis^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Alichurastrea^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species A. major. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Alveopora kumadai^[8]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Suzuki	Miocene (Langhian)	Katsuta Group	Japan	A species of Alveopora.
Amplexus gennarenensis^[9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao, Liang & Luo	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		China	A rugose coral.
Anthracomedusa? hoferhauseri^[10]	Sp. nov	Valid	Szente	Early Triassic	Werfen Formation	Austria	A box jellyfish.
Asteroseris arabica^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Bowanophyllum ramosum^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Percival & Zhen	Ordovician (Katian)	Malachis Hill	Australia	A rugose coral.
Carinthiaphyllum ramovsi^[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kossovaya, Novak & Weyer	Permian (Asselian)		Slovenia	A rugose coral belonging to the family Geyerophyllidae.
Colligophyllum^[13]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral. The type species is "Lytvophyllum" dobroljubovae Vassilyuk (1960). Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Cunnolites (Plesiocunnolites) riyadhensis^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Eohydnophora baingoinensis^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous		China	A stony coral.
Eomicrophyllia^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species E. nalivkini. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Galliconularia^[15]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Van Iten & Lefebvre	Ordovician (Tremadocian)	Saint-Chinian	France	A member of Conulariida. The type species is "Conularia" azaisi Thoral (1935).
Guembelastreomorpha^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species G. vinogradovi. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Gurumdynia^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species G. gracilis. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Hanagyroia^[16]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cambrian	Kuanchuanpu	China	A medusozoan of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly representing an intermediate morphological type between scyphozoans and cubozoans. Genus includes new species H. orientalis.
Hemiagetiolites longiseptatus^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Percival & Zhen	Ordovician (Katian)	Malachis Hill	Australia	A tabulate coral.
Heteroamphiastrea^[17]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kołodziej	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)		Tanzania	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Carolastraeidae. Genus includes new species H. loeseri.
Heterostrotion huaqiaoense^[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denayer et al.	Early Carboniferous		China	A rugose coral
Krynkaphyllum^[13]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral. The type species is K. multiplexum; genus also includes K. validum. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Martsaphyton^[19]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tinn, Vinn & Ainsaar	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Estonia	A member of Medusozoa of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is M. moxi.
Michelinia flugeli^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Badpa	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Sardar Formation	Iran	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Favositida and the family Micheliniidae.
Nancygyra^[21]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Bosellini & Stolarski in Bosellini et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)		Italy	A member of the family Euphylliidae. The type species is N. dissepimentata.
Neosyringaxon michelini^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weyer & Rohart	Devonian (Frasnian)		France	A rugose coral belonging to the family Petraiidae
Paramixogonaria wangyouensis^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao & Liang	Devonian (Givetian)	Wenglai	China	A rugose coral.
Pinacomorpha^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species P. apimelos. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Placophyllia baingoinensis^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous		China	A stony coral. Originally described as a species of Placophyllia, but subsequently transferred to the genus Sonoraphyllia.^[24]
Placophyllia amnica^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A placophylliid coral. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Protokionophyllum feninoense^[13]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Protostephanastrea^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	An actinastraeid coral. Genus includes new species P. leveni. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Psenophyllia^[7]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. The type species is "Cylindrosmilia" longa Melnikova (1989). Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Rotiphyllum xinjiangense^[9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao, Liang & Luo	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		China	A rugose coral.
Sanidophyllum dubium^[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Mia Le	Vietnam	A rugose coral belonging to the family Breviphyllidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Sedekastrea^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species S. djalilovi. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Siphonophyllia khenifrense^[26]	Sp. nov		Rodríguez, Said & Somerville in Rodríguez et al.	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Azrou-Khenifra	Morocco	A rugose coral belonging to the family Cyathopsidae
Stylimorpha^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A placophylliid coral. Genus includes new species S. kardjilgensis. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Stylina namcoensis^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous		China	A stony coral.
Stylostrotion houi^[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denayer et al.	Carboniferous (Viséan)		China	A rugose coral
Syringopora iranica^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Badpa	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Sardar Formation	Iran	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Auloporida and the family Syringoporidae.

Research

Revision of tabulate-like fossils from before the latest Middle Ordovician is published by Elias, Lee & Pratt (2020), who reject the interpretation of these fossils as true tabulate corals.^[27]
Drake, Whitelegge & Jacobs (2020) report the first recovery, sequencing, and identification of fossil biomineral proteins from a Pleistocene fossil invertebrate (the stony coral Orbicella annularis).^[28]

Arthropods

Bryozoans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Anastomopora blankenheimensis^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Devonian		Germany
Anastomopora minor^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Devonian		Germany
Anomalotoechus parvus^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Bahrami & Parast	Devonian (Famennian)	Bahram	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Atactotoechidae .
Asperopora sinensis^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Hanchiatien	China	A trepostome bryozoan.
Biforicula collinsi^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Gault	United Kingdom
Cheethamia volgaensis^[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Seltser	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Russia ( Saratov Oblast)	A member of Cheilostomata
Cribrilaria profunda^[34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rosso, Di Martino & Ostrovsky	Pleistocene		Italy	A member of the family Cribrilinidae.
Dianulites altaicus^[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Sennikov	Ordovician (Sandbian)		Russia ( Altai Republic)	A member of Esthonioporata.
Dyscritella kalmardensis^[36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Dyscritellidae . Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Dyscritella multiporata^[36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Dyscritellidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Figularia spectabilis^[34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rosso, Di Martino & Ostrovsky	Pleistocene		Italy	A member of the family Cribrilinidae.
Filites bakharevi^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites fragilis^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Udodov in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites regularis^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites vulgaris^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Udodov in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Glabrilaria transversocarinata^[34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rosso, Di Martino & Ostrovsky	Pleistocene		Italy	A member of the family Cribrilinidae.
Hemiphragma insolitum^[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Fedorov	Ordovician (Dapingian)		Russia	A trepostome bryozoan.
Microporella tanyae^[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Gordon	Pliocene	Yorktown	United States ( Virginia)	A member of the family Microporellidae.
Moorephylloporina parvula^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Hanchiatien	China	A fenestrate bryozoan.
Parastenodiscus sinaiensis^[40]	Sp. nov	In press	Ernst et al.	Carboniferous (Mississippian)		Egypt	A member of Trepostomata
Planopora^[38]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Fedorov	Ordovician (Dapingian)		Russia	A bifoliate cystoporate . Genus includes new species P. volkhovensis.
Rhombopora aryani^[36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Cryptostomata belonging to the group Rhabdomesina and to the family Rhomboporidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Taylorus patagonicus^[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez et al.	Early Miocene		Argentina	A member of the family Escharinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Trematopora jiebeiensis^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Hanchiatien	China	A trepostome bryozoan.
Trematopora tenuis^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Hanchiatien	China	A trepostome bryozoan.
Zefrehopora^[30]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Bahrami & Parast	Devonian (Famennian)	Bahram	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Eridotrypellidae . The type species is Z. asynithis.

Brachiopods

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Altiplanotoechia^[42]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Colmenar in Colmenar & Hodgin	Ordovician	Umachiri	Peru	A polytoechioid brachiopod. Genus includes new species A. hodgini.
Beaussetithyris^[43]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)		France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. The type species is B. asymmetrica.
Biconvexiella saopauloensis^[44]	Sp. nov	In press	Simões et al.	Late Paleozoic	Taciba	Brazil
Bockeliena^[45]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baarli	Silurian (Rhuddanian)		United Kingdom	A member of the family Atrypinidae; a new genus for "Atrypa" flexuosa Marr & Nicholson (1888).
Brevilamnulella minuta^[46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Blodgett	Late Ordovician		United States ( Alaska)
Chilcatreta lariojana^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	A siphonotretid brachiopod. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Chinellirostra^[48]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Genus includes new species C. rara. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Contortithyris^[43]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)	Micraster	France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. The type species is C. thermae.
Cyclothyris cardiatelia^[49]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Cyclothyris grimargina^[43]	Sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Micraster	France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae
Cyclothyris nekvasilovae^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berrocal-Casero, Joral & Barroso-Barcenilla	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Czech Republic	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Cyclothyris segurai^[49]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Dihelictera engerensis^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae.
Dogdoa talyndzhensis^[51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Rhynchonellida.
Elliptoglossa kononovae^[52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smirnova & Zhegallo	Devonian (Famennian)		Russia	A member of Lingulida.
Enriquetoechia^[42]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Colmenar & Hodgin	Ordovician	Umachiri	Peru	A polytoechioid brachiopod. Genus includes new species E. umachiriensis.
Eoobolus incipiens^[53]	Sp. nov	In press	Zhang, Popov, Holmer & Zhang in Zhang et al.	Cambrian	Ajax Limestone Dengying Formation Mernmerna Formation Wilkawillina Limestone	Australia China	A member of Linguloidea.
Euroatrypa? sigridi^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypinidae.
Famatinobolus^[47]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	An obolid brachiopod. Genus includes new species F. cancellatum. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Germanoplatidia^[54]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Dulai & Von der Hocht	Oligocene (Chattian)		Germany	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Platidiidae; a new genus for "Terebratula" pusilla Philippi (1843).
Gotatrypa vettrensis^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae.
Hassanispirifer^[55]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Garcia-Alcalde & El Hassani	Devonian (Givetian)	Taboumakhlouf	Morocco	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Xenomartiniidae. The type species is H. africanus.
Holynetes? mzerrebiensis^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Garcia-Alcalde & El Hassani	Devonian (Givetian)	Ahrerouch	Morocco	A member of Chonetidina belonging to the family Anopliidae.
Imbriea^[56]	Nom. nov	Valid	Reily	Devonian		United States	A member of Orthotetida belonging to the family Areostrophiidae; a replacement name for Orthopleura Imbrie (1959).
Kafirnigania jorali^[57]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Kafirnigania massiliensis^[57]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		France Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Kirkidium canberrense^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz	Wenlock )	Canberra	Australia	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Lambdarina winklerprinsi^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Voldman et al.	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	San Emiliano	Spain
Levitusia elongata^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Carboniferous (Viséan)		Japan	A member of Productidina belonging to the family Leioproductidae.
Lingulellotreta yuanshanensis^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Cambrian		China
Linnaeocaninella^[62]	Nom. nov	Valid	Hernández	Middle Permian	Lengwu	China	A replacement name for Caninella Liang (1990)
Linnarssonia sapushanensis^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Duan et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Wulongqing	China	An acrotretoid brachiopod.
Lithobolus limbatum^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	An obolid brachiopod. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Mishninia^[51]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	The type species is M. nodosa
Neobolus wulongqingensis^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang, Strotz, Topper & Brock in Zhang et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Wulongqing	China	A member of Lingulida belonging to the family Neobolidae. Many specimens had tubeworm-like kleptoparasites attached to their shells.
Neochonetes (Sommeriella) longa^[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Luokeng	China
Neochonetes (Sommeriella) transversa ^[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Luokeng	China
Nucleatina anotia^[57]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain France?	A member of Terebratulida.
Nucleatina arcana^[57]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Nucleatina barrosoi^[57]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Orbiculoidea katzeri^[66]	Sp. nov	In press	Corrêa & Ramos	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Manacapuru	Brazil
Orbiculoidea xinguensis^[66]	Sp. nov	In press	Corrêa & Ramos	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Manacapuru	Brazil
Palaeotreta^[67]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Cambrian Series 2	Shuijingtuo	China	A member of the family Acrotretidae. The type species is P. shannanensis; genus also includes "Eohadrotreta" zhujiahensis Li & Holmer (2004).
Paragilledia^[68]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shi, Waterhouse & Lee	Early Permian	Pebbley Beach	Australia	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Gillediidae. Genus includes new species P. kioloaensis.
Paramickwitzia^[69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pan et al.	Cambrian Series 2	Xinji	China	A Mickwitziidae . Genus includes new species P. boreussinaensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Plectatrypa rindi^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypinidae.
Plicarmus^[70]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Claybourn et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Byrd Group	Antarctica	A member of Lingulata. Genus includes new species P. wildi.
Pomatotrema laubacheri^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Colmenar & Hodgin	Ordovician	Umachiri	Peru
Rhinatrypa^[45]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is "Plectatrypa" henningsmoeni Boucot & Johnson (1967).
Rhipidium oepiki^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz	Silurian (Wenlock)	Canberra	Australia	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Spinocarinifera qilinzhaiensis^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nie et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Tangbagou Formation	China
Stringocephalus sinensis^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Tabellina laseroni^[68]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shi, Waterhouse & Lee	Early Permian	Pebbley Beach	Australia	An ingelarelloidean brachiopod belonging to the family Notospiriferidae.
Tapuritreta gribovensis^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Karpinsk Formation	Russia ( Arkhangelsk Oblast)	A member of the family Acrotretidae.
Tcherskidium tenuicostatus^[46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Blodgett	Late Ordovician		United States ( Alaska)
Thomasaria bultyncki^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Garcia-Alcalde & El Hassani	Devonian (Givetian)	Ahrerouch	Morocco	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Thomasariidae.
Vagrania naanchanensis^[51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Atrypida.
Verchojania abramovi^[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Makoshin	Late Carboniferous		Russia	A member of Productida
Wahwahlingula? pankovensis^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Karpinsk Formation	Russia ( Arkhangelsk Oblast)	A member of Linguloidea belonging to the family Zhanatellidae.
Woodwardirhynchia pontemdiaboli^[49]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal Casero, Barroso Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Yangirostra^[48]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Genus includes new species Y. asiatica. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.

Research

A study on the mode of life of Paleozoic strophomenatans is published by Stanley (2020), who argues that nearly all strophomenatans lived infaunally.^[74]
A study on the paleobiogeography of Early−Middle Devonian (Pragian−Eifelian) brachiopods from West Gondwana, aiming to determine any potential controls that may have driven bioregionalization, is published by Penn-Clarke & Harper (2020).^[75]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships and ecomorphologic diversification of Mesozoic spiriferinids is published by Guo, Chen & Harper (2020).^[76]

Molluscs

Echinoderms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Abertella carlsoni^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Abludoglyptocrinus steinheimerae^[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Aenigmaticumcrinus^[79]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Belén	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the group Dimerocrinitacea. Genus includes new species A. rochacamposi.
Aerliceaster^[80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Gahn & Guensburg	Ordovician (Floian)	Garden City	United States ( Idaho)	A starfish. Genus includes new species A. nexosus.
Alkaidia megaungula^[81]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ewin & Gale	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Taba	Morocco	A starfish belonging to the family Terminasteridae.
Arceoaster^[82]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Sprinkle	Silurian	Hunton Group	United States ( Oklahoma)	A starfish belonging to the family Hudsonasteridae. Genus includes new species A. hintei.
Aszulcicrinus^[83]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hagdorn	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Gogolin	Poland	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Dadocrinidae. The type species is A. pentebrachiatus.
Brissopsis hoffmani^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Bronthaster^[84]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Jell & Cook	Carboniferous (Namurian)	Yagon Siltstone	Australia	A brittle star belonging to the family Protasteridae. Genus includes new species B. retus.
Calclyra bifida^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pabst & Herbig	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Genicera	Spain	A brittle star belonging to the group Oegophiurida and the family Calclyridae.
Clypeaster petersonorum^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A species of Clypeaster.
Comptonia bretoni^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Atherfield	United Kingdom	A starfish
Coulonia caseyi^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Atherfield	United Kingdom	An astropectinid starfish
Cyclogrupera^[87]	Gen. et sp. nov		Torres-Martínez, Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar	Permian (Asselian‒Sakmarian)	Grupera	Mexico	A crinoid belonging to the family Cyclomischidae. The type species is C. minor.
Discocrinus africanus^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae.
Discometra luberonensis^[89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Eléaume, Roux & Philippe	Miocene (Burdigalian)		France	A feather star belonging to the family Himerometridae.
Drepanocrinus wardorum^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Durhamicystis^[90]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zamora, Sprinkle & Sumrall	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Chambersburg	United States ( Maryland)	A member of Eocrinoidea belonging to the family Rhipidocystidae. The type species is D. americana.
Encrinaster alsbachensis^[91]	Sp. nov	Valid	Müller & Hahn	Early Devonian		Germany	A brittle star.
Enodicalix^[92]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Paul & Gutiérrez-Marco	Ordovician		Spain	A member of Diploporita belonging to the family Aristocystitidae. The type species is "Calix" inornatus Meléndez (1958).
Eoastropecten^[93]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Triassic (Carnian)		China	A starfish belonging to the family Astropectinidae. Genus includes new species E. sechuanensis.
Euglyphocrinus cristagalli^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus jacobsae^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus truncatus^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus worthensis^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euptychocrinus longipinnulus^[94]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fearnhead et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Pysgotwr Grits	United Kingdom	A camerate crinoid
Eutaxocrinus ariunai^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waters et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Samnuuruul Formation	Mongolia	A crinoid. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Eutaxocrinus sersmaai^[95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waters et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Samnuuruul Formation	Mongolia	A crinoid. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Fenestracrinus^[88]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is F. oculifer.
Fernandezaster whisleri^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Floricyclocion^[87]	Gen. et sp. nov		Torres-Martínez, Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar	Permian (Asselian‒Sakmarian)	Grupera	Mexico	A crinoid belonging to the family Floricyclidae. The type species is F. heteromorpha.
Gagaria hunterae^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Genocidaris oyeni^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Heterobrissus lubellii^[96]	Sp. nov	Valid	Borghi & Stara	Late Oligocene-early Miocene		Italy	A heart urchin.
Holocrinus qingyanensis^[97]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stiller	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		China	A crinoid belonging to the family Holocrinidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Isocrinus (Chladocrinus) covuncoensis^[98]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lazo et al.	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)	Agrio	Argentina	A crinoid.
Isocrinus (Chladocrinus) pehuenchensis^[98]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lazo et al.	Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)	Agrio	Argentina	A crinoid.
Kolataster^[80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Gahn & Guensburg	Ordovician (Sandian)	Mifflin	United States ( Illinois)	A starfish. Genus includes new species K. perplexus.
Lebenharticrinus quinvigintensis^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Lebenharticrinus zitti^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Linguaserra heidii^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pabst & Herbig	Carboniferous (Tournaisian to Serpukhovian)	Genicera Heiligenhaus	Germany Spain	A member of Ophiocistioidea belonging to the family Linguaserridae.
Lovenia kerneri^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A species of Lovenia.
Maestratina^[99]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Forner i Valls & Saura Vilar	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	Spain	A Arbaciidae . The type species is "Cotteaudia" royoi Lambert (1928).
Magnasterella^[100]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Frasnian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A starfish belonging to the group Euaxosida; a new genus for "Echinasterella" darwini Clarke (1913).
Marginix notatus^[100]	Sp. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Frasnian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A brittle star
Meperocrinus^[79]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Icla	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the family Emperocrinidae. Genus includes new species M. angelina.
Mongoliacrinus^[95]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waters et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Samnuuruul Formation	Mongolia	A crinoid belonging to the family Acrocrinidae. Genus includes new species M. minjini. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Odontaster tabaensis^[81]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ewin & Gale	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Taba	Morocco	A starfish, a species of Odontaster.
Ophiacantha oceani^[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Numberger-Thuy & Thuy	Pliocene to Pleistocene (Piacenzian to Gelasian)		Italy	A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae.
Ophiomitrella floorae^[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Gale	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Maastricht	Netherlands	An ophiacanthid brittle star.
Paragonaster felli^[103]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stevens	Early Cretaceous		New Zealand	A starfish.
Paranaster^[100]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Emsian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A starfish belonging to the group Euaxosida. Genus includes new species P. crucis.
Pararchaeocrinus kiddi^[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A diplobathrid crinoid.
Peckicrinus^[104]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Duck Creek	United States ( Oklahoma Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is "Poecilocrinus" porcatus Peck (1943). Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Pegoasterella^[105]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Koniecki	Late Ordovician	Bromide Guttenberg	United States ( Illinois Oklahoma)	A starfish belonging to the family Urasterellidae. Genus includes new species P. pompom.
Periglyptocrinus astricus^[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus kevinbretti^[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus mcdonaldi^[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus silvosus^[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Plotocrinus molineuxae^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Plotocrinus rashallae^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	France United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Plotocrinus reidi^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Kiamichi	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Psammaster^[106]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Fau et al.	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Grès des Oies	France	A starfish belonging to the group Forcipulatida. The type species is "Ophidiaster" davidsoni de Loriol & Pellat (1874).
Rhyncholampas meansi^[77]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pleistocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Roveacrinus gladius^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Roveacrinus morganae^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Pawpaw	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Roveacrinus proteus^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Pawpaw	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Roveacrinus solisoccasum^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Schoenaster carterensis^[107]	Sp. nov	Valid	Harris, Ettensohn & Carnahan-Jarvis	Chesterian )	Slade	United States ( Kentucky)	A brittle star
Seifenia^[108]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Müller & Hahn	Early Devonian	Seifen	Germany	A member of Edrioasteroidea. The type species is S. ostara.
Spiracarneyella^[109]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sumrall & Phelps	Ordovician (Katian)	Point Pleasant	United States ( Kentucky Ohio)	A carneyellid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species S. florencei.
Streptoiocrinus^[110]	Gen. nov	Valid	Rozhnov	Ordovician		Estonia Russia ( Leningrad Oblast)	A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida.
Styracocrinus rimafera^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Styracocrinus thomasae^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Tallinnicrinus^[111]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole, Ausich & Wilson	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		Estonia	An anthracocrinid diplobathrid crinoid. Genus includes new species T. toomae.
Tollmannicrinus leidapoensis^[97]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stiller	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		China	A crinoid. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Tuberocrinus^[79]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Belén	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the group Dimerocrinitacea. Genus includes new species T. lapazensis.
Vaquerosella perrillatae^[112]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez Melo & Alvarado Ortega	Miocene	San Ignacio	Mexico	A sand dollar belonging to the family Echinarachniidae

Research

A study on morphological diversification of echinoderms and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the establishment of echinoderm body plans during the early Paleozoic is published by Deline et al. (2020).^[113]
A study on the locomotion of cornute stylophorans, based on data from a specimen of Phyllocystis crassimarginata from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) Saint-Chinian Formation (France), is published by Clark et al. (2020).^[114]
A study on the speciation and dispersal of the diploporan blastozoans through the Ordovician period is published by Lam, Sheffield & Matzke (2020).^[115]
A study on the evolutionary history of eublastoid blastozoans is published by Bauer (2020).^[116]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Eumorphocystis is published by Guensburg et al. (2020), who consider this taxon to be a blastozoan far removed from crinoids, contrary to the results of the study of Sheffield & Sumrall (2019).^[117]^[118]
A study on the phylogeny of the crown group of Echinoidea, based on both phylogenomic and paleontological data, is published by Koch & Thompson (2020).^[119]
A study on the structure of the arms and on probable locomotion strategies of Devonian brittle stars from the Hunsrück Slate (Germany) is published by Clark, Hutchinson & Briggs (2020).^[120]

Conodonts

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Ancyrognathus minjini^[121]	Sp. nov	Valid	Suttner et al.	Late Devonian	Baruunhuurai	Mongolia	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Baltoniodus norrlandicus denticulatus^[122]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Dzik	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Poland	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Belodina watsoni^[123]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Australia
Bipennatus hemilevigatus^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Bipennatus planus^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Diplognathodus benderi^[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu et al.	Carboniferous (Bashkirian–Moscovian boundary)		China
Erraticodon neopatu^[126]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician	Willara	Australia	Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Gladigondolella laii^[127]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Early Triassic		Oman
Idiognathodus fengtingensis^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus luodianensis^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus naqingensis^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus naraoensis^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Latericriodus guangnanensis^[129]	Sp. nov	In press	Lu & Valenzuela-Ríos in Lu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Daliantang	China	A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Icriodontidae.
Misikella kolarae^[130]	Sp. nov	Valid	Karádi et al.	Late Triassic		Hungary	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Pachycladina rendona^[131]	Sp. nov	In press	Wu & Ji in Wu et al.	Early Triassic		China	An ellisonid conodont.
Palmatolepis subperlobata tatarica^[132]	Nom. nov	Valid	Ovnatanova & Gatovsky	Devonian (Famennian)	Prikazanskaya Formation	Russia ( Tatarstan)	A replacement name for Palmatolepis subperlobata helmsi Ovnatanova (1976). The subspecies was subsequently raised to the rank of a separate species by Ovnatanova & Kononova (2023).^[133]
Paullella omanensis^[127]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Early Triassic		Croatia Oman
Polygnathus nalaiensis^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Rossodus? boothiaensis^[134]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang		Turner Cliffs	Canada ( Nunavut)
Scalpellodus percivali^[123]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Australia
Scythogondolella dolosa^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bondarenko & Popov	Early Triassic		Russia ( Primorsky Krai)
Siphonodella leiosa^[136]	Sp. nov	In press	Souquet, Corradini & Girard	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		France
Streptognathodus nemyrovskae^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)		China
Streptognathodus zhihaoi^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)		China
Tortodus dodoensis^[137]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gouwy, Uyeno & McCracken	Devonian (Givetian)		Canada	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Trapezognathus pectinatus^[122]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dzik	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Poland	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Zieglerodina petrea^[138]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hušková & Slavík	Silurian/Devonian boundary	Prague Synform	Czech Republic	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Research

Evidence of variations in crystallography and microstructure due to both ontogeny and element type within the conodont feeding apparatus of Dapsilodus obliquicostatus is presented by Shohel et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the integrity of conodont apatite as a recorder of seawater chemistry.^[139]
A study aiming to determine whether the repeated emergence of similar morphologies in the dental elements of Permian conodonts belonging to the genus Sweetognathus is an example of parallel evolution is published by Petryshen et al. (2020).^[140]

Fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Agudotherium^[141]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Stefanello et al.	Late Triassic	Candelária	Brazil	A non- cynodont . Genus includes new species A. gassenae.
Bohemiclavulus^[142]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Spindler, Voigt & Fischer	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)	Slaný	Czech Republic	A member of the family Naosaurus " mirabilis Fritsch (1895). Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Caodeyao^[143]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu & Abdala	Late Permian	Naobaogou	China	A therocephalian. Genus includes new species C. liuyufengi.
Chiniquodon omaruruensis^[144]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mocke, Gaetano & Abdala	Triassic	Omingonde	Namibia
Dendromaia^[145]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Maddin, Mann & Hebert	Carboniferous		Canada ( Nova Scotia)	A member of Varanopidae. Genus includes new species D. unamakiensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Etjoia^[146]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hendrickx et al.	Triassic (Ladinian/Carnian)	Omingonde	Namibia	A cynodont . Genus includes new species E. dentitransitus.
Hypselohaptodus^[147]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Spindler	Permian (Cisuralian)	Kenilworth	United Kingdom	An early member of Sphenacodontia; a new genus for "Haptodus" grandis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Inditherium^[148]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bhat, Ray & Datta	Late Triassic	Tiki	India	A dromatheriid cynodont. Genus includes new species I. floris.
Kalaallitkigun^[149]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sulej et al.	Late Triassic (Norian)	Fleming Fjord	Greenland	An early member of Mammaliaformes, possibly a member of Haramiyida. Genus includes new species K. jenkinsi.
Kataigidodon^[150]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kligman et al.	Late Triassic	Chinle	United States ( Arizona)	A non-mammalian eucynodont. Genus includes new species K. venetus.
Kenomagnathus^[151]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler	Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)	Rock Lake Shale Mb, Stanton	United States ( Kansas)	An early member of Sphenacodontia. The type species is K. scottae.
Martensius^[152]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Berman et al.	Permian (Artinskian)	Tambach	Germany	A member of Caseidae. The type species is M. bromackerensis.
Nshimbodon^[153]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Huttenlocker & Sidor	Late Permian	Madumabisa Mudstone	Zambia	A cynodont, probably a member of the family Charassognathidae . Genus includes new species N. muchingaensis.
Polonodon^[154]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sulej et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		Poland	A non-mammaliaform eucynodont. Genus includes new species P. woznikiensis. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Remigiomontanus^[142]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler, Voigt & Fischer	Carboniferous–Permian transition	Saar–Nahe	Germany	A member of the family Edaphosauridae. Genus includes new species R. robustus. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Rewaconodon indicus^[148]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bhat, Ray & Datta	Late Triassic	Tiki	India	A dromatheriid cynodont.
Taoheodon^[155]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu	Late Permian	Sunjiagou Formation	China	A dicynodont . Genus includes new species T. baizhijuni.
Theroteinus jenkinsi^[156]	Sp. nov	Valid	Whiteside & Duffin	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)		United Kingdom	A haramiyidan mammaliaform. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Tikiodon^[148]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bhat, Ray & Datta	Late Triassic	Tiki	India	A mammaliamorph cynodont. Genus includes new species T. cromptoni.

Research

A study on the evolution of the well-defined morphological regions of the vertebral column and of vertebral functional diversity in synapsids is published by Jones et al. (2020).^[157]
A study aiming to determine the resting metabolic rates and the thermometabolic regimes (endothermy or ectothermy) in eight non-mammalian synapsids is published by Faure-Brac & Cubo (2020).^[158]
A study on the shoulder musculature in extant Argentine black and white tegu and Virginia opossum, evaluating its implications for reconstructions of the shoulder musculature in non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Fahn-Lai, Biewener & Pierce (2020).^[159]
A study aiming to determine whether a
vicariance pattern can explain early synapsid evolution is published by Brikiatis (2020).^[160]

Mann et al. (2020) reinterpret Carboniferous taxon Asaphestera platyris Steen (1934) from the Joggins locality (Nova Scotia, Canada) as the earliest unambiguous synapsid in the fossil record reported so far.^[161]
A study on the long bone histology of varanopids from the lower Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the paleobiology of early synapsids, is published by Huttenlocker & Shelton (2020).^[162]
Mann & Reisz (2020) report a new hyper-elongated neural spine of Echinerpeton intermedium from the Pennsylvanian-aged Sydney Mines Formation (Nova Scotia, Canada), indicating a wider distribution of hyper-elongation of vertebral neural spines in early synapsids than previously known.^[163]
A study on the histology of vertebral centra of Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon is published by Agliano, Sander & Wintrich (2020).^[164]
A study on the anatomy of the holotype skull of Tetraceratops insignis and on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon is published by Spindler (2020).^[165]
A study comparing the oxygen and carbon stable isotope compositions of tooth and bone apatite of Endothiodon and Tropidostoma, and aiming to determine the ecology and diet of Endothiodon, is published by Rey et al. (2020).^[166]
Whitney & Sidor (2020) compare the frequency and patterns of growth marks in tusks of Lystrosaurus from polar Antarctica and from the non-polar Karoo Basin of South Africa living ~250 Mya, and report evidence of prolonged stress interpreted as indicative of torpor in polar specimens. This could be the oldest evidence of a hibernation-like state in a vertebrate animal and indicates that torpor arose in vertebrates before mammals and dinosaurs evolved.^[167]^[168]^[169]
A study on the skull length and growth patterns of the four South African Lystrosaurus species (L. maccaigi, L. curvatus, L. murrayi and L. declivis), aiming to determine whether the end-Permian mass extinction caused the Lilliput effect in Lystrosaurus species from the Karoo Basin and to infer their lifestyle, is published by Botha (2020).^[170]
A study aiming to examine the basis for claims that the genus Lystrosaurus is a
disaster taxon is published by Modesto (2020).^[171]

A study on tooth serrations in a Permian gorgonopsian from Zambia, identifying the occurrence of denticles and interdental folds forming the cutting edges in the teeth which were previously thought to be unique to theropod dinosaurs and some other archosaurs, is published by Whitney et al. (2020).^[172]
Redescription of the skull of Lycosuchus vanderrieti, providing new information on the endocranial anatomy of this taxon, is published by Pusch et al. (2020).^[173]
A review of the fossil record of Triassic non-
cynodonts from western Gondwana and its importance for the knowledge of the origin of mammals, focusing on taxa known from Argentina, is published by Abdala et al. (2020).^[174]

A study on the tooth replacement in Galesaurus planiceps is published by Norton et al. (2020).^[175]
The third specimen of Prozostrodon brasiliensis, providing novel information on the anatomy of this taxon, is described by Kerber et al. (2020).^[176]

Mammals

Other animals

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Aladraco kirchhainensis^[177]	Sp. nov	Valid	Geyer & Malinky	Cambrian (Miaolingian)	Delitzsch–Torgau–Doberlug	Germany	A member of Hyolitha. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Armilimax^[178]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kimmig & Selden	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Spence Shale	United States ( Utah)	A shell-bearing animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species A. pauljamisoni. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Avitograptus akidomorphus^[179]	Sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Wenchang	China	A graptolite .
Bizeticyathus^[180]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes B. carmen (Carmen & Carmen, 1937).
Canadiella^[181]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Skovsted et al.	Cambrian	Mural Rosella	Canada	A tommotiid belonging to the family Kennardiidae. The type species is "Lapworthella" filigrana Conway Morris & Fritz (1984).
Collinsovermis^[182]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Caron & Aria	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Burgess Shale	Canada ( British Columbia)	A luolishaniid lobopodian. Genus includes new species C. monstruosus.
Cordaticaris^[183]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sun, Zeng & Zhao	Cambrian (Drumian)	Zhangxia	China	A member of Radiodonta belonging to the family Hurdiidae. Genus includes new species C. striatus.
Cornulites baranovi^[184]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn & Toom	Přidoli )	Ohesaare	Estonia	A member of Cornulitida.
Dahescolex^[185]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shao et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu	China	An animal which might be a stem-lineage derivative of Scalidophora. Genus includes new species D. kuanchuanpuensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Dakorhachis^[186]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Conway Morris et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Weeks	United States ( Utah)	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a stem-group member of the Gnathifera. Genus includes new species D. thambus.
Dannychaeta^[187]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Cambrian	Canglangpu	China	A crown annelid, probably a relative of the families Magelonidae and Oweniidae. Genus includes new species D. tucolus.
Degeletticyathus dailyi^[180]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
"Dictyonema" khadijae^[188]	Sp. nov	In press	Gutiérrez Marco, Muir & Mitchell	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A graptolite
"Dictyonema" villasi^[188]	Sp. nov	In press	Gutiérrez Marco, Muir & Mitchell	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A graptolite
Gyaltsenglossus^[189]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Nanglu, Caron & Cameron	Cambrian	Stephen	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the stem group of Hemichordata. The type species is G. senis.
Herpetogaster haiyanensis^[190]	Sp. nov		Yang et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu	China
Hillaecyathus^[180]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes H. contractus (Hill, 1965).
Ikaria^[191]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Evans et al.	Ediacaran		Australia	An early bilaterian. Genus includes new species I. wariootia.
Korenograptus selectus^[192]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Late Ordovician		Myanmar	A graptolite
Kylinxia^[193]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zeng, Zhao & Huang in Zeng et al.	Early Cambrian		China	A transitional euarthropod that bridges radiodonts and true arthropods. Genus includes new species K. zhangi.
Lenzograptus^[194]	Nom. nov	In press	Loydell	Ludlow )		Canada ( Yukon)	A graptolite; a replacement name for Lenzia Rickards & Wright (1999).
Longxiantheca^[195]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li in Li et al.	Cambrian Stages 3–4	Xinji	China	A member of Hyolitha belonging to the group Orthothecida. The type species is L. mira.
Maxdebrennius^[180]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes new species M. mimus.
Microconchus cravenensis^[196]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zatoń & Mundy	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Cracoe Limestone Malham	United Kingdom	A member of Microconchida.
Microconchus maya^[197]	Sp. nov	Valid	Heredia-Jiménez et al.	Permian (Roadian)	Paso Hondo	Mexico	A member of Microconchida.
Monograptus hamulus^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Saparin et al.	Llandovery )	Co To	Vietnam	A graptolite
Neodiplograptus mandalayensis^[192]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Late Ordovician		Myanmar	A graptolite
Nochoroicyathus ordinarius^[180]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Nochoroicyathus sublimus^[180]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Paranacyathus arboreus^[180]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Pontagrossia^[199]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chahud & Fairchild	Devonian (Emsian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	An invertebrate of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is P. reticulata.
Porocoscinus eurys^[180]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Pristiograptus paradoxus^[200]	Sp. nov	In press	Loydell & Walasek	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A graptolite
Stictocyathus^[180]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes new species S. cavus.
Subtumulocyathellus satus^[180]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Torquigraptus loveridgei^[200]	Sp. nov	In press	Loydell & Walasek	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A graptolite
Torquigraptus wilsoni^[201]	Sp. nov	Valid	Loydell	Silurian (Telychian)		United Kingdom	A graptolite
Toscanisoma^[202]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Wendt	Late Triassic (Carnian)	San Cassiano	Italy	A member of Ascidiacea. The type species is T. multipartitum; genus also includes T. triplicatum.
Utahscolex^[203]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Whitaker et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Spence	United States ( Utah)	A palaeoscolecid; a new genus for "Palaeoscolex" ratcliffei Robison (1969)
Vermilituus^[204]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu	China	A small, encrusting tubular protostomian, preserved attached to a mobile host (Vetulicola ). The type species is V. gregarius.
Wronacyathus^[180]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes new species W. ayuzhui.
Zhongpingscolex^[205]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shao et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu	China	A scalidophoran, probably a stem-group kinorhynch. Genus includes new species Z. qinensis.
Zuunia^[206]	Gen. et sp. nov		Yang et al.	Late Ediacaran	Zuun-Arts	Mongolia	A cloudinid. The type species is Z. chimidtsereni.

Research

A study on the taphonomy of three-dimensionally preserved specimens of Charnia from the White Sea, and on their implications for the knowledge of rangeomorph feeding and physiology, is published by Butterfield (2020).^[207]
A study on the morphology and likely mode of life of Beothukis mistakensis is published by McIlroy et al. (2020).^[208]
Evidence of preservation of internal anatomical structures in cloudinomorph fossils from the Ediacaran Wood Canyon Formation (Nevada, United States) is reported by Schiffbauer et al. (2020), who interpret these structures as probable digestive tracts, and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of cloudinomorphs.^[209]
Fossils of Dickinsonia identical with D. tenuis from the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite in South Australia are reported from the late Ediacaran Maihar Sandstone of the Bhander Group (India; found in the roof of Auditorium Cave at Bhimbetka rock shelters) by Retallack et al. (2020), who interpret this finding as confirming the assembly of Gondwana by 550 Ma;^[210] however, Meert et al. (2023) subsequently reinterpreted purported fossil material of Dickinsonia as an impression resulting from decay of a modern beehive.^[211]
New specimens of Mafangscolex, providing the first detailed information on the anatomy of a proboscis in palaeoscolecids, are described from the Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte (Kunming, China) by Yang et al. (2020).^[212]
A study on the type material of a putative Ordovician annelid Haileyia adhaerens is published by Muir & Botting (2020) who find no evidence indicating that H. adhaerens is an annelid, or even a recognizable fossil.^[213]
New hyolithid specimens preserving helens and interior soft tissues, including muscle scars and digestive tracts, are described from the Guanshan Biota (Cambrian Stage 4; Yunnan, China) by Liu et al. (2020).^[214]
Redescription of Acosmia maotiania based on data from new and historic fossil material is published by Howard et al. (2020), who interpret this animal as a stem group ecdysozoan.^[215]
Two types of microscopic reticulate
scalidophorans from the Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) by Wang et al. (2020), who argue that these cuticular networks replicate the cell boundaries of the epidermis.^[216]

A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Facivermis yunnanicus, based on data from the holotype and new specimens, is published by Howard et al. (2020), who consider this species to be a luolishaniid lobopodian.^[217]
New type of a compound eye is identified in specimens of "Anomalocaris" briggsi from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale (Australia) by Paterson, Edgecombe & García-Bellido (2020), who interpret the eye morphology of "A." briggsi as suggestive of this animal being a mesopelagic species, capable of inhabiting depths of several hundred meters, and likely using its acute, light-sensitive eyes to detect plankton in dim down-welling light.^[218]
An isolated frontal appendage of a miniature
euarthropods.^[219]

Barrios-de Pedro, Osuna & Buscalioni (2020) report the discovery of trematode and nematode eggs in coprolites from the Barremian Las Hoyas fossil site (Spain).^[220]

Foraminifera

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Carseyella^[221]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit	Early Cretaceous (Aptian and Albian)		Algeria Mexico United States Venezuela	A new genus for "Orbitolina" walnutensis Carsey (1926) and "Dictyoconus" algerianus Cherchi & Schroeder (1982). Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.

Other organisms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes
Annularidens^[222]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch. Genus includes new species A. inconditus.
Anqiutrichoides^[223]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A multicellular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a eukaryotic alga. Genus includes new species A. constrictus.
Aphralysia anfracta^[224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kopaska-Merkel, Haywick & Keyes	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		United States ( Alabama)	A tubular calcitic microfossil of uncertain affinities
Arborea denticulata^[225]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying	China	A frondose fossil of uncertain affinities.
Archaeosporites^[226]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Harper et al.	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus belonging to the group Archaeosporaceae. Genus includes new species A. rhyniensis.
Asteridium tubulus^[227]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Attenborites^[228]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Droser et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley	Australia	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of a well-defined irregular oval to circular fossil. Genus includes new species A. janeae. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Bispinosphaera vacua^[222]	Sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch.
Brijax^[229]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Krings & Harper	Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A probable chytrid fungus. Genus includes new species B. amictus.
Convolutubus^[230]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vaziri et al.	Ediacaran		Iran	An organic-walled tubular organism. Genus includes new species C. dargazinensis.
Corrugasphaera perfecta^[227]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Crassimembrana^[222]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch. Genus includes new species C. crispans and C. multitunica.
Cyanosarcinopsis^[231]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Calça & Fairchild	Permian	Assistência	Brazil	A chroococcacean. Genus includes new species C. hachiroi.
Cyathochitina brussai^[232]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Ordovician (Hirnantian) and Silurian (Rhuddanian)	Brutia Clemville Salar del Rincón Soom Shale	Argentina Belgium Canada Chad Mauritania South Africa Iran? Jordan? Libya?	A chitinozoan.
Cyathochitina lariensis^[232]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian	Salar del Rincón	Argentina	A chitinozoan.
Cyathochitina punaensis^[232]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian	Salar del Rincón	Argentina	A chitinozoan.
Cymatiosphaera spina^[227]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Dichothallus^[233]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Naugolnykh	Permian (early Kungurian)	Philippovian	Russia	A brown alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species D. divaricatus.
Dictyocyrillium^[234]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Martí Mus, Moczydłowska & Knoll	Tonian	Elbobreen	Norway	A vase-shaped microfossil. Genus includes new species D. erythron.
Distosphaera jinguadunensis^[222]	Sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch.
Dongyesphaera^[235]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Yin et al.	Paleoproterozoic	Tianpengnao	China	An acritarch. Genus includes new species D. tenuispina.
Eoentophysalis hutuoensis^[235]	Sp. nov	In press	Yin et al.	Paleoproterozoic	Hebiancun	China	A cyanobacterium belonging to the family Entophysalidaceae
Eosolena magna^[223]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A multicellular, eukaryotic alga.
Flabellophyton obesum^[236]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wan et al.	Ediacaran		China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga.
Flabellophyton stupendum^[237]	Sp. nov	In press	Xiao et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia	Probably a benthic macroalga.
Flabellophyton typicum^[236]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wan et al.	Ediacaran		China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga.
Liulingjitaenia irregularis^[237]	Sp. nov	In press	Xiao et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia	Probably a benthic macroalga.
Mengeosphaera matryoshkaformis^[222]	Sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch.
Nepia^[238]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Golubkova in Golubkova & Kochnev	Ediacaran		Russia	An oscillatorian cyanobacteria. Genus includes new species N. calicina.
Noffkarkys^[239]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Retallack & Broz	Ediacaran and Cambrian	Arumbera Flathead Grant Bluff Jodhpur Synalds	Australia India United Kingdom United States ( Montana)	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a member of the family Charniidae. Genus includes new species N. storaaslii. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Obamus^[240]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dzaugis et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley	Australia	A torus-shaped organism, similar in gross morphology to some poriferans and benthic cnidarians. Genus includes new species O. coronatus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Ophiocordyceps dominicanus^[241]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Vega	Eocene or Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A fungus, a species of Ophiocordyceps. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Palaeomycus^[242]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A fungus described on the basis of pycnidia. Genus includes new species P. epallelus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Pararenicola gejiazhuangensis^[223]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Patagonifilum^[243]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Massini et al.	Late Jurassic	La Matilde	Argentina	A cyanobacterium. Genus includes new species P. jurassicum.
Plagasphaera^[227]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Genus includes new species P. balangensis. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Polycephalomyces baltica^[241]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Vega	Eocene	Baltic amber	Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast)	A fungus belonging to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Proaulopora ordosia^[244]	Sp. nov	In press	Liu et al.	Ordovician	Ordos Basin	China	A member of Nostocales.
Protoarenicola baishicunensis^[223]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Protoarenicola shijiacunensis^[223]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Protographum^[245]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Le Renard et al.	Early Cretaceous	Potomac	United States ( Virginia)	A fungus belonging or related to the family Aulographaceae. Genus includes new species P. luttrellii.
Pterospermella vinctusa^[227]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Ramochitina deynouxi^[232]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian	Salar del Rincón	Argentina Mauritania	A chitinozoan.
Sinosabellidites huangshanensis^[223]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Spinachitina titae^[232]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian	Salar del Rincón	Argentina	A chitinozoan.
Spiroplasma burmanica^[246]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A bacterium belonging to the group Mollicutes, a species of Spiroplasma.
Stomiopeltites shangcunicus^[247]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maslova & Tobias in Maslova et al.	Oligocene	Shangcun	China	A fungus belonging to the family Micropeltidaceae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Triskelia^[248]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Strullu-Derrien et al.	Devonian	Rhynie Chert	United Kingdom	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a green alga^[248] or a fungus.^[249] Genus includes new species T. scotlandica. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Windipila wimmervoecksii^[250]	Sp. nov	Valid	Krings & Harper	Early Devonian	Windyfield	United Kingdom	A fungal reproductive unit. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Research

A study on fossilized biopolymers in 3.5–3.3 Ga microbial mats from the Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa) is published by Hickman-Lewis, Westall & Cavalazzi (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that Bacteria and Archaea flourished together in Earth's earliest ecosystems.^[251]
Putative ciliate fossils from the Cryogenian Taishir Formation (Tsagaan Olom Group, Zavkhan Terrane, Mongolia) are reinterpreted as more likely to be algal reproductive structures by Cohen, Vizcaíno & Anderson (2020), who also report the first occurrence of these fossils in the earliest Ediacaran Ol Formation.^[252]
The discovery of fungal fossils in an 810 to 715 million year old dolomitic shale from the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of the Congo) is reported by Bonneville et al. (2020), representing the oldest, molecularly identified remains of Fungi reported so far.^[253]
Specimens of Palaeopascichnus linearis living before the Gaskiers glaciation are described from marine strata within the Rocky Harbour Formation by Liu & Tindal (2020), representing the oldest documented macrofossils from the Ediacaran successions of Newfoundland reported so far.^[254]
A study on the developmental biology and phylogenetic relationships of Helicoforamina wenganica is published by Yin et al. (2020).^[255]
A study on the morphology and affinities of a putative early sponge Namapoikia rietoogensis is published by Mehra et al. (2020), who argue that Namapoikia lacked the physical characteristics expected of an animal.^[256]
A study on the morphology and inner ultrastructure of exceptionally preserved chitinozoan specimens from the Ordovician of Estonia, the United States and Russia is published by Liang et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence of a protist affinity of chitinozoans.^[257]

Trace fossils

A study on patterns of ecosystem engineering behaviors across the Permian-Triassic boundary, as indicated by data from trace fossils, and on their possible impact on ecosystem recovery in the benthic environment in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Cribb & Bottjer (2020).^[258]
New fossil tracks, probably produced by a pterygote insect, are described from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation (Brazil) by Peixoto et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Paleohelcura araraquarensis, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of ecological relationships within the Botucatu paleodesert.^[259]
A new assemblage of nests produced by social insects is described from the Brushy Basin Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (Utah, United States) by Smith, Loewen & Kirkland (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Eopolis ekdalei.^[260]
New tetrapod trackways are described from the
Karoo Basin by Cisneros et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as produced by small amphibians, and consider them to be evidence that the diversity of Guadalupian amphibians of the Karoo Basin was greater than indicated by body fossils alone.^[261]

Mujal & Schoch (2020) describe amphibian tracks from the Middle Triassic Erfurt Formation (Germany, probably produced by capitosaurid temnospondyls, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the locomotion and habitats of temnospondyls.^[262]
Fossil tracks likely produced by early amniotes are described from the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Manakacha Formation (Arizona, United States) by Rowland, Caputo & Jensen (2020), who interpret these tracks as evidence of early adaptation of amniotes to eolian dunefield deserts, as well as the first documented occurrence of a lateral-sequence gait in the pre-Miocene tetrapod fossil record.^[263]
Revision of Pachypes-like footprints from the Cisuralian–Guadalupian of Europe and North America is published by Marchetti et al. (2020), who date the earliest known occurrence of Pachypes to the Artinskian, interpret the footprints belonging to the ichnospecies Pachypes ollieri as produced by nycteroleter pareiasauromorphs, and argue that the earliest occurrences of pareiasauromorph footprints precede the earliest occurrence of this group in the skeletal record by at least 10 million years.^[264]
The first known fossil example of an iguana nesting burrow is reported from the Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation (The Bahamas) by Martin et al. (2020).^[265]
Fossil tracks possibly produced by a
monjurosuchid-like choristoderan are described from the Albian Daegu Formation (South Korea) by Lee, Kong & Jung (2020), who attempt to determine the trackmaker's locomotory posture on land, and name a new ichnotaxon Novapes ulsanensis.^[266]

New Early Triassic archosauriform track assemblage is described from the Gardetta Plateau (Western Alps, Italy) by Petti et al. (2020), who interpret this finding as evidence of the presence of archosauriforms at low latitudes soon after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and name a new ichnotaxon Isochirotherium gardettensis.^[267]
Fossil tracks produced by large crocodylomorphs, possibly moving bipedally, are described from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation (South Korea) by Kim et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Batrachopus grandis.^[268]
The first probable deinonychosaur (likely troodontid) tracks from Canada are described from the Campanian Wapiti Formation (Alberta) by Enriquez et al. (2020).^[269]
Three
Titanosauriformes, are described from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the Castelbouc cave (France) by Moreau et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Occitanopodus gandi.^[270]

New dinosaur tracks, including tracks representing the ichnogenus Skye (Scotland, United Kingdom) by dePolo et al. (2020), expanding known diversity of dinosaur tracks from this locality.^[271]

A review of the Late Cretaceous dinosaur tracksites of Bolivia is published by Meyer et al. (2020), who describe new dinosaur tracksites from the Chuquisaca and Potosi departments, and report parallel trackways of subadult ankylosaurs interpreted as evidence of social behavior amongst these dinosaurs.^[272]

A study on Pleistocene bird tracks from the Cape south coast of South Africa is published by Helm et al. (2020), who report six tracksites with tracks produced by large birds, possibly indicating the existence of large Pleistocene forms of extant bird taxa.^[273]

Mazin & Pouech (2020) describe non-pterodactyloid pterosaur tracks from the ichnological site known as "the Pterosaur Beach of Crayssac" (Tithonian; south-western France), evaluate the implications of these tracks for the knowledge of the terrestrial capabilities of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs, and name a new ichnogenus Rhamphichnus.^[274]

Dinosaur and synapsid tracks are described from the
Karoo Basin (South Africa) by Bordy et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as evidence that dinosaurs and synapsids were among the last inhabitants of the main Karoo Basin some 183 million years ago, and name a new ichnotaxon Afrodelatorrichnus ellenbergeri (likely of ornithischian affinity).^[275]

New complex burrow system produced by geomyid rodents is described from the Oligocene Chilapa Formation (Mexico) by Guerrero-Arenas, Jiménez-Hidalgo & Genise (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Yaviichnus iniyooensis, and interpret the complexity of these burrows as probable evidence of some degree of gregariousness of their producers.^[276]

History of life in general

Bobrovskiy et al. (2020) and van Maldegem et al. (2020) argue that putative sponge biomarkers can be generated from algal sterols, and interpret their findings as undermining the interpretation of biomarkers found in Precambrian rocks posited as evidence of existence of animals before the latest Ediacaran.^[277]^[278]

Liu & Dunn (2020), describe filamentous organic structures preserved among
Newfoundland (Canada), including filaments that appear to directly connect individual specimens of one rangeomorph taxon, and interpret this finding as possible evidence that Ediacaran frondose taxa were clonal.^[279]

A study on the age of the Ediacaran biota from the Conception and St. John's Groups at Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve (Newfoundland, Canada) is published by Matthews et al. (2020).^[280]

Approximately 563-million-year-old Ediacaran biota is reported from the Itajaí Basin (Brazil) by Becker-Kerber et al. (2020), representing the first record of Ediacaran macrofossils from Gondwana in deposits of similar age to the Avalon biota.^[281]

An Ediacaran phosphatized animal-like eggs, embryos, acritarchs and cyanobacteria is reported from the Portfjeld Formation (Peary Land, Greenland) by Willman et al. (2020), representing the first record of a Doushantuo type preservation of fossils (with diagenetic phosphate replacement of originally organic material) from Laurentia reported so far.^[282]

A study on biomarkers from Ediacaran sediments in the White Sea area is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that eukaryotic algae were abundant among the food sources available for the Ediacaran biota.^[283]

A study aiming to quantify changes of regional-scale diversity in marine fossils across time and space throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Close et al. (2020).^[284]

A study on the structure of the Phanerozoic fossil record, aiming to determine relative impacts of extinctions and evolutionary radiations on the co-occurrence of species throughout the Phanerozoic, is published by Hoyal Cuthill, Guttenberg & Budd (2020), who argue that their findings refute any direct causal relationship between the proportionally most comparable mass radiations and extinctions.^[285]

A study on the timing of known diversification and extinction events from Cambrian to Triassic, based on data from 11,000 marine fossil species, is published by Fan et al. (2020).^[286]

The discovery of a new, exceptionally-preserved Cambrian biota, with fossils belonging to multiple phyla, is reported from the Guzhangian Longha Formation (Yunnan, China) by Peng et al. (2020).^[287]

A study on changes in body size in skeletal animals from the Siberian Platform through the early Cambrian is published by Zhuravlev & Wood (2020).^[288]

A study on the relationship between body size and extinction risk in the marine fossil record across the past 485 million years is published by Payne & Heim (2020).^[289]

A study on the diversification rates of Ordovician animals living on hard substrates, aiming to determine when they experienced their greatest origination rates, is published by Franeck & Liow (2020).^[290]

New information on the biotic composition of the Silurian Waukesha Lagerstätte (Wisconsin, United States) is presented by Wendruff et al. (2020), who report a biodiversity far richer than previously reported, and explore the taphonomic history of the fossils of this biota.^[291]

A study on the diversity dynamics of the marine brachiopods, bivalves and gastropods throughout the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age is published by Seuss, Roden & Kocsis (2020).^[292]

A study comparing the chemistry of fossil soft tissues of invertebrates and vertebrates from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds (Illinois, United States) is published by McCoy et al. (2020), who report Tullimonstrum gregarium as grouping with vertebrates in their analysis.^[293]

A study on the ages of known early–middle Permian tetrapod-bearing geological formations, as indicated by Bayesian tip dating methods, is published by Brocklehurst (2020), who interprets his findings as supporting the occurrence of the Olson's Extinction.^[294]

A study on global infaunal response to the Permian–Triassic extinction event, as indicated by data from trace fossils, is published by Luo et al. (2020).^[295]

A study on changes of marine
latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian–Triassic mass extinction is published by Song et al. (2020).^[296]

A study on the latitudinal variation in Late Triassic tetrapod diversity, aiming to determine the relationship between latitudinal species richness and palaeoclimatic conditions, is published by Dunne et al. (2020).[297]

Description of new fossil material of Late Triassic tetrapods from the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas site (Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina), and a study on the age of tetrapod fossils from this site (including fossils of Pisanosaurus mertii) and their implications for the knowledge of the Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, is published by Desojo et al. (2020).^[298]

A review of the evidence of a major change in ecological community structure during the
Carnian Pluvial Event and on the role of volcanic eruptions and associated climate change as a possible trigger, is published by Dal Corso et al. (2020).^[299]

An assemblage of fossilized vomits and coprolites is described from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) Reingraben Shales in Polzberg (Austria) by Lukeneder et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of these bromalites for the knowledge of pelagic invertebrates-vertebrates trophic chain of the Late Triassic Polzberg biota, and interpret their finding as evidence indicating that the Mesozoic marine revolution has already started in the early Mesozoic.^[300]

A study on the dynamics of the Adamanian/Revueltian faunal turnover, based on fossil data from the Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, United States), is published by Hayes et al. (2020).^[301]

A study on the palynological record from the Carnian–Norian transition in the western Barents Sea region is published by Klausen, Paterson & Benton (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that major sea-level changes across the vast delta plains situated in the northern Pangaea might have triggered terrestrial turnovers during the Carnian–Norian transition and facilitated the gradual rise of the dinosaurs to ecosystem dominance.^[302]

Wignall & Atkinson (2020) argue that the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event can be resolved into two distinct, short-lived extinction pulses separated by a several hundred-thousand-year interlude phase.^[303]

A study on changes in shell size of marine bivalves and brachiopods from the Iberian Basin (Spain) across the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, aiming to determine the role of temperature for changes in body size of bivalves and brachiopods, is published by Piazza, Ullmann & Aberhan (2020).^[304]

A study on the impact of warming and disturbance of the carbon cycle during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event on marine benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages from the Iberian Basin is published by Piazza, Ullmann & Aberhan (2020).^[305]

A study on the persistence and abundance of an association of serpulids and hydroids during the Middle and Late Jurassic is published by Słowiński et al. (2020).^[306]

Foster, Pagnac & Hunt-Foster (2020) describe the Late Jurassic biota from the Little Houston Quarry in the Black Hills of Wyoming, including the vertebrate fauna which is the second-most diverse in the entire Morrison Formation and the most diverse north of Como Bluff.^[307]

A study on the age of the Huajiying Formation (China) and its implications for the knowledge of the timing of appearance and duration of the Jehol Biota is published by Yang et al. (2020).^[308]

A study on the age of the biota from the Cretaceous Burmese amber from Hkamti is published by Xing & Qiu (2020).^[309]

A study on extinction patterns of marine vertebrates during the last 20 million years of the Late Cretaceous, as indicated by fossils from northern Gulf of Mexico, is published by Ikejiri, Lu & Zhang (2020), who report evidence of two separate extinction events: one in the Campanian, and one at the end of the Maastrichtian.^[310]

Rodríguez-Tovar et al. (2020) present evidence from trace fossils from the Chicxulub crater indicating that full recovery of the macrobenthic biota from this area was rapid, with the establishment of a well-developed tiered community within ~700 thousand years.^[311]

A study on the impact of the early Cenozoic hyperthermal events on shallow marine benthic communities, based on data from fossils from the Gulf Coastal Plain, is published by Foster et al. (2020).^[312]

A study on the geology and fauna (including hominins) of the new Mille-Logya site (Afar, Ethiopia) dated to between 2.914 and 2.443 Ma is published by Zeresenay Alemseged et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this site for the knowledge of how hominins and other fauna responded to environmental changes during this period.^[313]

Studies on the magnitude and likely causes of megafaunal extinctions in the Indian subcontinent during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene are published by Jukar et al. (2020)^[314] and Turvey et al. (2020).^[315]

A new, diverse megafauna assemblage that suffered extinction sometime after 40,100 (±1700) years ago is reported from the South Walker Creek fossil deposits (Queensland, Australia) by Hocknull et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this assemblage for prevailing megafauna extinction hypotheses for Sahul.^[316]

A study on ancient DNA of vertebrates and plants recovered from fossils and sediment from Hall's Cave (Edwards Plateau, Texas, United States), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the climatic fluctuations from the Pleistocene to the Holocene on the local ecosystem, is published by Seersholm et al. (2020).^[317]

A study on the phylogenetic relationships of early amniotes, recovering Parareptilia and Varanopidae as nested within Diapsida, will be published by Ford & Benson (2020), who name a new clade Neoreptilia.^[318]

Regional-scale diversity patterns for terrestrial tetrapods throughout their entire Phanerozoic evolutionary history are presented by Close et al. (2020), who attempt to determine how informative the fossil record is about true global paleodiversity.^[319]

A study on the impact of the appearance and evolution of herbivorous tetrapods on the evolution of land plants from the Carboniferous to the Early Triassic is published by Brocklehurst, Kammerer & Benson (2020).^[320]

A study the terrestrial and marine fossil record of Late Permian to Late Triassic tetrapods, comparing species-level tetrapod biodiversity across latitudinal bins, is published by Allen et al. (2020).^[321]

In a study published by Chiarenza et al. (2020)^[322]^[323] the two main hypotheses for the mass extinction (the Deccan Traps and the Chicxulub impact) were evaluated using Earth System and Ecologial modelling, confirming that the asteroid impact was the main driver of this extinction while the volcanism might have boosted the recovery instead.

Bishop, Cuff & Hutchinson (2020) outline a workflow for integrating paleontological data with biomechanical principles and modeling techniques in order to create musculoskeletal models and study locomotor biomechanics of extinct animals, using Coelophysis as a case study.^[324]

Saitta et al. (2020) propose a framework for studying sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa, focusing on likely secondary sexual traits and testing against all alternate hypotheses for variation in the fossil record.^[325]

A study evaluating the utility of rare earth element profiles as proxies for biomolecular preservation in fossil bones, based on data from a specimen of Edmontosaurus annectens from the Standing Rock Hadrosaur Site (Hell Creek Formation; South Dakota, United States), is published by Ullmann et al. (2020).^[326]

A study on the diversity and evolution of skull and jaw functions in sabre-toothed carnivores during the last 265 million years is published by Lautenschlager et al. (2020).^[327]

Other research

Evidence indicating that the Great Oxidation Event predated Paleoproterozoic glaciation in Russia and snowball Earth deposits in South Africa is presented by Warke et al. (2020), who argue that their findings preclude hypotheses of Earth's oxygenation in which global glaciation preceded or caused the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.^[328]

A study on the timing of the onset and termination of the Shuram carbon isotope excursion is published by Rooney et al. (2020), who argue that this excursion was divorced from the rise of the earliest preserved animal ecosystems.^[329]

A study on the causes of the
Late Ordovician mass extinction, based on data from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype (Dob's Linn, Scotland), is published by Bond & Grasby (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that this extinction event was caused by volcanism, warming and anoxia.^[330]

Evidence of wildfires at the Frasnian−Famennian boundary is reported from Upper Devonian sections from western New York (United States) by Liu et al. (2020), who also provide an estimate of atmospheric O₂ levels at this interval, and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of causes of the Late Devonian extinction.^[331]

A study on the timing of the environmental changes associated with the Kellwasser events is published by Da Silva et al. (2020).^[332]

Evidence of anomalously high mercury concentration in marine deposits encompassing the Hangenberg event from Carnic Alps (Italy and Austria) is presented by Rakociński et al. (2020), who argue that methylmercury poisoning in otherwise anoxic seas, caused by extensive volcanic activity, could be a direct kill mechanism of the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction.^[333]

A study on fossil plant spores with malformed sculpture and pigmented walls, recovered from terrestrial Devonian-Carboniferous boundary sections from East Greenland, is published by Marshall et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that the terrestrial mass extinction at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary coincided with elevated UV-B radiation, indicative of ozone layer reduction.^[334]

Fields et al. (2020) attempt to determine whether the dramatic drop in stratospheric ozone coinciding with the end-Devonian extinction events was caused by a nearby supernova explosion.^[335]

A series of articles on the biostratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup, providing a formal biozonation scheme for the Stormberg Group and dividing the Beaufort and Stormberg groups into nine tetrapod assemblage zones, is published in the June 2020 issue of the South African Journal of Geology.^[336]^[337]^[338]^[339]^[340]^[341]^[342]^[343]^[344]^[345]

A study on the age of a pristine ash-fall deposit in the Karoo Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (South Africa) is published by Gastaldo et al. (2020), who report that turnover from the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone to Lystrosaurus AZ in this basin occurred over 300 ka before the end-Permian marine event, and interpret their findings as refuting the concurrentness of turnovers in terrestrial and marine ecosystems at the end of the Permian.^[346]

A study evaluating the contribution of loss of ecosystems on land and consequent massive terrestrial biomass oxidation to atmosphere–ocean biogeochemistry at the Permian–Triassic boundary is published by Dal Corso et al. (2020).^[347]

A study aiming to determine the mechanism that drove vast stretches of the ocean to an anoxic state during the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Schobben et al. (2020).^[348]

Evidence indicating that the Permian–Triassic extinction event was linked with ocean acidification due to carbon degassing from the Siberian sill intrusions is presented by Jurikova et al. (2020).^[349]

Evidence from paired coronene and mercury spikes in stratigraphic sections in south China and Italy, indicative of the occurrence of two pulsed volcanic eruption events coinciding with the initiation of the end-Permian terrestrial ecological disturbance and marine extinction, is presented by Kaiho et al. (2020).^[350]

A study on variations of ~10-Myr scale monsoon dynamics during the early Mesozoic, and on their impact on climate and ecosystem dynamics (including the dispersal of early dinosaurs), is published by Ikeda, Ozaki & Legrand (2020).^[351]

New geochronologic and paleoclimatic data from
Carnian Pluvial Event interval in western Gondwana was warmer and more humid than periods before or after this interval, confirming that the CPE was a global event.^[352]

A study on the age of the top of the Moenkopi Formation, the lower Blue Mesa Member, and the lower and upper Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation is published by Rasmussen et al. (2020), who argue that the biotic turnover preserved in the mid-Sonsela Member at the Petrified Forest National Park was a mid-Norian event.^[353]

A study on ocean temperatures during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event is published by Petryshyn et al. (2020), who report no evidence for short-term cooling or initial warming across the 1-80,000 years of the extinction event.^[354]

Evidence of low ocean sulfate levels at the end-Triassic mass extinction, linked to rapid development of marine anoxia, is presented by He et al. (2020).^[355]

A study on the causes of the negative organic carbon isotope excursion associated with the end-Triassic mass extinction, based on data from its type locality in the Bristol Channel Basin (United Kingdom), is published by Fox et al. (2020), who interpret this isotopic excursion as caused by an abrupt relative sea level drop rather than by massive inputs of exogenous light carbon into the atmosphere, and argue that the disappearance of marine biota at the type locality is the result of local environmental changes and does not mark the global extinction event, while the main extinction phase occurred slightly later in marine strata.^[356]

Evidence of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration at the onset of the end-Triassic extinction event, based on data from fossil leaves of the seed fern Lepidopteris ottonis from southern Sweden, is presented by Slodownik, Vajda & Steinthorsdottir (2020).^[357]

A review of the geology, paleoecology and taxonomic status of the fauna from the Cretaceous
Kem Kem Beds of Morocco is published by Ibrahim et al. (2020).^[358]

Klages et al. (2020) report evidence from the West Antarctic shelf indicating the occurrence of a temperate lowland rainforest environment at a palaeolatitude of about 82° S during the Late Cretaceous (Turonian–Santonian).^[359]

A review and revision of the stratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation is published by Fowler (2020).^[360]

A study on the timing of a volcanic outgassing at the end of the Cretaceous, and on its implications for the knowledge of causes of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, is published by Hull et al. (2020).^[361]

A study on paleosols from the eastern edge of the Deccan Volcanic Province (central India), evaluating their implications for reconstructions of climate and terrestrial environments of India before and after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and for the knowledge of causes of this extinction event, is published by Dzombak et al. (2020).^[362]

A detailed record of molecular burn markers from the Chicxulub crater and in ocean sediments distant from the impact site is presented by Lyons et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating rapid heating after the impact and a fossil carbon source, and argue that soot from the target rock immediately contributed to global cooling and darkening after the impact at the end of the Cretaceous.^[363]

A study on the origin, recovery, and development of microbial life in the Chicxulub crater after the impact at the end of the Cretaceous, and on the environmental conditions in the crater up to ~4 million years after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Schaefer et al. (2020).^[364]

A study on Earth's climate throughout the Cenozoic era, based on a highly resolved and well-dated record of benthic carbon and oxygen isotopes from deep-sea foraminifera, is published by Westerhold et al. (2020).^[365]

Van Couvering & Delson (2020) define 17 African land mammal ages covering the Cenozoic record of the Afro-Arabian continent.^[366]

A study on the amount and makeup of the carbon added to the ocean during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, based on geochemical data from planktic foraminifera, is published by Haynes & Hönisch (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that volcanic emissions were the main carbon source responsible for PETM warming.^[367]

Evidence from Eocene plant fossils from the
Bangong-Nujiang suture indicating that the Tibetan Plateau area hosted a diverse subtropical ecosystem approximately 47 million years ago and that this area was both low and humid at the time is presented by Su et al. (2020).^[368]

A study on the climate evolution across the Oligocene, examining the relationship between global temperatures and continental-scale polar ice sheets following the establishment of ice sheets on Antarctica, is published by O'Brien et al. (2020).^[369]

A study aiming to test the hypothesis that the emergence of the Southeast Asian islands played a significant role in driving the cooling of Earth's climate since the Miocene Climatic Optimum is published by Park et al. (2020).^[370]

A study on the environment at Olduvai Gorge at the emergence of the Acheulean technology 1.7 million years ago, based on data from fossil lipid biomarkers, is published by Sistiaga et al. (2020).^[371]

A study on freshwater fauna and flora found in a sediment sample from the
MIS3 climatic optimum, is published by Neretina et al. (2020).^[372]

A study on the Neogene paleobotanical record and climate in the northernmost part of the Central Andean Plateau, based on data from the Descanso Formation (Peru), is published by Martínez et al. (2020), who report the earliest evidence of a puna-like ecosystem in the Pliocene and a montane ecosystem without modern analogs in the Miocene, as well as evidence of wetter paleoclimatic conditions than previously estimated by regional climate model simulations.^[373]

A study on environmental changes in Southeast Asia from the Early Pleistocene to the Holocene, based on stable isotope data from Southeast Asian mammals, and on their impact on the evolution of mammals (including hominins), is published by Louys & Roberts (2020).^[374]

A study on the climate variability in the southwest Indian Ocean area throughout the past ~8000 years, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of possible causes of extinction of megafauna from Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, is published by Li et al. (2020).^[375]

Van Neer et al. (2020) report faunal remains from the Takarkori rock shelter in the Acacus Mountains region (Libya), and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of the climate and hydrography of the Sahara throughout the Holocene.^[376]

New Mesozoic and Paleogene amber occurrences, preserving diverse inclusions of arthropods, plants and fungi, are reported from Australia and New Zealand by Stilwell et al. (2020).^[377]

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^ Jun-ichi Tazawa (2020). "Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) brachiopods from the Shittakazawa, Arisu and Odaira Formations, South Kitakami Belt, Japan" (PDF). Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum. 19: 11–88.

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^
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^
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^ Enric Forner i Valls; Manuel Saura Vilar (2020). "Revisió de l'espècie Cottaldia royoi Lambert, 1928 (Echinoidea) de l'Aptià de la conca del Maestrat". Nemus: Revista de l'Ateneu de Natura. 10: 47–58.

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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
PMID 32128283
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^
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PMID 32601204
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hdl:1983/6dd0f4e1-fa63-43fb-b01f-2e4b5e39723d
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S2CID 221146234. Archived from the original
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PMID 32362741
.

S2CID 214736648.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
)

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S2CID 210698721
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[Seriespongia-2] 
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[3] S2CID 135302203
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[Colligophyllum-13] 
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[APS594-14] 
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.

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[24] S2CID 254387480
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[NJGPA2971-29] 
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[Zefrehopora-30] 
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[HanchiatienFm-31] 
S2CID 228861834
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[32] S2CID 242473811
.

[33] S2CID 210938694
.

[JPRossoetal-34] 
S2CID 229470445
.

[35] S2CID 222180410
.

[PalZErnstGorgij-36] 
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.

[PJ543Filites-37] 
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.

[Planopora-38] 
S2CID 224947635
.

[39] S2CID 225612803
.

[40] S2CID 216437254
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[41] S2CID 225203849
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[Altiplanotoechia-42] 
S2CID 224983331
.

[Beaussetithyris-43] 
S2CID 213746630
.

[44] S2CID 213220168
.

[Bockeliena-45] 
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.

[JPJinBlodgett-46] 
S2CID 218776655
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[Famatinobolus-47] 
S2CID 209311910
.

[Chinellirostra-48] 
S2CID 216320068
.

[CRBerrocalCaseroetal-49] 
S2CID 202194246
.

[50] S2CID 216254390
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[Mishninia-51] 
S2CID 219958612
.

[52] S2CID 221167581
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[54] :10.13130/2039-4942/13060
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[Hassanispirifer-55] Jenaro L. Garcia-Alcalde; Ahmed El Hassani (2020). "The Givetian "secret" fauna of the Western Anti-Atlas (Jbel Ou Driss and Oued Mzerreb), Morocco". Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Sciences de la Terre. 42: 13–47.

[56] S2CID 229177737
.

[CRBerrocalCasero-57] 
S2CID 224947119
.

[Strusz2020brachiopods-58] Desmond L. Strusz (2020). "Pentamerid Brachiopods from the Lower Silurian (Wenlock) Canberra Formation, A.C.T., Australia". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 142: 15–28.

[59] S2CID 218785384
.

[60] Jun-ichi Tazawa (2020). "Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) brachiopods from the Shittakazawa, Arisu and Odaira Formations, South Kitakami Belt, Japan" (PDF). Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum. 19: 11–88.

[61] S2CID 214482402
.

[62] S2CID 214382236
.

[63] S2CID 225289176
.

[64] PMID 32488075
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[PPWuetal-65] 
S2CID 225720486
.

[JSAESOrbiculoidea-66] 
S2CID 226351592
.

[67] S2CID 225469021
.

[Paragilledia-68] 
S2CID 226256611
.

[69] S2CID 199107616
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[70] S2CID 214220424
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[71] :10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.044
.

[PPHolmeretal-72] 
S2CID 219030837
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[73] S2CID 215741435
.

[74] S2CID 221666554
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[75] S2CID 225426215
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[BFMNH573-77] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Adam S. Osborn; Roger W. Portell; Rich Mooi (2020). "Neogene echinoids of Florida" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 57 (3): 237–469.

[JPColeetal-78] 
S2CID 219902033
.

[Aenigmaticumcrinus-79] 
S2CID 224932937
.

[Aerliceaster-80] 
S2CID 216220103
.

[JPEwinGale-81] 
S2CID 221355017
.

[82] S2CID 225356615
.

[83] S2CID 241205905
.

[84] S2CID 229407349
.

[SJP351-85] 
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.

[PGAasteroids-86] 
S2CID 202184399
.

[Cyclogrupera-87] 
S2CID 225928145
.

[Fenestracrinus-88] 
S2CID 211546467
.

[89] S2CID 234375928
.

[90] S2CID 219941219
.

[91] Peter Müller; Gerhard Hahn (2020). "Die Gattung Encrinaster (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata) im deutschen Unter-Devon". Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen. 48: 47–84.

[92] S2CID 213210693
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[93] S2CID 222834378
.

[94] S2CID 216297348
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[Mongoliacrinus-95] 
S2CID 222096232
.

[96] S2CID 219108587
.

[PalZStiller-97] 
S2CID 209313722
.

[JPLazoetal-98] 
S2CID 218995791
.

[99] Enric Forner i Valls; Manuel Saura Vilar (2020). "Revisió de l'espècie Cottaldia royoi Lambert, 1928 (Echinoidea) de l'Aptià de la conca del Maestrat". Nemus: Revista de l'Ateneu de Natura. 10: 47–58.

[Magnasterella-100] 
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.

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[102] PMID 32904070
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[Peckicrinus-104] 
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[107] S2CID 216404128
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[DzikPPP2020-122] 
S2CID 146281892
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[AlcheringaZhen-123] 
S2CID 218993720
.

[PalaeoworldBipennatus-124] 
S2CID 213882677
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[125] S2CID 219447117
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[126] S2CID 225694114
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[GPCChenetal-127] 
S2CID 228976406
.

[PPQietal-128] 
S2CID 219077985
.

[129] S2CID 229439740
.

[130] S2CID 134898058
.

[131] S2CID 225151907
.

[132] S2CID 219958498
.

[133] S2CID 258293819
.

[134] S2CID 225514154
.

[135] S2CID 219959190
.

[136] S2CID 225790221
.

[137] S2CID 198137986
.

[138] S2CID 134821627
.

[139] S2CID 220383894
.

[140] S2CID 226982208
.

[141] S2CID 225136429
.

[Remigiomontanus-142] 
S2CID 198140317
.

[143] PMID 32523808
.

[144] S2CID 220548365
.

[145] S2CID 209672554
.

[146] S2CID 221838726
.

[147] S2CID 202192911
.

[Inditherium-148] 
S2CID 228836405
.

[149] S2CID 222320190
.

[150] S2CID 226238424
.

[151] S2CID 211240492
.

[152] S2CID 216027787
.

[153] S2CID 228883951
.

[154] S2CID 90448333
.

[155] S2CID 221749476
.

[156] S2CID 230569213
.

[157] S2CID 211017076
.

[158] PMID 31928185
.

[159] PMID 32117627
.

[160] PMID 32753752
.

[Steenerpeton-161] S2CID 218925814
.

[162] PMID 31928198
.

[163] S2CID 214763828
.

[164] S2CID 219172923
.

[165] S2CID 214247325
.

[166] S2CID 224858567
.

[Lystrosaurus-167] "Fossil evidence of 'hibernation-like' state in 250-million-year-old Antarctic animal". phys.org. Retrieved 7 September 2020.

[168] "Fossil suggests animals have been hibernating for 250 million years". UPI. Retrieved 7 September 2020.

[169] PMID 32855434. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
.

[170] S2CID 227268106
.

[171] S2CID 229182522
.

[172] S2CID 229182043
.

[173] S2CID 210863499
.

[174] S2CID 224930776
.

[175] PMID 33378326
.

[176] S2CID 230537258
.

[177] S2CID 198140093
.

[178] S2CID 219511615
.

[179] S2CID 218955035
.

[APM53-180] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Peter D. Kruse; Francoise Debrenne (2020). "Ajax Mine archaeocyaths: A provisional biozonation for the upper Hawker Group (Cambrian stages 3-4), Flinders Ranges, South Australia". Australasian Palaeontological Memoirs. 53: 1–238.

[181] S2CID 219510322
.

[182] S2CID 225593728
.

[183] S2CID 224868404
.

[184] S2CID 228988725
.

[185] S2CID 202200056
.

[186] S2CID 216378024
.

[187] S2CID 219567905
.

[SP485graptolites-188] 
S2CID 216391923. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
)

[189] S2CID 221343271
.

[190] PMID 32857275
.

[191] PMID 32205432
.

[PalaeoworldChenetal-192] 
S2CID 210295054
.

[193] S2CID 226248177
.

[194] S2CID 225357953
.

[195] S2CID 221157990
.

[196] S2CID 222231735
.

[197] S2CID 218527444
.

[198] S2CID 209522938
.

[199] S2CID 230538255
.

[GFFLoydellWalasek-200] 
S2CID 210273303
.

[201] S2CID 214470070
.

[202] S2CID 213833064
.

[203] S2CID 211479504
.

[204] PMID 32948820
.

[205] S2CID 212876829
.

[206] PMID 31953458
.

[207] S2CID 225491855
.

[208] S2CID 225022763
.

[209] PMID 31924764
.

[210] S2CID 229451488
.

[211] S2CID 255846878
.

[212] S2CID 219092881
.

[213] S2CID 210308034
.

[214] S2CID 225121567
.

[215] PMID 33228518
.

[216] PMID 32370674
.

[217] S2CID 211542458
.

[218] S2CID 227259347
.

[219] PMID 32742697
.

[220] PMID 33127992
.

[221] S2CID 228846834
.

[Annularidens-222] 
S2CID 229474040
.

[Anqiutrichoides-223] 
S2CID 219495818
.

[224] S2CID 213222308
.

[225] S2CID 222232108
.

[226] PMID 32577725
.

[Plagasphaera-227] 
doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.09.005
.

[228] S2CID 133787909
.

[229] S2CID 224847877
.

[230] S2CID 232176212
.

[231] S2CID 219008638
.

[BG954chitinozoans-232] 
S2CID 228843785
.

[233] S2CID 134812242
.

[234] S2CID 224906229
.

[Dongyesphaera-235] 
S2CID 212943969
.

[GRFlabellophyton-236] 
S2CID 219480655
.

[PRXiaoetal-237] 
S2CID 225029844
.

[238] S2CID 222180442
.

[239] S2CID 219432483
.

[240] S2CID 134887346
.

[PoinarVegaMycology-241] 
PMID 32128283
.

[242] S2CID 89977016
.

[243] S2CID 233073281
.

[244] S2CID 226349226
.

[245] S2CID 212707316
.

[246] S2CID 230598709
.

[247] S2CID 225662801
.

[Triskelia-248] 
S2CID 216248252
.

[249] S2CID 226256946
.

[250] S2CID 208329327
.

[251] S2CID 225237558
.

[252] S2CID 225781888
.

[253] PMID 32010783
.

[254] S2CID 225236299
.

[255] PMID 32582859
.

[256] S2CID 221157600
.

[257] S2CID 225430320
.

[258] PMID 31937801
.

[259] PMID 32509444
.

[260] S2CID 225189490
.

[261] S2CID 210944184
.

[262] S2CID 213045573
.

[263] PMID 32813715
.

[264] S2CID 229416421
.

[265] PMID 33296401
.

[266] PMID 32879388
.

[267] PMID 33384899
.

[268] PMID 32528068
.

[269] S2CID 234375593
.

[270] S2CID 216529887
.

[271] PMID 32160212
.

[272] S2CID 229473959
.

[273] S2CID 225204354
.

[274] S2CID 214238490
.

[275] PMID 31995575
.

[276] PMID 32163482
.

[277] S2CID 227159701
.

[278] S2CID 227157867
.

[279] S2CID 212423697
.

[280] S2CID 235086638
.

[281] S2CID 219038451
.

[282] PMID 33159138
.

[283] PMID 32152319
.

[284] S2CID 216106919
.

[285] S2CID 228090659
.

[286] S2CID 210698603
.

[287] S2CID 213542160
.

[288] PMID 32321968
.

[289] S2CID 212726507
.

[290] S2CID 219483066
.

[291] S2CID 212824469
.

[292] S2CID 225363777
.

[293] S2CID 216646333
.

[294] PMID 32517621
.

[295] S2CID 218920997
.

[296] PMID 32631978
.

[297] S2CID 228840415
.

[298] PMID 32728077
.

[299] S2CID 221768906
.

[300] PMID 33239675
.

[301] S2CID 213822986
.

[302] S2CID 219906193
.

[303] S2CID 225331772
.

[304] PMID 32170120
.

[305] PMID 33296368
.

[306] PMID 33296393
.

[307] S2CID 216355326
.

[308] PMID 32513701
.

[309] S2CID 224899464
.

[310] PMID 32144332
.

[311] S2CID 225627151
.

[312] PMID 32034228
.

[313] PMID 32427848
.

[314] S2CID 228877664
.

[315] S2CID 234265221
.

[316] PMID 32418985
.

[317] PMID 32488006
.

[318] S2CID 209673326
.

[319] PMID 32259471
.

[320] PMID 32517628
.

[321] PMID 32546099
.

[322] "Asteroid impact, not volcanoes, made the Earth uninhabitable for dinosaurs". phys.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.

[323] PMID 32601204
.

[324] S2CID 228928365
.

[325] :1983/6dd0f4e1-fa63-43fb-b01f-2e4b5e39723d
.

[326] PMID 32968129
.

[327] PMID 32993469
.

[328] PMID 32482849
.

[329] PMID 32632000
.

[330] S2CID 234740291
.

[331] S2CID 212908705
.

[332] PMID 32737336
.

[333] PMID 32355245
.

[334] PMID 32518822
.

[335] S2CID 220363961
.

[336] S2CID 225829714
.

[337] S2CID 242275064
.

[338] S2CID 225815517
.

[339] S2CID 225834576
.

[340] S2CID 225821079
.

[341] S2CID 225878211
.

[342] S2CID 225856179
.

[343] S2CID 225828531
.

[344] S2CID 225846284
.

[345] S2CID 225859330
.

[346] PMID 32188857
.

[347] PMID 32528009
.

[348] S2CID 221146234. Archived from the original
on 14 July 2020.

[349] S2CID 224783993
.

[350] S2CID 228825301
.

[351] PMID 32704030
.

[352] S2CID 224907977
.

[353] S2CID 221778210
.

[354] S2CID 225551706
.

[355] S2CID 221616975
.

[356] PMID 33199627
.

[357] S2CID 230527791
.

[358] PMID 32362741
.

[359] S2CID 214736648.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
)

[360] :10.3390/geosciences10110435
.

[361] S2CID 210698721
.

[362] S2CID 219736477
.

[363] PMID 32989138
.

[364] S2CID 212874328
.

[365] S2CID 221593388
.

[366] S2CID 229372221
.

[367] PMID 32929018
.

[368] PMID 33288692
.

[369] PMID 32989142
.

[370] PMID 32973090
.

[371] PMID 32934140
.

[372] PMID 31964906
.

[373] PMID 32923618
.

[374] S2CID 222217295
.

[375] PMID 33067226
.

[376] PMID 32074116
.

[377] PMID 32242031
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