Australian Jews

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Australian Jews
יהדות אוסטרליה‎
Total population
91,022–250,000[1] (0.4% - 1% of the Australian population)
Regions with significant populations
Bukhori, Polish, German, Chinese.
Religion
Judaism · Jewish secularism
Related ethnic groups
Israeli Australians
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Australian Jews, or Jewish Australians, (

Australian population.[4] The Jewish community of Australia is composed mostly of Ashkenazi Jews
, though there are Jews in Australia from many other traditions and levels of religious observance and participation in the Jewish community.

Geographic distribution of the Jewish population of Australia (by reported religious affiliation, or by ancestry if no other religion is reported), by Statistical Areas 1 (SA1)[5]

History

Main article: History of the Jews in Australia
Woollahra, New South Wales

The history of the Jews in Australia is contained in comprehensive major general histories by the academic historians Hilary L. Rubinstein, William Rubinstein, and Suzanne Rutland, as well as in specialised works by such scholars as Rabbi John Levi and Yossi Aron covering specific topics and time periods. The twice-a-year (June and November) Journals of the Australian Jewish Historical Society (the June issues edited in Sydney by Professor Rutland and the November issues in Melbourne by Dr Hilary Rubinstein) carry many useful original articles by both professional and amateur historians, and should not be overlooked.

The first Jews to come to Australia were at least eight English convicts transported to Botany Bay in 1788 aboard the First Fleet.[6] About 15,100 convicts were transported by the time transportation ceased in 1840 in New South Wales and 1853 in Tasmania. It is estimated that of those who arrived by 1845 about 800 were Jewish. Most of them came from London, were of working-class background and were male. Only 7% of Jewish convicts were female, compared with 15% for non-Jewish convicts. The average age of the Jewish convicts was 25, but ranged from 8 to elderly.[7]

At first, the Church of England was the established religion, and during the early years of transportation all convicts were required to attend Anglican services on Sundays. This included Irish Catholics as well as the Jews. Similarly, education in the new settlement was Anglican church controlled until the 1840s.[7]

The first move toward organisation in the community was the formation of a

Chevra Kadisha (a Jewish burial society) in Sydney in 1817,[7] but the allocation of land for a Jewish cemetery was not approved until 1832.[8] In 1830 the first Jewish wedding in Australia was celebrated, the contracting parties being Moses Joseph and Rosetta Nathan.[9]

Jewish immigration in the interwar period came at a time of

Arthur A. Calwell to stem the flow of Jewish immigrants.[7]

Sephardi Jews first immigrated to Australia in the mid-to-late 19th century, and the community thrived for some twenty years, there was a Sephardic congregation, and some Sephardi families occupied important communal positions. Gradually, however, the Sephardi population declined, and the congregation was disbanded in 1873. A new Sephardic community also emerged in the post-war period. Previously, Mizrahi Jews were generally not permitted to enter due to Australia's White Australia policy. However, following the Suez Crisis in 1956, a number of Egyptian Jews were allowed to enter. Over the following years, overtures from Jewish communities led the government to drop its previous stance on entry of Mizrahi Jews. By 1969, when Iraqi Jews were being persecuted, the government granted refugee status to Iraqi Jews who managed to reach Australia.[citation needed
]

In

state of Victoria.[10][18][12] There, armed soldiers manned watchtowers and scanned the camp that was bordered by a barbed wire fence with searchlights, and other armed soldiers patrolled the camp.[19] Petitions to Australian politicians, stressing that they were Jewish refugees and therefore being unjustly imprisoned, had no effect.[19] They remained in the internment camp until 1942, when her father enlisted in the Australian Army.[12][19]

Culture

Jewish streams and movements

There are three main

streams of Judaism active in Australia: Orthodox (Modern and Haredi), Conservative and Reform. Statistics are only available for the Melbourne community, but they are considered representative of other Jewish communities around the country. In Melbourne, 6% of Jews identify themselves as 'strictly orthodox,' 33% as 'traditionally religious' and 15% as 'Liberal or Reform.' 43% consider themselves as 'Jewish but not religious,' whilst 1% as 'opposed to religion' altogether. Many of the Jews who consider themselves 'Jewish but not religious' still send their children to orthodox Jewish day schools or are members of Orthodox synagogues.[citation needed
]

According to Suzanne Rutland, 'most Australian Jews can be best described as non-practising orthodox.' This Anglo-Jewish community developed its own form of 'modern Orthodoxy' which remains predominant until today.

refugees from central Europe. From the mid-1930s, Temple Beth Israel in Melbourne became the basis of a Reform community because of its newly arrived German members. The Temple's German-born rabbi played an integral role in promoting the movement and, in 1938, when visiting Sydney, he established Temple Emanuel. It also attracted many Jews from Germany and other parts of Central Europe
, who arrived in Sydney prior to the outbreak of the war.

In the 1940s and 1950s, due to the conditions leading up to and resulting from the Holocaust, the HMT Dunera being diverted from the United Kingdom to Australia, and the stifling of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 saw the emergence of ultra-Orthodox Haredi and Hasidic communities in Sydney and Melbourne. Although a small Hasidic community existed in Shepparton since the 1910s supported with additional families by Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn.[20][21] The first Sephardic synagogue in Australia was founded in 1962.[22]

There had been at least two short-lived efforts to establish Reform congregations, the first as early as the 1890s. However, in 1930, under the leadership of Ada Phillips, a Liberal or Progressive congregation, Temple Beth Israel, was permanently established in Melbourne. In 1938 the long-serving senior rabbi, Rabbi Dr Herman Sanger, was instrumental in establishing another synagogue, Temple Emanuel in Sydney. He also played a part in founding a number of other Liberal synagogues in other cities in both Australia and New Zealand. The first Australian-born rabbi, Rabbi Dr John Levi, served the Australian Liberal movement.[23]

In 2012, the first Humanistic Jewish congregation, known as Kehilat Kolenu, was established in Melbourne, with links to the cultural Jewish youth movement Habonim Dror. Later in 2012, a similar congregation was established in Sydney, known as Ayelet HaShachar. The services are loosely based on the Humanistic Jewish movement in the United States and the musical-prayer group Nava Tehila in Israel.

Education

Schools

The Melbourne Hebrew School was a Jewish day school established in 1855 under the auspices of the Melbourne Hebrew Congregation, providing general and also Hebrew studies until 1895.[24]

In 1942, the first Jewish day school and kindergarten was formed in North Bondi, Sydney. The first communal Jewish day school,

Moriah College, Sydney
.

The Jewish day school system provides an excellent academic, religious, Zionist, sporting and social experience. In recent decades, the ultra-orthodox and Reform movements have established their own schools and community schools have also formed. All in all, there are 19 Jewish day schools in Australia. It is estimated that in Melbourne between 70% and 75% of all Jewish students attend a Jewish school at some stage of their schooling. In Sydney, this figure is 62%. In 1996, over 10,000 Jewish students attended a Jewish school in Australia.

Jewish day schools in Australia are much more expensive than the government/state schools. Therefore, a number of state schools, especially in Sydney, have a large number of Jewish students. The Boards of Jewish Education attend to the Jewish educational needs of such students. As a result, several state schools offer Hebrew or Jewish Studies as elective courses. Further, a number of education boards also attend to Jewish students in the smaller centres of Adelaide, Brisbane and Canberra.

Higher education

In addition to Jewish education at a school level, Australian Jewry have opportunities for Jewish higher education. The

Classical), Holocaust Studies, Yiddish and Zionism. Adult Jewish learning is also very popular in Australia, with the Melton Adult Education Program offering a variety of popular programs linked to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Rabbinical College of Australia and New Zealand
offers post-High School education in Jewish studies.

Multiculturalism as an ideology developed in Australia during the 1970s. During this period, Jewish cultural life expanded and was in some cases assisted by the government. There are numerous cultural and social organisations, Jewish radio shows and newspapers, and Jewish museums in both Melbourne and Sydney.[21]

Institutions of higher religious study

Australia's first Yeshivah the

Rabbinical College of Australia and New Zealand was established in 1966 by Reb Zalman Serebryanski.[25] In addition, the Chabad community founded Kollel Menachem, a community kollel founded in 1979.[26]

Kollel Beth HaTalmud Yehudah Fishman Institute was founded in 1981, and was the first overseas community Kollel established by the Lakewood Yeshiva under the direction of Rabbi Shneur Kotler and Rabbi Nosson Wachtfogel. The Kollel consists of a core group of scholars who are engaged in full-time.[27]

Adass Israel, a Hassidic community in Melbourne launched their own kollel, Kollel Beis Yosef in 1990[28] With the arrival of Rabbi Kohn as new rabbi of Adass, there has been the establishment of the 'Kolel Horaah' a training centre for in depth Jewish law offering courses to scholars and aspiring rabbi's alike.[29] Adass Israel has also established a junior religious seminary (yeshivah ketanah), to prepare students for overseas yeshivot by in depth study of Talmud and Jewish law.[30]

In 1983 Yeshivah College opened a special junior Hasidic talmudic seminary stream called Mesivtah Melbourne for high school students, where students from across Melbourne and Sydney study. The focus for this institution is religious studies without secular studies.[31][32][33]

In 1998 Mizrachi opened a kollel in conjunction with Torah MiTziyon in Israel. Rabbis and yeshiva students are sent to Australia to help maintain the running of the kollel.[34]

Institutions

Australian Jewry has a number of important social and cultural institutions. These include

sporting club, is today Sydney Jewry's main social and cultural meeting point, due to its central location in Bondi and excellent, modern premises. Several thousand Hassidic and Haredi Jews predominantly in Melbourne speak Yiddish as an everyday language.[35]

2EA
in Sydney and Radio 3EA in Melbourne, which in total broadcast in more than 50 community languages. The Jewish community languages are Hebrew, Yiddish and English.

In the 1980s and 1990s,

Holocaust museums in both Melbourne and Sydney were established as part of increasing awareness of the Shoah (Holocaust). The Jewish Museum of Australia in Melbourne was opened by Rabbi Ronald Lubofski in 1982, and now has approximately 20,000 objects.[36] Then in 1992, the opening of the Sydney Jewish Museum
, dedicated to the Holocaust and Australian Jewish history and located in the historic Maccabean Hall, was heralded as "a landmark event".

Australian Jewish Media comprises radio,[37][38] television, newspapers and newsletters, online magazines,[39][40][41][42] blogs,[43] and zines. The "Australia-Israel Review" has continued to be an important publication since its establishment in the 1970s. The longest-running Jewish community newspaper is the "Australian Jewish News", which celebrated its centenary in November 1995.[44]

Zionist institutions

Australian Jewry is generally supportive of Israel [

Jewish Agency.[44]

Rabbinical courts

Further information: Melbourne Beth Din

Melbourne is currently being serviced by a number of courts.

The first Beth Din in Australia was set up under the guidance of the Chief Rabbi of the Commonwealth in the 1800’s. This was the first Beth Din in the British Empire outside of London. Following revelations of abuse by Sholom Gutnick the senior rabbi of the Beth Din, a restructure of the MBD was undertaken under the joint control of the Rabbinical Council of Victoria (RCV) and the Council of Orthodox Synagogue of Victoria (COSV).[45] In addition the Adass community maintain their own Beth Din. There are also a number of ad hoc Beth Dins that are set up, usually for financial decision, or for conversions.

The Sydney Beth Din was set up in 1905. It serves the Jewish communities in Australia, New Zealand and Asia.[46] The Beth Din have become the main Beth Din for anyone outside of Victoria following the Melbourne Beth Din's restructure. The Sydney Beth Din has had problems recently when its members were ruled to have had contempt of court in a number of its decisions.

Demographics

See also: Judaism in Australia

Significant Jewish population centres

Melbourne

St Kilda East, although there are significant populations in the suburbs surrounding these suburbs.[47]

There are a large number of schools servicing the community.

There are numerous active congregations in the Jewish community, many concentrated in Caulfield and the St Kilda suburbs, although other areas such as Bentleigh house a significant number of communities.

The

Judaica, ritual objects, Holocaust material, and paintings and sculptures by Jewish authors. The nearby Kadimah Cultural Centre shows Jewish and Yiddish drama, and has a large library of Judaica. There are also kosher restaurants and grocery stores throughout the St Kilda area.[48]

The

Australian Jewish News is based in Melbourne, but distributed Australia wide. The Jewish report is published monthly in Melbourne and Sydney, and the Hamodia Australian edition services the Haredi community. There are also numerous pamphlets that are produced for distribution in synagogues around Australia. And international Haredi magazines such as Mishpacha and Ami
are printed in Melbourne weekly as well.

Notable Writers academics, and journalists, such as

Libby Gorr have been prominent in old media and are now joined by a younger generation increasingly making its voice heard through new media, such as comedian YouTubers Michael Shafar and Justine Sless.[citation needed
]

Sydney

A poster of Menachem Mendel Schneerson at the entrance of a Chabad house in Bondi Beach in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs.

Sydney’s has a thriving and dynamic Jewish diaspora community. There are an estimated 50,000 Jews in New South Wales out of an Australian Jewish population of 120,000.

Jews can be found throughout the

Strathfield, in the Inner West, was historically a centre for the Jewish community in Sydney, but the Jewish population of the area dwindled in recent decades and the synagogue closed in 2013.[49]

One of the strengths of the Sydney community is the significant contribution by overseas immigrants, to the extent that over two-thirds of the Sydney Jewish population originates from South Africa, Hungary, the former Soviet Union and Israel.[50]

Perth

Carmel School is a Jewish day school in Perth
. Today's Jewish Perth is a growing and vibrant community that is diverse and inclusive. The community numbers over 7,000 and there are a number of different religious congregations catering to the diverse interests, beliefs and traditions of this active community.

The oldest congregation, established over 110 years ago, is the

shul easier for the large number of orthodox families.[51]

Adelaide

In

Colony of South Australia,[53][54] and Montefiore Hill in North Adelaide was named after him His brother, Joseph Barrow Montefiore was a businessman in Adelaide; both brothers also had interests in New South Wales, and other family members were also prominent in the new colonies.[55]

Since February 2017, Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann from the University of Adelaide has been the President of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies.[56][57] In November 2020, the Adelaide Holocaust Museum and Andrew Steiner Education Centre (AHMSEC) was established.[58]

Assimilation and demographic changes

The predominant first response of Australian Jews (by reported religious affiliation, or by ancestry if no other religion is reported) to the question about ancestry, by Statistical Areas 1 (SA1) with more than 5% of Jewish population.[5]

The same social and cultural characteristics of Australia that facilitated the extraordinary economic, political, and social success of the Australian Jewish community have also been attributed to contributing to widespread

English speaking countries; 240 Australians moved to Israel, up from 165 in 2009.[3]

Prior to 1933, the

Jewish refugees prior to and following World War II
, changed the pattern of assimilation.

Demographic research indicates that the intermarriage rate dropped immediately after the war and that by 1971, almost 90% of Jewish men and over 90% of Jewish women were married to Jewish partners.

The 1996 census showed that the intermarriage rate for all Australian Jewry was 15%. Once again, the smaller Jewish communities appear to have a higher rate of intermarriage, with Melbourne's rate far lower than that of Sydney. Similar research, conducted in 1999 by Sydney's Jewish Communal Appeal, concluded that one third of that generation have a non-Jewish partner.

Along with intermarriage comes the physical relocation of many Jews, who prefer to leave the densely populated Jewish areas and the reservoir of potential Jewish life partners. In the rural areas of New South Wales for example, where only 5% of the State's Jewry reside, intermarriage rises to 84%. Even in the larger towns, assimilation and intermarriage vary from area to area.

Of the two most recent waves of

South African Jewish immigrants, for whom intermarriage is almost entirely unknown.[21]

Distribution of Jewish Australians

According to the profile.id.com.au[62] the 10 local government areas as of 2011 with the largest Jewish communities, based by percentage of total population, were:

LGA Jewish
population 		%
of total
1 City of Glen Eira, Melbourne 24,774 18.9%
2
Waverley Municipal Council
, Sydney 		10,876 17.1%
3 Municipality of Woollahra, Sydney 7,381 14.2%
4 City of Stonnington, Melbourne 4,571 4.9%
5 City of Port Phillip, Melbourne 3,891 4.3%
6 City of Randwick, Sydney 5,375 4.2%
7 Ku-ring-gai Council, Sydney 3,847 3.5%
8 City of Bayside, Melbourne 2,949 3.2%
9 Municipality of Hunter's Hill, Sydney 1,334 2.5%
10 City of Botany Bay, Sydney 607 1.5%

Languages

The language most commonly spoken at home by Australian Jews (as reported by religious affiliation or by ancestry if no other religion is reported), by Statistical Areas 1 (SA1) with over 5% of the Jewish population.[5]

The vast majority of Jews speak English; indeed three-quarters (75.1%) speak no other language and of the remainder, 16.9% speak English 'Very well' and 5.0% speak it 'Well'. Nevertheless, many Jews do not speak English at home (26,242 people) and of these, the most common non-English language spoken in Jewish homes was Russian, spoken by an estimated 9,964 people. However, Hebrew is likely to become the most common non-English language spoken at home in the future (if this is not already the case) with an estimated 9,543 Jewish people speaking it at home. The number of Hebrew speakers increased by 23.6% from 2006 to 2011 and the number of French speakers increased by 12.7%. Yet non-English languages are becoming rarer overall; excluding Hebrew, the number of non-English speakers decreased by 8.3% since 2006, most likely due to the passing of older Holocaust survivors and other

Jewish refugees
from Nazi-occupied Europe.

Language spoken at home, estimated number of Jewish people:[63]

Languages Number
of speakers 		%
of Jewish population
1 English 83,453 76.1%
2 Russian 9,964 9.1%
3 Hebrew 9,954 8.7%
4 Yiddish 1,901 1.7%
5 Hungarian 1,140 1.0%
6 French 899 0.8%
7 Polish 742 0.7%
8 German 699 0.6%
9 Other non-English 1,353 1.2%
  • Data exclude language not-stated responses. Columns may not sum to 100% due to rounding.

Notable people

Academics

Artists and entertainers

Business people

Legal system

Politicians

See also: List of Jewish members of Australian parliaments

Rabbis

Sportspeople

  • Ashley Brown
    , soccer player
  • Jordan Brown
    , soccer player
  • Gavin Fingleson, Olympic silver medalist baseball player
  • Jessica Fox, canoeist, Olympic silver medalist
  • Noemie Fox, canoeist
  • North Melbourne Kangaroos
  • NRL
    executive
  • Michael Klinger, cricketer
  • racewalker
    , Commonwealth Games gold medallist
  • Jonathan Moss, former first-class cricketer for the Victoria cricket team (2000 - 2007). Played for Australia at the Maccabiah Games in Israel
  • Phil Moss, manager of the Central Coast Mariners in the A-League, and former soccer player in the National Soccer League
  • North Melbourne Kangaroos
  • Steven Solomon, sprinter
  • Lionel Van Praag, speedway champion
  • Julien Wiener, cricketer
  • David Zalcberg, table tennis player

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ Self-identifying population of 91,022 according to: Core population of 112,800 and enlarged population (Jewish ancestry) of 120,000-135,000 according to:
    • DellaPergola, Sergio (2015). World Jewish Population, 2015 (Report). Berman Jewish DataBank. Retrieved 19 April 2017.

    120,000-250,000 according to:
  2. ^ "2016 Census". www.abs.gov.au.
  3. ^ a b Raphael Ahren (25 March 2011). "JAFI Reforms May Hurt Australian Immigration to Israel, Leader Says". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  4. ISBN 978-0-9874195-7-6
    . Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  5. ^ a b c ""Census of Population and Housing - Cultural Diversity, 2016, TableBuilder"". Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
  6. ^ "The Jewish experience in Australia - Fact sheet 217 – National Archives of Australia". naa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  7. ^
    ISBN 0521612853
    .
  8. ^ V.D. Lipman, A Social History of the Jews of England, 1850-1950, London, 1954, p.121.
  9. ^ Suzanne D. Rutland (2008). "Jews". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  10. ^ a b de Jong-Duldig, Eva (8 August 2017). "Driftwood: escape and survival through art". National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "Eva De Jong-Duldig – Escape and survival through art". SBS German.
  12. ^ a b c Mercer, Phil (29 April 2022). "Australian Musical Charts Family's Escape from Nazis in Europe". Voice of America.
  13. ISBN 9780429513756
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  14. ISBN 9781925283426
    .
  15. ^ Katz, Deborah (4 September 2019). "Holocaust Footnotes: Escaping To Singapore". The Jewish Press.
  16. ^ Miriam Cosic (29 April 2022). "Melbourne’s newest musical a multi-generational European family saga," Plus61J.
  17. ^ Mockridge, Melinda (2014). "Art behind the wire: the untold story of refugee families interned in Australia during the Second World War". Victorian History Library.
  18. ^ Benjamin, Henry (4 March 2013). "Times at Tatura". J-Wire.
  19. ^
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  20. ^ "60 Years: An Appreciation - Chabad.org". Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  21. ^ a b c "The Jewish Community of Australia: History of the Australian Jewish Community". jafi.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  22. ^ W.L. "Australia." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 2. Keter Publishing House. 1971.
  23. ISBN 1-876462-38-8
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  24. ^ Melbourne, School of Historical Studies, Department of History, The University of. "Jews and Judaism - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Retrieved 21 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "History - RabbinicalCollege.edu.au". Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  26. ^ "About Us".
  27. ^ "Home". kollelbhtyfi.
  28. ^ "Photo Essay: Dinner for Kollel Beis Yosef in Melbourne, Australia (Photos by JDN)". 13 March 2015.
  29. ^ "Adass Israel welcomes new Rov".
  30. ^ "Melbourne Australia Yeshiva Ketana Matzah Baking at Adass Shul Matzah Bakery". 2 April 2012.
  31. ^ "Melbourne Mesivta Publishes Kovetz Ha'aros". 9 November 2020.
  32. ^ "Melbourne Mesivta Releases Kovetz".
  33. ^ "Melbourne Mesivta Celebrates 30". 13 May 2013.
  34. ^ "Melbourne, Australia". Torah Mitzion. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  35. ^ "Yiddish in the Ultra-orthodox Community". Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation.
  36. ^ "The Jewish Community of Melbourne". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  37. ^ "Mazel Tov Cocktail". PodOmatic.
  38. ^ "J-AIR - Jewish Australian Internet Radio". www.j-air.com.au.
  39. ^ "Home - +61J". +61J.
  40. ^ "Galus Australis". Galus Australis.
  41. ^ "Kvetchr.com". kvetchr.com.
  42. ^ "J-Wire". J-Wire.
  43. ^ Sensible Jew [dead link]
  44. ^ a b "Jewish Life in Australia". bje.org.au. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  45. ^ "History". Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  46. ^ "HOME". Sydney Beth Din.
  47. ^ "2016 Census QuickStats: Melbourne Ports". www.censusdata.abs.gov.au.
  48. ^ "Australia Virtual Jewish History Tour - Jewish Virtual Library". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  49. ^ "Strathfield Synagogue faces sale due to dwindling congregation". ABC News. 15 May 2014 – via www.abc.net.au.
  50. ^ "Our Sydney - Jewish Sydney". jewishsydney.com.au. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  51. ^ "Jewish Community of Perth, Australia". Jewishtimesasia.org. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  52. ^ "Adelaide Jewish Museum". Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  53. ^ "Majority of the Colony of South Australia". South Australian Register. Vol. XXII, no. 3509. South Australia. 5 January 1858. p. 3. Retrieved 6 December 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
  54. ^ "Foundation of the Province". SA Memory. State Library of South Australia. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  55. ^ Elton, Jude. "Montefiore Hill". Adelaidia. History SA. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  56. ^ "AAJS Newsletter No 66, May 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  57. ^ AAJS Newsletter No 78, September 2020
  58. ^ Adelaide Holocaust Museum and Andrew Steiner Education Centre to open in November, REBECCA DI GIROLAMO, October 24, 2020, Sunday Mail.
  59. ^ Postrel, Virginia (May 1993). "Uncommon Culture". Reason Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  60. ^ Tom Tilley (29 November 2012). "Aussie Zionists training to fight for Israel". ABC News. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  61. ^ Raphael Ahren (1 April 2011). "JA Cuts Deal to Keep Immigration Emissary Down Under". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  62. ^ "Jewish Maps of Australia by Local Government Areas". profile.id.com.au.
  63. ^ Dr David Graham. "The Jewish Population of Australia" (PDF). Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  64. ^ "The Last Post Ceremony commemorating the service of (8243734) Private Gregory Sher, 1st Commando Regiment, Afghanistan". www.awm.gov.au. Retrieved 7 June 2023.

Further reading

  • Crown, Alan. "The Jewish Press in Australia." Arts: The Journal of the Sydney University Arts Association 15 (1990). online
  • Freiberg, Freda. "Lost in OZ?: Jews in the Australian cinema." Continuum 8.2 (1994): 196-205.
  • Jones, Jeremy. "Confronting reality: anti-Semitism in Australia today." Jewish Political Studies Review (2004): 89-103. online
  • Rutland, Suzanne D. The Jews in Australia (Cambridge University Press, 2006). online
  • Stratton, Jon. "The impossible ethnic: Jews and multiculturalism in Australia." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 5.3 (1996): 339-374.
  • Stratton, Jon. "The Colour of Jews: Jews, Race and the White Australia Policy." Journal of Australian Studies 20.50-51 (1996): 51-65.
  • Zuesse, Evan M. "From Assimilation to Affirmation: The Jews of Australia." in Religion and Multiculturalism in Australia: Essays in Honour of Victor Hayes 7 (1992): 172+.
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