Budapest
Budapest | ||
---|---|---|
Capital City of Hungary Magyarország fővárosa | ||
Coordinates: 47°29′33″N 19°03′05″E / 47.49250°N 19.05139°E | ||
Country | Hungary | |
Region | Central Hungary | |
Unification of Buda, Pest and Óbuda | 17 November 1873 | |
Boroughs |
| |
Government International Airport | Ferenc Liszt International Airport | |
Website | BudapestInfo Official Government Official | |
Andrássy Avenue | ||
Criteria | Cultural: ii, iv | |
Reference | 400 | |
Inscription | 1987 (11th Session) | |
Extensions | 2002 | |
Area | 473.3 ha |
Budapest
The
Budapest is a global city with strengths in commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment.
The central area of Budapest along the
Etymology and pronunciation
The previously separate towns of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest were officially unified in 1873[41] and given the new name Budapest. Before this, the towns together had sometimes been referred to colloquially as "Pest-Buda".[42][43] Pest is used pars pro toto for the entire city in contemporary colloquial Hungarian.[42]
All varieties of English pronounce the -s- as in the English word pest. The -u in Buda- is pronounced either /u/ like food (as in US: /ˈbuːdəpɛst/[44]) or /ju/ like cue (as in UK: /ˌb(j)uːdəˈpɛst, ˌbʊd-, ˈb(j)uːdəpɛst, ˈbʊd-/). In Hungarian, the -s- is pronounced /ʃ/ as in wash; in IPA: Hungarian: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] ⓘ.
The origins of the names "Buda" and "Pest" are obscure. Buda was
- probably the name of the first constable of the fortress built on the Castle Hill in the 11th century[45]
- or a derivative of Bod or Bud, a personal name of Turkic origin, meaning 'twig'.[46]
- or a Slavic personal name, Buda, the short form of Budimír, Budivoj.[47]
Linguistically, however, a German origin through the Slavic derivative вода (voda, water) is not possible, and there is no certainty that a Turkic word really comes from the word buta ~ buda 'branch, twig'.[48]
According to a legend recorded in chronicles from the Middle Ages, "Buda" comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of Hunnic ruler Attila.
Attila went in the city of Sicambria in Pannonia, where he killed Buda, his brother, and he threw his corpse into the Danube. For while Attila was in the west, his brother crossed the boundaries in his reign, because he named Sicambria after his own name Buda's Castle. And though King Attila forbade the Huns and the other peoples to call that city Buda's Castle, but he called it Attila's Capital, the Germans who were terrified by the prohibition named the city as Eccylburg, which means Attila Castle, however, the Hungarians did not care about the ban and call it Óbuda [Old Buda] and call it to this day.
The Scythians are certainly an ancient people and the strength of Scythia lies in the east, as we said above. And the first king of Scythia was Magog, son of Japhet, and his people were called Magyars [Hungarians] after their King Magog, from whose royal line the most renowned and mighty King Attila descended, who, in the 451st year of Our Lord's birth, coming down from Scythia, entered Pannonia with a mighty force and, putting the Romans to flight, took the realm and made a royal residence for himself beside the Danube above the hot springs, and he ordered all the old buildings that he found there to be restored and he built them in a circular and very strong wall that in the Hungarian language is now called Budavár [Buda Castle] and by the Germans Etzelburg [Attila Castle]
There are several theories about Pest. One
History
Early history
The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by
The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during the reign of
The
In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful
Contemporary history after Unification
The 19th century was dominated by the Hungarian struggle for independence
In 1944, a year before the end of World War II, Budapest was partly destroyed by British and American air raids (first attack 4 April 1944[72][73][74]). From 24 December 1944 to 13 February 1945, the city was besieged during the
Between 20% and 40% of Greater Budapest's 250,000 Jewish inhabitants died through Nazi and Arrow Cross Party, during the German occupation of Hungary, from 1944 to early 1945.[76]
Swiss diplomat Carl Lutz rescued tens of thousands of Jews by issuing Swiss protection papers and designating numerous buildings, including the now famous Glass House (Üvegház) at Vadász Street 29, to be Swiss protected territory. About 3,000 Hungarian Jews found refuge at the Glass House and in a neighboring building. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg saved the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest by giving them Swedish protection papers and taking them under his consular protection.[77] Wallenberg was abducted by the Russians on 17 January 1945 and never regained freedom. Giorgio Perlasca, an Italian citizen, saved thousands of Hungarian Jews posing as a Spanish diplomat.[78][79] Some other diplomats also abandoned diplomatic protocol and rescued Jews. There are two monuments for Wallenberg, one for Carl Lutz and one for Giorgio Perlasca in Budapest.
Following the capture of Hungary from
From the 1960s to the late 1980s Hungary was often satirically referred to as "
In the last decades of the 20th century the political changes of 1989–90 (
In October 2019, opposition candidate Gergely Karácsony won the Budapest mayoral election, meaning the first electoral blow for Hungary's nationalist prime minister Viktor Orbán since coming to power in 2010.[83]
Geography
Topography
Budapest, strategically placed at the centre of the Pannonian Basin, lies on an ancient route linking the hills of Transdanubia with the Great Plain. By road it is 216 kilometres (134 mi) south-east of Vienna, 545 kilometres (339 mi) south of Warsaw, 1,565 kilometres (972 mi) south-west of Moscow, 1,122 kilometres (697 mi) north of Athens, 1,235 kilometres (767 mi) north-east of Rome, 788 kilometres (490 mi) north-east of Milan, 443 kilometres (275 mi) south-east of Prague, 343 kilometres (213 mi) north-east of Zagreb, 748 kilometres (465 mi) north-east of Split and 1,329 kilometres (826 mi) north-west of Istanbul.[84]
The 525 square kilometres (203 sq mi) area of Budapest lies in
The wide Danube was always fordable at this point because of a small number of islands in the middle of the river. The city has marked topographical contrasts: Buda is built on the higher river terraces and hills of the western side, while the considerably larger Pest spreads out on a flat and featureless sand plain on the river's opposite bank.[85] Pest's terrain rises with a slight eastward gradient, so the easternmost parts of the city lie at the same altitude as Buda's smallest hills, notably Gellért Hill and Castle Hill.[86]
The Buda hills consist mainly of limestone and dolomite, the water created
The city's importance in terms of traffic is very central, because many major
Climate
Budapest has a humid temperate climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Doa), closely bordering on a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa, Trewartha: Dca), with warm to hot summers and chilly winters.[90] Winter (November until early March) can be cold and the city receives little sunshine. Snowfall is fairly frequent in most years, and nighttime temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) are not uncommon between mid-December and mid-February. The spring months (March and April) see variable conditions, with a rapid increase in the average temperature. The weather in late March and in April is often very agreeable during the day and fresh at night. Budapest's long summer – lasting from May until mid-September – is warm or very warm. Sudden heavy showers also occur, particularly in May and June. The autumn in Budapest (mid-September until late October) is characterised by little rain and long sunny days with moderate temperatures. Temperatures often turn abruptly colder in late October or early November.
Mean annual precipitation in Budapest is around 23.5 inches (596.9 mm). On average, there are 84 days with precipitation and 1988 hours of sunshine (of a possible 4383) each year.[91][92][93] From March to October, average sunshine totals are roughly equal to those seen in northern Italy (Venice).
The city lies on the boundary between Zone 6 and Zone 7 in terms of the hardiness zone.[94][95]
Climate data for Budapest, 1991–2020, (extremes 1870-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.7 (105.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
37.6 (99.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
40.7 (105.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
5.8 (42.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.1 (−16.8) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
−15.5 (4.1) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
0.5 (32.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−27.1 (−16.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31 (1.2) |
33 (1.3) |
32 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
67 (2.6) |
66 (2.6) |
75 (3.0) |
61 (2.4) |
52 (2.0) |
45 (1.8) |
48 (1.9) |
40 (1.6) |
586 (23.1) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6 | 6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 8 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 76.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
79 | 74 | 66 | 59 | 61 | 61 | 59 | 61 | 67 | 72 | 78 | 80 | 68 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
4.9 (40.7) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 53.8 | 83.4 | 133.4 | 179.5 | 233.8 | 250.6 | 279.4 | 253.8 | 195.7 | 150.7 | 65.1 | 49.2 | 1,928.4 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Source 1: Hungarian Meteorological Service(temperature-precipitation) [96][97] (extremes)[98] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: )
Weather Atlas (UV)[101] |
Architecture
Budapest has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the ancient times as Roman City of Aquincum in Óbuda (District III), which dates to around 89 AD, to the most modern
Most buildings in Budapest are relatively low: in the early 2010s there were around 100 buildings higher than 45 metres (148 ft). The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation, which is aimed at preserving the historic cityscape and to meet the requirements of the World Heritage Site. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorisation and construction of high-rise buildings and consequently much of the inner city does not have any. Some planners would like see an easing of the rules for the construction of skyscrapers, and the possibility of building skyscrapers outside the city's historic core has been raised.[105][106]
In the chronological order of architectural styles Budapest is represented on the entire timeline, starting with the Roman City of Aquincum representing ancient architecture.
The next determinative style is the Gothic architecture in Budapest. The few remaining Gothic buildings can be found in the Castle District. Buildings of note are no. 18, 20 and 22 on Országház Street, which date back to the 14th century and No. 31 Úri Street, which has a Gothic façade that dates back to the 15th century. Other buildings with Gothic features are the Inner City Parish Church, built in the 12th century,[107] and the Mary Magdalene Church, completed in the 15th century.[108] The most characteristic Gothic-style buildings are actually Neo-Gothic, like the most well-known Budapest landmarks, the Hungarian Parliament Building[109] and the Matthias Church, where much of the original material was used (originally built in Romanesque style in 1015).[110]
The next chapter in the history of human architecture is Renaissance architecture. One of the earliest places to be influenced by the Renaissance style of architecture was Hungary, and Budapest in particular. The style appeared following the marriage of King Matthias Corvinus and Beatrice of Naples in 1476. Many Italian artists, craftsmen and masons came to Buda with the new queen. Today, many of the original renaissance buildings disappeared during the varied history of Buda, but Budapest is still rich in renaissance and neo-renaissance buildings, like the famous Hungarian State Opera House, St. Stephen's Basilica and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.[111]
During the Turkish occupation (1541–1686), Islamic culture flourished in Budapest; multiple mosques and baths were built in the city. These were great examples of
After 1686, the
The
Art Nouveau came into fashion in Budapest by the exhibitions which were held in and around 1896 and organised in connection with the Hungarian Millennium celebrations.[116] Art Nouveau in Hungary (Szecesszió in Hungarian) is a blend of several architectural styles, with a focus on Hungary's specialities. One of the leading Art Nouveau architects, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), was inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture as well as traditional Hungarian decorative designs. One of his most beautiful buildings in Budapest is the Museum of Applied Arts. Another examples for Art Nouveau in Budapest is the Gresham Palace in front of the Chain Bridge, the Hotel Gellért, the Franz Liszt Academy of Music or Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden.[102]
It is one of the world's outstanding urban landscapes and illustrates the great periods in the history of the Hungarian capital.
The second half of the 20th century also saw, under the communist regime, the construction of
Districts
Budapest's twenty-three districts overview
| ||||
Administration | Population | Area and Density | ||
District | Official name | Official 2013 | Km2 | People/km2 |
I | Várkerület | 24.528 | 3,41 | 7.233 |
II | Rózsadomb |
88.011 | 36,34 | 2.426 |
III | Óbuda-Békásmegyer | 123.889 | 39,69 | 3.117 |
IV | Újpest | 99.050 | 18,82 | 5.227 |
V | Belváros-Lipótváros | 27.342 | 2,59 | 10.534 |
VI | Terézváros | 43.377 | 2,38 | 18.226 |
VII | Erzsébetváros | 64.767 | 2,09 | 30.989 |
VIII | Józsefváros | 85.173 | 6,85 | 11.890 |
IX | Ferencváros | 63.697 | 12,53 | 4.859 |
X | Kőbánya | 81.475 | 32,5 | 2.414 |
XI | Újbuda | 145.510 | 33,47 | 4.313 |
XII | Hegyvidék | 55.776 | 26,67 | 2.109 |
XIII | Angyalföld, Göncz Árpád városközpont, Újlipótváros, Vizafogó |
118.320 | 13,44 | 8.804 |
XIV | Zugló | 123.786 | 18,15 | 6.820 |
XV | Rákospalota, Pestújhely, Újpalota |
79.779 | 26,95 | 2.988 |
XVI | Árpádföld, Cinkota, Mátyásföld, Sashalom, Rákosszentmihály |
68.235 | 33,52 | 2.037 |
XVII | Rákosmente | 78.537 | 54.83 | 1.418 |
XVIII | Pestszentlőrinc-Pestszentimre | 94.663 | 38,61 | 2.414 |
XIX | Kispest | 62.210 | 9,38 | 6.551 |
XX | Pesterzsébet | 63.887 | 12,18 | 5.198 |
XXI | Csepel | 76.976 | 25,75 | 2.963 |
XXII | Budafok-Tétény | 51.071 | 34,25 | 1.473 |
XXIII | Soroksár | 19.982 | 40,78 | 501 |
1,740,041 | 525.2 | 3,313.1 | ||
9,937,628 | 93,030 | 107.2 | ||
Source: Eurostat,[121] HSCO[122] |
Most of today's Budapest is the result of a late-nineteenth-century renovation, but the wide boulevards laid out then only bordered and bisected much older quarters of activity created by centuries of Budapest's evolution as a city. Budapest's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names. These are either informal designations, reflecting the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units of former boroughs.[123] Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries.[124] Originally Budapest had 10 districts after coming into existence upon the unification of the three cities in 1873. Since 1950, Greater Budapest has been divided into 22 boroughs (and 23 since 1994). At that time there were changes both in the order of districts and in their sizes. The city now consists of 23 districts, 6 in Buda, 16 in Pest and 1 on Csepel Island between them. The city centre itself, in its broadest sense, comprises Districts V, VI, VII, VIII, IX[125] and XIII on the Pest side, and I, II, XI and XII on the Buda side of the city.[126]
District I is a small area in central Buda, including the historic Buda Castle. District II is also in Buda, in the northwest, and District III stretches along the northernmost part of Buda. To reach District IV, one must cross the Danube to Pest (the eastern side), where it occupies the northernmost point. With District V, another circle begins, located right in the absolute centre of Pest. Districts VI, VII, VIII and IX are the neighbouring areas to the east, going southwards, one after the other. District X is another, more external circle, also in Pest, while one must jump to the Buda side again to find Districts XI and XII, going northwards. No other districts in this circle remain in Buda. We must retrace our steps to Pest again to find Districts XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX (mostly external parts of the city ), lying almost regularly in a semicircle, going southwards again. District XXI is the extension of the above circle between two branches of the Danube, the northern tip of a
Demographics
Budapest compared to Hungary and EU
| |||
Budapest | Hungary | European Union | |
Total Population | 1,763,913 | 9,937,628 | 507,890,191 |
Population change, 2004 to 2014 | +2.7%[128] | −1.6%[128] | +2.2%[129] |
Population density | 3,314 /km2 | 107 /km2 | 116 /km2 |
GDP per capita PPP | $52,770[130] | $33,408[131] | $33,084[132] |
Bachelor's Degree or higher |
34.1%[133] | 19.0%[133] | 27.1%[134] |
Foreign born | 7.3%[135] | 1.7%[136] | 6.3%[137] |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1784 | 57,100 | — |
1850 | 206,339 | +261.4% |
1870 | 302,086 | +46.4% |
1880 | 402,706 | +33.3% |
1890 | 560,079 | +39.1% |
1900 | 861,434 | +53.8% |
1910 | 1,110,453 | +28.9% |
1920 | 1,232,026 | +10.9% |
1930 | 1,442,869 | +17.1% |
1941 | 1,712,791 | +18.7% |
1949 | 1,590,316 | −7.2% |
1955 | 1,713,552 | +7.7% |
1960 | 1,804,606 | +5.3% |
1965 | 1,877,916 | +4.1% |
1970 | 1,945,083 | +3.6% |
1980 | 2,059,226 | +5.9% |
1990 | 2,005,028 | −2.6% |
2001 | 1,773,401 | −11.6% |
2011 | 1,729,040 | −2.5% |
2022 | 1,682,426 | −2.7% |
1784,[138] Population 2001 to 2019[128] Present-territory of Budapest Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. |
Budapest is the most
Budapest is the fourth most "dynamically growing city" by
According to the 2016 microcensus, there were 1,764,263 people living in Budapest in 907,944 dwellings.[146] Some 1.6 million persons from the metropolitan area may be within Budapest's boundaries during working hours, and during special events. This fluctuation in the population is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[147]
By ethnicity there were 1,697,039 (96.2%) Hungarians, 34,909 (2%) Germans, 16,592 (0.9%) Romani, 9,117 (0.5%) Romanians and 5,488 (0.3%) Slovaks.[148] In Hungary people can declare multiple ethnic identities, hence the sum may exceed 100%.[149] The share of ethnic Hungarians in Budapest (96.2%) is slightly lower than the national average (98.3%) due to the international migration.[149]
According to the 2011 census, 1,712,153 people (99.0%) speak Hungarian, of whom 1,692,815 people (97.9%) speak it as a first language, while 19,338 people (1.1%) speak it as a second language. Other spoken (foreign) languages were: English (536,855 speakers, 31.0%), German (266,249 speakers, 15.4%), French (56,208 speakers, 3.3%) and Russian (54,613 speakers, 3.2%).[135]
According to the same census, 1,600,585 people (92.6%) were born in Hungary, 126,036 people (7.3%) outside Hungary while the birthplace of 2,419 people (0.1%) was unknown.[135] Although only 1.7% of the population of Hungary in 2009 were foreigners, 43% of them lived in Budapest, making them 4.4% of the city's population (up from 2% in 2001).[136] Nearly two-thirds of foreigners living in Hungary were under 40 years old. The primary motivation for this age group living in Hungary was employment.[136]
Budapest is home to one of the most populous
Economy
This section needs to be updated.(September 2018) |
Budapest is a significant economic hub, classified as a Beta + world city in the study by the
The city is a major centre for banking and finance, real estate, retailing, trade, transportation, tourism,
Budapest has notable innovation capabilities as a technology and start-up hub. Many
Budapest is among the 25 most visited cities in the world, welcoming more than 4.4 million international visitors each year,
Finance and corporate location
Hungarian Stock Exchange Palace on
Many international banks and financial service providers also support the financial industry of Budapest, firms such as
Politics and government
As the capital of Hungary, Budapest is the seat of the country's
Hungary's highest courts are located in Budapest. The Curia (supreme court of Hungary), the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the District V, Leopoldtown. Under the authority of its president it has three departments: criminal, civil and administrative-labour law departments. Each department has various chambers. The Curia guarantees the uniform application of law. The decisions of the Curia on uniform jurisdiction are binding for other courts.[171] The second most important judicial authority, the National Judicial Council, is also housed in the District V, with the tasks of controlling the financial management of the judicial administration and the courts and giving an opinion on the practice of the president of the National Office for the Judiciary and the Curia deciding about the applications of judges and court leaders, among others.[172] The Constitutional Court of Hungary is one of the highest level actors independent of the politics in the country. The Constitutional Court serves as the main body for the protection of the Constitution, its tasks being the review of the constitutionality of statutes. The Constitutional Court performs its tasks independently. With its own budget and its judges being elected by Parliament it does not constitute a part of the ordinary judicial system. The constitutional court passes on the constitutionality of laws, and there is no right of appeal on these decisions.[173]
Budapest hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, including
Environmental issues have a high priority among Budapest's politics. Institutions such as the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, located in Budapest, are very important assets.
Crime in Budapest is investigated by different bodies. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes in their 2011 Global Study on Homicide that, according to criminal justice sources, the homicide rate in Hungary, calculated based on UN population estimates, was 1.4 in 2009, compared to Canada's rate of 1.8 that same year.[178] The homicide rate in Budapest is below the EU capital cities' average according to
City governance
Composition of the 33 seats in the General Assembly
| |||
Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union | 13 seats | ||
Hungarian Socialist Party | 5 seats | ||
Momentum | 3 seats | ||
Democratic Coalition | 7 seats | ||
Dialogue for Hungary
|
Mayor + 1 seat | ||
Independent | 3 seats |
Budapest has been a
The Mayor of Budapest is Gergely Karácsony who was elected on 13 October 2019. The mayor and members of General Assembly are elected to five-year terms.[1] The Budapest General Assembly is a
Main sights and tourism
Budapest is widely known for its well-kept pre-war cityscape, with a great variety of streets and landmarks in classical architecture.
The most well-known sight of the capital is the
The Hungarian cuisine and café culture can be seen and tasted in a lot of places, like Gerbeaud Café, the Százéves, Biarritz, Fortuna, Alabárdos, Arany Szarvas, Kárpátia and the world-famous Mátyás-pince restaurants and beer bars.
There are Roman remains at the
Castle Hill and the
In Pest, arguably the most important sight is Andrássy út. This Avenue is an elegant 2.5 kilometres (2 miles) long tree-lined street that covers the distance from Deák Ferenc tér to the Heroes Square. This Avenue overlooks many important sites. It is a
The Dohány Street Synagogue is the largest synagogue in Europe, and the second largest active synagogue in the world.[184] The synagogue is located in the Jewish district taking up several blocks in central Budapest bordered by Király utca, Wesselényi utca, Grand Boulevard and Bajcsy Zsilinszky road. It was built in moorish revival style in 1859 and has a seating capacity of 3,000. Adjacent to it is a sculpture reproducing a weeping willow tree in steel to commemorate the Hungarian victims of the Holocaust.
The city is also home to the largest medicinal
Tourists visiting Budapest can receive free maps and information from the nonprofit Budapest Festival and Tourism Center at its info-points.[186] The info centers also offer the Budapest Card which allows free public transit and discounts for several museums, restaurants and other places of interest. Cards are available for 24-, 48- or 72-hour durations.[187] The city is also well known for its ruin bars both day and night.
Squares
In Budapest there are many smaller and larger
Parks and gardens
Budapest has many
The Buda Hills also offer a variety of outdoor activities and views. A place frequented by locals is Normafa, offering activities for all seasons. With a modest ski run, it is also used by skiers and snowboarders – if there is enough snowfall in winter.
Islands
A number of islands can be found on the Danube in Budapest:
- Margaret Island (Hungarian: Margit-sziget [ˈmɒrɡit.siɡɛt]) is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long island and 0.965 square kilometres (238 acres) in area. The island mostly consists of a park and is a popular recreational area for tourists and locals alike. The island lies between Margaret Bridge (south) and Árpád Bridge (north). Dance clubs, swimming pools, an aqua park, athletic and fitness centres, bicycle and running tracks can be found around the Island. During the day the island is occupied by people doing sports, or just resting.
- Csepel Island (Hungarian: Csepel-sziget [ˈt͡ʃɛpɛlsiɡɛt]) is the largest island of the River Danube in Hungary. It is 48 km (30 mi) long; its width is 6 to 8 km (4 to 5 mi) and its area comprises 257 km2 (99 sq mi). However, only the northern tip of the island is inside the city limits.
- apartment buildings, hotels, casinos and a marina.
- Molnár Island (Hungarian: Molnár-sziget) is an island in the channel of the Danube that separates Csepel Island from the east bank of the river.
The islands of Palotai Island , Nép Island , and Háros Island also formerly existed within the city, but have been joined to the mainland.
The Ínség Rock (Hungarian: Ínség-szikla) is a reef in the Danube close to the shore under the Gellért Hill. It is only exposed during drought periods when the river level is very low.
Just outside the city boundary to the north lies the large Szentendre Island (Hungarian: Szentendrei-sziget) and the much smaller Lupa Island (Hungarian: Lupa-sziget).
Spas
One of the reasons the Romans first colonised the area immediately to the west of the River Danube and established their regional capital at Aquincum (now part of Óbuda, in northern Budapest) is so that they could use and enjoy the thermal springs. There are still ruins visible today of the enormous baths that were built during that period. The new baths that were constructed during the Turkish period (1541–1686) served both bathing and medicinal purposes, and some of these are still in use to this day.[193][194]
Budapest gained its reputation as a city of spas in the 1920s, following the first realisation of the economic potential of the thermal waters in drawing in visitors. Indeed, in 1934 Budapest was officially ranked as a "City of Spas". Today, the baths are mostly frequented by the older generation, as, with the exception of the "Magic Bath" and "Cinetrip" water discos, young people tend to prefer the lidos which are open in the summer.
Construction of the Király Baths started in 1565, and most of the present-day building dates from the Turkish period, including most notably the fine cupola-topped pool.
The Rudas Baths are centrally placed – in the narrow strip of land between Gellért Hill and the River Danube – and also an outstanding example of architecture dating from the Turkish period. The central feature is an octagonal pool over which light shines from a 10 metres (33 ft) diameter cupola, supported by eight pillars.
The Gellért Baths and Hotel were built in 1918, although there had once been Turkish baths on the site, and in the Middle Ages a hospital. In 1927, the Baths were extended to include the wave pool, and the effervescent bath was added in 1934. The well-preserved Art Nouveau interior includes colourful mosaics, marble columns, stained glass windows and statues.
The Lukács Baths are also in Buda and are also Turkish in origin, although they were only revived at the end of the 19th century. This was also when the spa and treatment centre were founded. There is still something of an atmosphere of fin-de-siècle about the place, and all around the inner courtyard there are marble tablets recalling the thanks of patrons who were cured there. Since the 1950s it has been regarded as a centre for intellectuals and artists.
The
Infrastructure and transportation
Airport
Budapest is served by Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport (BUD) (named after Franz Liszt, the notable Hungarian composer), one of the busiest airports in Central and Eastern Europe, located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) east-southeast of the centre of Budapest, in the District XVIII. The airport offers international connections among all major European cities, and also to North America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. As Hungary's busiest airport, it handles nearly all of the country's air passenger traffic. Budapest Liszt Ferenc handled around 250 scheduled flights daily in 2013, and an ever-rising number of charters. London, Brussels, Frankfurt, Munich, Paris, and Amsterdam are the busiest international connections respectively, while Toronto, Montreal, Dubai, Doha and Alicante are the most unusual in the region.[195] Today the airport serves as a base for
As part of a strategic development plan, €561 million have been spent on expanding and modernising the
Public transportation
Public transit in Budapest is provided by the
Citizens of the European Union, the European Economic Area and Switzerland who are at least 65 years old can use the public transport for free.[202]
The development of complex
The development of Futár, the citywide
Tram lines no. 4 and 6 are the busiest city tram lines in the world,
Roads and railways
Budapest is the most important Hungarian road terminus, all of the major highways and railways end within the city limits. The road system in the city is designed in a similar manner to that of Paris, with several ring roads, and avenues radiating out from the center. Ring road M0 around Budapest is nearly completed, with only one section missing on the west side due to local disputes. The ring road is 80 kilometres (50 miles) in length, and once finished it will be 107 kilometres (66 mi) of highway in length.
The city is a vital traffic hub because all major European roads and European railway lines lead to Budapest.[86] The Danube was and is still today an important water-way and this region in the centre of the Carpathian Basin lies at the cross-roads of trade routes.[89] Hungarian main line railways are operated by Hungarian State Railways. There are three main railway station in Budapest,
Ports, shipping and others
The river Danube flows through Budapest on its way from (Germany) to the
BKK (through the operator BKV) also provides public transport with boat service within the borders of the city. Two routes, marked D11 and D12, connect the two banks with Margaret Island and Óbuda Island, from Rómaifürdő (Buda side, north to Óbuda Island) or Árpád Bridge (Pest side) to Rákóczi Bridge, with a total of 18 stops, while route D2 circulates in the downtown.[216] Line D14 is a ferry service, connecting Királyerdő on the Csepel Island with Molnár Island on the Pest side, south to the city centre.[216] In addition, several companies provides sightseeing boat trips and also an amphibious vehicle (bus and boat) operates constantly.
Water quality in Budapest harbours improved dramatically in the recent years, treatment facilities processed 100% of generated sewage in 2010. Budapesters regularly
Special vehicles in Budapest, besides metros, include suburban rails, trams and boats. There are a couple of less common vehicles in Budapest, like the trolleybus on several lines in
Culture and contemporary life
The culture of Budapest is reflected by Budapest's size and variety. Most Hungarian cultural movements first emerged in the city. Budapest is an important center for music, film, theatre, dance and visual art. Artists have been drawn into the city by opportunity, as the city government funds the arts with adequate financial resources. Budapest is the headquarters of the Hungarian LGBT community[Citation needed].
Budapest was named "City of Design" in December 2015 and has been a member of UNESCO Creative Cities Network since then.[217]
Museums and galleries
Budapest is packed with museums and galleries. The city glories in 223 museums and galleries, which presents several memories, next to the Hungarian ones as well those of universal and European culture and science. Here are the greatest examples among them: the
Libraries
A lot of libraries have unique collections in Budapest, such as the National Széchényi Library, which keeps historical relics from the age before the printing of books. The
Opera and theatres
In Budapest there are forty theatres, seven concert halls and an opera house.
Casinos
There are 11 casinos in Hungary (11 is the maximum number of casinos allowed by law), and five of them are located in the capital. All five of these casinos were owned by LVC Diamond Játékkaszinó Üzemeltető Kft, the gambling company of late András Vajna (better known as Andy Vajna) until his death in 2017. The biggest casino in Budapest and in all of Hungary is the Las Vegas Casino at the Corvin promenade.[221]
Performing arts and festivals
Several annual festivals take place in Budapest. The
There are many symphony orchestras in Budapest, with the Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra being the preeminent one. It was founded in 1853 by Ferenc Erkel and still presents regular concerts in the Hungarian State Opera House and National Theatre. Budapest also has one of the more active jazz scenes in Central Europe.[222]
The dance tradition of the Carpathian Basin is a unique area of the European dance culture, which is also a special transition between the Balkans and Western Europe regions. The city is home to several authentic Hungarian folk dance ensembles which range from small ensembles to professional troupes. Budapest is one of the few cities in the world with a high school for learning folk dance.
Fashion
Budapest is home to a
Major luxury fashion brands such as
Media
Budapest is a prominent location for the Hungarian entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media set there. Budapest is the largest centre for film and television production in Hungary. In 2011, it employed more than 50,000 people and generated 63.9% of revenues of the media industry in the country.[224] Budapest is the media centre of Hungary, and the location of the main headquarters of
In 2012, in Hungary there were 7.2 million
Cuisine
In the modern age, Budapest developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby region, such as lamb, pork and vegetables special to the region. Modern Hungarian cuisine is a synthesis of ancient Asiatic components mixed with French, Germanic, Italian, and Slavic elements. The food of Hungary can be considered a melting pot of the continent, with a culinary base formed from its own, original
Budapest restaurants reflect diversity, with menus carrying traditional regional cuisine, fusions of various culinary influences, or innovating in the leading edge of new techniques. Budapest' food shops also have a solid reputation for supplying quality specialised culinary products and supplies, reputations that are often built up over generations. These include many shops, such as Café Gerbeaud, one of the greatest and most traditional coffeehouses in Europe, or the Gundel restaurant and gastro shop in the City Park. Foodies can also find the highest quality foods served in several
In fiction
The 1906 novel The Paul Street Boys, the 1937 novel Journey by Moonlight, the 1957 book The Bridge at Andau, the 1975 novel Fateless, the 1977 novel The End of a Family Story, the 1986 book Between the Woods and the Water, the 1992 novel Under the Frog, the 1987 novel The Door, the 2002 novel Prague, the 2003 book Budapeste, the 2004 novel Ballad of the Whisky Robber, the 2005 novels Parallel Stories and The Historian, the 2012 novel Budapest Noir are set, amongst others, partly or entirely in Budapest. Some of the better known feature films set in Budapest are Kontroll, The District!, Gloomy Sunday, Sunshine, An American Rhapsody, As You Desire Me, The Good Fairy, Hanna's War, The Journey, Ladies in Love, Music Box, The Shop Around the Corner, Zoo in Budapest, Underworld, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol and Spy. The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) is a Wes Anderson film. It was filmed in Germany, and set in the fictional Republic of Zubrowka, which is in the alpine mountains of Hungary.
Sports
Budapest hosted many global
In 2015, the Assembly of the
Numerous Olympic, World, and European Championship winners and medalists reside in the city, which follows from Hungary's 8th place among all the nations of the world in the All-time Olympic Games medal table.
Hungarians have always been avid sports people: during the history of the Summer Olympic Games, Hungarians have brought home 476 medals, of which 167 are gold. The top events in which Hungarians have excelled are fencing, swimming, water polo, canoeing, wrestling and track & field sports. Beside classic sports, recreational modern sports such as bowling, pool billiard, darts, go-carting, wakeboarding and squash are very popular in Budapest, and extreme sports are also gaining ground. Furthermore, the Budapest Marathon and Budapest Half Marathon also attract many people every year. The city's largest football stadium is named after Ferenc Puskás, recognised as the top scorer of the 20th century and for whom FIFA Puskás Award was named.[230]
One of Budapest's most popular sport is football and it has many Hungarian League football club, including in the top level Nemzeti Bajnokság I league, like Ferencvárosi TC (32 Hungarian League titles), MTK Budapest FC (23 titles), Újpest FC (20 titles), Budapest Honvéd FC (14 titles), Vasas SC (6 titles), Csepel SC (4 titles), Budapesti TC (2 titles).
The
Budapest is home to two four-star UEFA stadiums:
Education
Budapest is home to over 35 higher education institutions, many of which are universities. Under the Bologna Process, many offered qualifications are recognised in countries across Europe. Medicine, dentistry, pharmaceuticals, veterinary programs, and engineering are among the most popular fields for foreigners to undertake in Budapest. Most universities in Budapest offer courses in English, as well as in other languages like German, French, and Dutch, aimed specifically at foreigners. Many students from other European countries spend one or two semesters in Budapest through the Erasmus Programme.[234]
Notable people
International relations
Budapest has quite a few
Historic sister cities
Partnerships around the world
Some of the city's districts are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities; for details see the article
See also
- Bridges of Budapest
- Budapest metropolitan area
- Fort Budapest
- List of cemeteries in Budapest
- List of films shot in Budapest
- List of cities and towns on Danube river
- List of historical capitals of Hungary
- Music of Budapest
- Outline of Hungary
- Spas in Budapest
- Urban and Suburban Transit Association (most of its activity is centred on Budapest)
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General and cited references
- Budapest: Eyewitness Travel Guildes. DK Travel. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7566-2435-4.
- Barber, Annabel (2004). Visible Cities Budapest: A City Guide. Somerset. ISBN 978-963-212-986-0.
- Fallon, Steve; Kaminski, Anna (2017). Budapest & Hungary Travel Guide. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781786575425.
- Molnar, Miklos (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
- Sebestyen, Victor (2022). Budapest: Between East and West (Hardcover). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9781474609999.
- Ungvary, Krisztian (2006). The Siege of Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11985-5.
External links
- Official website
- Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue – UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
- Old maps of Budapest Archived 10 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Historic Cities site. Archived 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine. The National Library of Israel, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection.