G20
Group of Twenty | |
Formation | 26 September 1999 2008 (heads-of-state/heads-of-government summits) |
---|---|
Type | International organization |
Purpose | Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.[1] |
Membership | |
Chairman (Incumbent) | Lula da Silva, President of Brazil |
Website | g20 |
The G20 or Group of 20 is an
The G20 is composed of most of the world's
The G20 was founded in 1999 in response to several world economic crises.
In its 2009 summit, the G20 declared itself the primary venue for international economic and financial cooperation.[11] The group's stature has risen during the subsequent decade, and it is recognised by analysts as exercising considerable global influence;[12] it is also criticised for its limited membership,[13] lack of enforcement powers,[14] and for the alleged undermining of existing international institutions.[13] Summits are often met with protests, particularly by anti-globalization groups.[15][16]
History
The G20 is the latest in a series of post–World War II initiatives aimed at international coordination of economic policy, which include institutions such as the "Bretton Woods twins", the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and what is now the World Trade Organization.[17]
The G20 was foreshadowed at the Cologne summit of the G7 in June 1999, and formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999 with an inaugural meeting on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. Canadian finance minister Paul Martin was chosen as the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the meeting.[18]
A 2004 report by Colin I. Bradford and
All acknowledge, however, that Germany and the United States played a key role in bringing their vision into reality.Martin and Summers conceived of the G20 in response to the series of massive debt crises that had spread across emerging markets in the late 1990s, beginning with the Mexican peso crisis and followed by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and eventually impacting the United States, most prominently in the form of the collapse of the prominent hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management in the autumn of 1998.[21][22][23] It illustrated to them that in a rapidly globalizing world, the G7, G8, and the Bretton Woods system would be unable to provide financial stability, and they conceived of a new, broader permanent group of major world economies that would give a voice and new responsibilities in providing it.[21][23]
The G20 membership was decided by Eichel's deputy Caio Koch-Weser and Summers's deputy Timothy Geithner. According to the political economist Robert Wade:
"Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Portugal out, South Africa in, Nigeria and Egypt out, and so on; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries; and the invitations to the first meeting went out."[25]
Early topics
The G20's primary focus has been governance of the
In 2007, South Africa hosted the secretariat with
In 2008,
On 11 October 2008 after a meeting of G8 finance ministers,
Summits
The Summit of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions, was created as a response both to the
After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, DC, G20 leaders met twice a year: in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, and in Toronto and Seoul in 2010.[26]
Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G20, the summits have been held only once a year.[27] The 2016 summit was held in Hangzhou, China,[28] the 2017 summit was held in Hamburg, Germany, the 2018 summit was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the 2019 summit was held in Osaka, Japan, the 2020 summit was scheduled in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia but it was held virtually due to COVID-19, the 2021 summit was held in Rome, Italy and the 2022 summit was held in Bali, Indonesia.
Several other ministerial-level G20 meetings have been held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010.[29]
In 2012, the G20 Ministers of Tourism and Heads of Delegation of G20 member countries and other invited States, as well as representatives from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and other organisations in the Travel & Tourism sector met in Mérida, Mexico, on May 16 at the 4th G20 meeting and focused on 'Tourism as a means to Job Creation'. As a result of this meeting and The World Travel & Tourism Council's Visa Impact Research, later on the Leaders of the G20, convened in Los Cabos on 18–19 June, would recognise the impact of Travel & Tourism for the first time. That year, the G20 Leaders Declaration added the following statement: "We recognise the role of travel and tourism as a vehicle for job creation, economic growth and development, and, while recognizing the sovereign right of States to control the entry of foreign nationals, we will work towards developing travel facilitation initiatives in support of job creation, quality work, poverty reduction and global growth."[30]
In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop, when Australia was hosting the 2014 G20 summit in Brisbane, proposed to ban Russia from the summit over its annexation of Ukrainian Crimea.[31] The BRICS foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that "the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character."
The 2015 G20 Summit in Antalya, Türkiye, focused on "Inclusiveness, Investment, and Implementation," gathering leaders to address global economic challenges, development, climate change, and urgent issues like terrorism and refugees. Key outcomes included the Antalya Action Plan and commitments to financial stability, tax regulation, and energy policy.[32][33]
In 2016, the G20 framed its commitment to the 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals in three key themes; the promotion of strong sustainable and balanced growth; protection of the planet from degradation; and furthering co-operation with low-income and developing countries. At the G20 Summit in Hangzhou, members agreed on an action plan and issued a high level principles document to member countries to help facilitate the agenda's implementation.[34][35]
Japan hosted the 2019 summit,[36] The 2020 summit was to be held in Saudi Arabia,[37] but was instead held virtually on 21–22 November 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic under the presidency of Saudi Arabia. 2021 G20 Rome summit which was held in Rome, the capital city of Italy, on 30–31 October 2021.
Indonesia held the
India held the
The Brazilian presidency launched the G20 Social, a place where for the first time the organization will bring the civil society into the debate where it can participate and contribute to discussions and policy formulations regarding to the summit.[46]
Chair rotation
To decide which member nation gets to chair the G20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all members, except the European Union and African Union, are assigned to one of five different groupings, with all but one group having four members, the other having three. States from the same region are placed in the same group, except Group 1 and Group 2. All countries within a group are eligible to take over the G20 Presidency when it is their group's turn. Therefore, the states within the relevant group need to negotiate among themselves to select the next G20 President. Each year, a different G20 member country assumes the presidency starting from 1 December until 30 November. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G20 chair. The table below lists the nations' groupings:[47][48]
Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 (Americas) | Group 4 (Western Europe) | Group 5 (East Asia) |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
To ensure continuity, the presidency is supported by a "troika" made up of the current, immediate past and next host countries.[49]
Organization
The G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The group's chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The 2022 summit was held in Bali, Indonesia. India was the chair in 2023 and hosted the 2023 summit. Brazil is the current chair and will host the 2024 summit.[50]
Proposed permanent secretariat
In 2010, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy proposed the establishment of a permanent G20 secretariat, similar to the United Nations. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters.[51] Brazil and China supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Italy and Japan expressed opposition to the proposal.[51] South Korea proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.[51] It has been argued that the G20 has been using the OECD as a secretariat.[52]
Members
As of 2023[update], there are 21 members in the group: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and the African Union. Guest invitees include, amongst others, Spain, the United Nations, the World Bank and ASEAN.[53][54]
Representatives include, at the leaders' summits, the leaders of nineteen countries, the African Union and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of nineteen countries, the African Union and of the European Union.
In addition, each year, the G20's guests include Spain;[55] the Chair of ASEAN; a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the presidency, usually from its own region.[7][56][57]
The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their leaders, finance ministers and
. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.In September 2023, at the 18th G20 Summit, Indian PM Narendra Modi announced that the African Union has been included as a member of the G20, making it the 21st member.[58]
Leaders
Member country data
Member | Trade bil. USD (2022)[64] |
Nom. GDP mil. USD (2023)[65] |
PPP GDP mil. USD (2023)[65] |
Nom. GDP per capita USD (2023)[65] |
PPP GDP per capita USD (2023)[65] |
HDI (2021) |
Population (2022)[66] |
Area km2 |
P5 | G4 | G7 | BRICS | MIKTA | DAC | OECD | C'wth | NATO | SCO | IMF economy classification[67][68] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 170.1 | 621,833 | 1,239,515 | 13,297 | 26,506 | 0.842 | 46,300,000 | 2,780,400 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Emerging |
Australia | 721.4 | 1,687,713 | 1,719,262 | 63,487 | 64,674 | 0.951 | 26,141,369 | 7,692,024 | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | global partner |
No | Advanced |
Brazil | 626.4 | 2,126,809 | 4,101,022 | 10,413 | 20,079 | 0.754 | 217,240,060 | 8,515,767 | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Emerging |
Canada | 1,179.1 | 2,117,805 | 2,378,973 | 53,247 | 59,813 | 0.936 | 38,743,000 | 9,984,670 | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Advanced |
China | 6,309.6 | 17,700,899 | 32,897,929 | 12,541 | 23,309 | 0.768 | 1,411,750,000 | 9,596,960 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Emerging |
France | 1,435.8 | 3,049,016 | 3,868,619 | 46,315 | 58,765 | 0.903 | 68,305,148 | 640,679 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Advanced |
Germany | 3,226.9 | 4,429,838 | 5,537,992 | 52,824 | 66,038 | 0.942 | 84,316,622 | 357,114 | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Advanced |
India | 1,176.8 | 3,732,224 | 13,119,622 | 2,612 | 9,183 | 0.633 | 1,406,632,000 | 3,287,263 | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Emerging |
Indonesia | 529.4 | 1,417,387 | 4,393,370 | 5,109 | 15,836 | 0.705 | 279,088,893 | 1,904,569 | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Emerging |
Italy | 1,346.4 | 2,186,082 | 3,193,180 | 37,146 | 54,259 | 0.895 | 61,095,551 | 301,336 | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Advanced |
Japan | 1,644.2 | 4,230,862 | 6,495,214 | 33,950 | 52,120 | 0.925 | 125,592,404 | 377,930 | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | global partner |
No | Advanced |
Mexico | 1,204.5 | 1,811,468 | 3,277,601 | 13,804 | 24,976 | 0.758 | 131,541,424 | 1,964,375 | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Emerging |
South Korea | 1,415.0 | 1,709,232 | 2,924,189 | 33,147 | 56,709 | 0.925 | 51,844,834 | 100,210 | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | global partner |
No | Advanced |
Russia | 772.3 | 1,862,470 | 5,056,479 | 13,006 | 35,310 | 0.822 | 145,807,429 | 17,098,242 | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | PfP | Yes | Emerging |
Saudi Arabia | 598.8 | 1,069,437 | 2,246,535 | 32,586 | 68,453 | 0.875 | 36,168,000 | 2,149,690 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Dialogue partner |
Emerging |
South Africa | 259.1 | 380,906 | 997,444 | 6,191 | 16,211 | 0.713 | 61,060,000 | 1,221,037 | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Emerging |
Turkey | 617.9 | 1,154,600 | 3,613,540 | 13,384 | 41,888 | 0.838 | 85,551,932 | 783,562 | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Dialogue partner |
Emerging |
United Kingdom | 1,353.3 | 3,332,059 | 3,871,790 | 48,913 | 56,836 | 0.929 | 68,492,933 | 242,495 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Advanced |
United States | 5,441.0 | 26,949,643 | 26,949,643 | 80,412 | 80,412 | 0.921 | 337,341,954 | 9,833,517 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Advanced |
European Union | [e]5,858.4 | 18,351,127 | 25,430,409 | 41,114 | 56,975 | 0.900 | 446,828,803 | 4,233,262 | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Advanced (majority)[f] |
African Union | 1,379.0 | 2,858,342 | 8,865,179 | [g]2,044 | [h]6,341 | [i]0.577 | [j]1,393,676,444 | 29,922,059 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Emerging |
In addition to these 21 members, the
The G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 21 largest economies of the world in any given year; as the organization states:[1]
In a forum such as the G20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. Because of the objectives of the G20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.
Role of Asian countries
A 2011 report released by the
Invitees
Typically, several participants that are not full members of the G20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. Permanent guest invitees are: the government of
Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its region.
Permanent guest invitees
Invitee | Officeholder | State | Official title |
---|---|---|---|
International Labour Organization (ILO) | Gilbert Houngbo | — | Director General |
International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Kristalina Georgieva | — | Managing Director |
Spain[55] | Pedro Sánchez | Spain | Prime Minister |
New Partnership for Africa's Development (AUDA-NEPAD) | Abdel Fattah El-Sisi
|
Egypt | President (chair)
|
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
|
Mathias Cormann | — | Secretary-General |
United Nations (UN) | António Guterres | — | Secretary-General |
World Bank Group (WBG) | Ajay Banga | — | President |
World Health Organization (WHO) | Tedros Adhanom
|
— | Director General |
World Trade Organization (WTO) | Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala | — | Director General |
Agenda
Financial focus
The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by US, Canadian and German policymakers, was very much focused on the sustainability of sovereign debt and global financial stability, in an inclusive format that would bring in the largest developing economies as equal partners. During a summit in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to international financial organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for re-establishing the global financial system.[72][73]
Since inception, the recurring themes covered by G20 summit participants have related in priority to global economic growth, international trade and financial market regulation.[74]
Growth and sustainability
The G20 countries account for almost 75% of global carbon emissions.
The G20 countries account for almost 75% of the global carbon emissions and promised in 2009 to phase out 'inefficient subsidies'. Despite these promises G20 members have subsidised fossil fuel companies over $3.3 trillion between 2015 and 2021,[75] with several states increasing subsidies; Australia (+48.2%), the US (+36.7%), Indonesia (+26.6%), France (+23.8%), China (+4.1%), Brazil (+3.0%), Mexico (+2.6%).[75] China alone generates over half of the coal-generated electricity in the world.[79]
Wolfgang Schäuble, German Federal Minister of Finance, has insisted on the interconnected nature of the issues facing G20 countries, be they purely financial or developmental, and the need to reach effective, cross-cutting policy measures: "Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty, but there is also a growing rise in frustration in some quarters […] development, [national] security and migration are all interlinked"[76]
G20 Engagement Groups
The G20 Engagement Groups and Pre-Conferences are independent collectives that are led by organisations of the host country. They represent a diverse group of stakeholders and work collectively to develop non-binding policy recommendations formally submitted to the G20 leaders for consideration.
For the 2022 G20 hosted by Indonesia, there are 10 Engagement Groups formed to facilitate independent stakeholders in developing proposals and policy recommendations for G20 leaders.
Startup20 and other few engagement groups initiated under the G20 India Presidency of 2023.[80]
Influence and accountability
The G20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules. There are disputes over the legitimacy of the G20,[81] and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.[82]
The G20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G20 meetings are closed-door.[83] In 2001, the economist Frances Stewart proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G20. In such a council, members would be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance to the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.[84]
The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including
Views on the G20's exclusivity of membership
Although the G20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system",[86] its legitimacy has been challenged. A 2011 report for the Danish Institute for International Studies criticised the G20's exclusivity, particularly highlighting its underrepresentation of African countries and its practice of inviting observers from non-member states as a mere "concession at the margins", which does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy.[87] Concerning the membership issue, US President Barack Obama noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "Everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G-21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."[88] Others stated in 2011 that the exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.[89]
Norwegian perspective
In line with Norway's emphasis on inclusive international processes, the United Nations, and the UN system, in a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel, the current prime minister of Norway Jonas Gahr Støre called the G20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II"[13] as 173 states who are all members of the UN are not among the G20. This includes Norway, a major developed economy and the seventh-largest contributor to UN international development programs,[90] which is not a member state of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G20 even indirectly.[13] Norway, like other such states, has little or no voice within the group. Støre argued that the G20 undermines the legitimacy of international organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:
The G20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It may be more representative than the G7 or the G8, in which only the richest countries are represented, but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new Congress of Vienna.[13]
However, Norway, has moderated this position in practice, and has contributed to a number of G20-work streams for years, in particular on health, energy and climate. Under the government of Erna Solberg, Norway attended the 2017 G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany.[91]
Spanish position on membership
Spain is the world's
Polish aspirations
In contrast with the Spanish position, the Polish government has repeatedly asked to join the G20.
Before the 2009 G20 London summit, the Polish government expressed an interest in joining with Spain and the Netherlands and condemned an "organisational mess" in which a few European leaders spoke in the name of the collective EU without legitimate authorisation in cases which belong to the European Commission.[citation needed]
During a 2010 meeting with foreign diplomats, Polish president Lech Kaczyński said:
The Polish economy is according to our data the 18th world economy. The place of my country is among the members of the G20. This is a very simple postulate: firstly – it results from the size of the Polish economy, secondly – it results from the fact that Poland is the biggest country in its region and the biggest country that has experienced a certain story. That story is a political and economic transformation.[92]
In 2012, Tim Ferguson wrote in
In 2014, consulting company Ernst & Young published its report about optimal members for G20. After analyzing trade, institutional and investment links Poland was included as one of the optimal members.[97]
G20 membership has been part of the look program of Poland's
Global Governance Group (3G) response
In June 2010, Singapore's representative to the United Nations warned the G20 that its decisions would affect "all countries, big and small", and asserted that prominent non-G20 members should be included in financial reform discussions.
Foreign Policy critiques
The American magazine
Calls for removal of Russia
This section needs to be updated.(January 2024) |
In March 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, U.S. President Joe Biden called for the removal of Russia from the group. Alternatively, he suggested that Ukraine be allowed to attend the G20 2022 summit, despite its lack of membership.[107] Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also said the group should "re-evaluate" Russia's participation.[108] Russia claims it would not be a significant issue, as most G20 members are already fighting Russia economically due to the war.[109] China suggested that expelling Russia would be counterproductive.[107] In November 2022, Indonesia and Russia stated that Vladimir Putin would not attend the G20 summit in person, but may attend virtually.[110] During the 2022 summit, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy appeared in a video statement and repeatedly addressed the assembly as the 'G19' as a means of indicating his viewpoint that Russia should be removed from the group.[111]
See also
- Model G20
- G8
- G7
- Regional Power
- League of Nations
Notes
- ^ 19 countries, the European Union (EU) and African Union (AU)
- ^ If excluding EU intra-trade, 59%.
- ^ Summits were biannual in 2009 and 2010; since the November 2011 Cannes summit, G20 summits have been annual.
- ^ literally mean 'The World Is One Family'
- ^ Excluding intra-EU trade. The complete number according to https://stats.wto.org/dashboard/merchandise_en.html in 2022 is 14,610.4 bil. USD
- ^ 23 out of 27 EU states are classified as advanced
- ^ https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/AFQ
- ^ https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/AFQ
- ^ 2020
- ^ 2021
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Bibliography
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- ISSN 1464-3545.
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Further reading
- S2CID 145360263. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 September 2015.
- Hajnal, Peter I. (2007). The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation. Global Finance Series. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4550-4.
- ISBN 978-1-4094-2829-9.
- Reinalda, Bob; Verbeek, Bertjan, eds. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science. Vol. 5. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3.
- Samans, Richard; Uzan, Marc; Lopez-Claros, Augusto, eds. (2007). The International Monetary System, the IMF and the G-20: A Great Transformation in the Making?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-52495-8.
- Firzli, Nicolas J. (2017). "G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth" (PDF). Revue Analyse Financière. 64 (3): 15–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2017.
External links
- Official website
- G20 website of the OECD
- G20 Information Centre from the University of Toronto
- A Guide To Committees, Groups, And Clubs from the International Monetary Fund
- G20 Special Report from The Guardian
- "G20 Special Report". Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010.
- The G20's role in the post-crisis world by FRIDE
- The Group of Twenty – A History, 2007
- Economics for Everyone: G20 – Gearing for Growth