John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
Maldon, Essex, England | |
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Died | 30 June 1919 Terling Place, Witham, Essex, England | (aged 76)
Nationality | British |
Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge Harrow School Eton College |
Known for | List
|
Spouse |
Evelyn Balfour (m. 1871) |
Children | 3 sons |
Awards |
|
Signature | |
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh,
Rayleigh provided the first theoretical treatment of the elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the light's wavelength, a phenomenon now known as "
Biography
Strutt was born on 12 November 1842 at Langford Grove in
He was the second
Around the year 1900 Rayleigh developed the duplex (combination of two) theory of human sound localisation using two
In 1904 he was awarded the
During the
In 1919, Rayleigh served as president of the Society for Psychical Research.[8] As an advocate that simplicity and theory be part of the scientific method, Rayleigh argued for the principle of similitude.
Rayleigh was elected fellow of the Royal Society on 12 June 1873, and served as president of the Royal Society from 1905 to 1908. From time to time he participated in the House of Lords; however, he spoke up only if politics attempted to become involved in science.
Many of the papers that he wrote on lubrication[9] are now recognized as early classical contributions to the field of tribology. For these contributions, he was named as one of the 23 "Men of Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.[10]
He died on 30 June 1919, at his home in
Religious views
Rayleigh was an
When I was bringing out my Scientific Papers I proposed a motto from the Psalms, "The Works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein." The Secretary to the Press suggested with many apologies that the reader might suppose that I was the Lord.[14][15]
Still, he had his wish and the quotation was printed in the five-volume collection of scientific papers. In a letter to a family member, he wrote about his rejection of
I have never thought the materialist view possible, and I look to a power beyond what we see, and to a life in which we may at least hope to take part. What is more, I think that Christ and indeed other spiritually gifted men see further and truer than I do, and I wish to follow them as far as I can.
He held an interest in parapsychology and was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR). He was not convinced of spiritualism but remained open to the possibility of supernatural phenomena.[19] Rayleigh was the president of the SPR in 1919. He gave a presidential address in the year of his death but did not come to any definite conclusions.[20][21]
Honours and awards
The lunar crater
- Smith's Prize (1864)
- Royal Medal (1882)
- Member of the American Philosophical Society (1886)
- Matteucci Medal (1894)
- Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1897)
- Copley Medal (1899)
- Nobel Prize in Physics (1904)
- Elliott Cresson Medal (1913)
- Rumford Medal (1914)
Lord Rayleigh was among the original recipients of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902,[25] and received the order from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 8 August 1902.[26][27]
He received the degree of Doctor mathematicae (
Sir William Ramsay, his co-worker in the investigation to discover argon described Rayleigh as "the greatest man alive" while speaking to Lady Ramsay during his last illness.[30]
H. M. Hyndman said of Rayleigh that "no man ever showed less consciousness of great genius".[30]
Bibliography
- The Theory of Sound vol. I (London : Macmillan, 1877, 1894) (alternative link: Bibliothèque Nationale de France OR (Cambridge: University Press, reissued 2011, ISBN 978-1-108-03220-9)
- The Theory of Sound vol.II (London : Macmillan, 1878, 1896) (alternative link: Bibliothèque Nationale de France) OR (Cambridge: University Press, reissued 2011, ISBN 978-1-108-03221-6)
- Scientific papers (Vol. 1: 1869–1881)ISBN 978-0-511-70396-6)
- Scientific papers (Vol. 2: 1881–1887)ISBN 978-0-511-70397-3)
- Scientific papers (Vol. 3: 1887–1892)ISBN 978-0-511-70398-0)
- Scientific papers (Vol. 4: 1892–1901)ISBN 978-0-511-70399-7)
- Scientific papers (Vol. 5: 1902–1910) (Cambridge : University Press, 1899–1920, reissued by the publisher 2011, ISBN 978-0-511-70400-0)
- Scientific papers (Vol. 6: 1911–1919) (Cambridge : University Press, 1899–1920, reissued by the publisher 2011, ISBN 978-0-511-70401-7)
See also
- Acoustic levitation
- Acoustic radiation pressure
- Aeolian harp
- Breath-figure self-assembly
- Calibrated airspeed
- Capillary breakup rheometry
- Clark cell
- Dawes' limit
- Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics
- Eigenvalue perturbation
- Group velocity
- Hanle effect
- Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem
- Laminar–turbulent transition
- Langmuir–Blodgett trough
- List of presidents of the Royal Society
- Machmeter
- Moffatt eddies
- Multiple scattering theory
- Parametric oscillator
- Rayl, a unit of specific acoustic impedance.
- Rayleigh frequency
- Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction theory
- Rayleigh mixture distribution
- Rayleigh Medal (Institute of Acoustics)
- Rayleigh Medal (Institute of Physics)
- Rayleigh bandwidth (signal processing)
- Rayleigh quotient iteration
- Rayleigh's quotient in vibrations analysis
- Rayleigh sky model
- Representative layer theory
- Talbot effect
- Thermoacoustics
- Thermoacoustic heat engine
- Virial theorem
- Waveguide (acoustics)
- Waveguide (radio frequency)
- WKB approximation
References
- ^ "John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) – The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu.
- ^ Ranford, Paul (September 2019). John William Strutt-- the 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919): Recently studied correspondence. p. 25.
- ^ "Sketch of Lord Rayleigh". The Popular Science Monthly. 25 (46). Bonnier Corporation: 840 ff. October 1884.
- ^ a b c One son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh, was also an eminent physicist and fellow of the Royal Society.
"Lord Rayleigh: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904". The Nobel Foundation. 1904. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ "Strutt, the Hon. John William (STRT861JW)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- S2CID 45898842.
- ^ Lanchester, Frederick William (1916). Aircraft in Warfare. London: Constable and company Limited. p. 163.
- ^ "Past Presidents". Society for Psychical Research. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- .
- ISSN 0022-2305.
- ^ "John Strutt, Lord Rayleigh". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
- ^ The Abbey Scientists, Hall, A. R. p. 59: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
- ^ Peter J. Bowler (2014). Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, University of Chicago Press. p. 35
- ^ Robert John Strutt Baron Rayleigh (1924). John William Strutt: Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., Sometime President of the Royal Society and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, E. Arnold & Company, p. 307
- ^ Lord Rayleigh (Robert John Strutt), John William Strutt Baron Rayleigh (1964). "An Appraisal of Rayleigh", Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, U.S. Air Force. p. 1150.
- ^ Melba Phillips (1992), The Life and Times of Modern Physics: History of Physics II. American Institute of Physics. p. 50
- ^ As quoted in R. J. Strutt. John William Strutt. p. 361. in Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain, by Peter J. Bowler (2014). p. 35
- ^ Sir William Gavin (1967). Ninety Years of Family Farming: The Story of Lord Rayleigh's and Strutt & Parker Farms. Hutchinson, p. 37
- ISBN 978-0-230-11053-3
- ISBN 978-0-356-07875-5
- ISBN 978-1-4831-1435-4
- ^ "Lunar crater Rayleigh". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
- ^ "Martian crater Rayleigh". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
- ^ JPL (2008). "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 22740 Rayleigh (1998 SX146)". NASA. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ^ "The Coronation Honours". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.
- ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36842. London. 9 August 1902. p. 6.
- ^ "No. 27470". The London Gazette. 2 September 1902. p. 5679.
- ^ "Foreign degrees for British men of Science". The Times. No. 36867. London. 8 September 1902. p. 4.
- ^ "Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902–1910". (in Norwegian)
- ^ a b Gavin, Sir William (1967). Ninety Years of Family Farming. Hutchinson of London. p. 24.
- ^ a b c d "Review of Scientific Papers by John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, Vols. I–IV". The Athenaeum (3937): 469. 11 April 1903.
Further reading
- Life of John William Strutt: Third Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S., (1924) Longmans, Green & Co.
- A biography written by his son, Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh
External links
- About John William Strutt
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- Lord Rayleigh – the Last of the Great Victorian Polymaths, GEC Review, Volume 7, No. 3, 1992
- Works by or about John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh at Internet Archive
- Lord Rayleigh on Nobelprize.org