Peter Lombard

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For the Irish archbishop, see Peter Lombard (archbishop of Armagh). For the Guamanian cyclist, see Peter Lombard II.
Peter Lombard
Bishop of Paris
TitleMaster of the Sentences[5]
Academic background
Alma materSchool of Reims
University of Bologna[1]
Influences
Academic work
School or traditionScholasticism
Notable works
Influenced
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Peter Lombard (also Peter the Lombard,

accolade Magister Sententiarum.[11]

Biography

Early years

Peter Lombard was born in Lumellogno[12] (then a rural commune, now a quartiere of Novara, Piedmont), in northwestern Italy, to a poor family.[13] His date of birth was likely between 1095 and 1100.

His education most likely began in Italy at the

cathedral school at Reims, where Magister Alberich and Lutolph of Novara were teaching, and arrived in Paris about 1134,[15] where Bernard recommended him[16]
to the canons of the church of St. Victor.

Professor

In Paris, where he spent the next decade teaching at the cathedral school of

prebend
is shrouded in uncertainty.

Lombard's style of teaching gained quick acknowledgment. It can be surmised that this attention is what prompted the canons of Notre Dame to ask him to join their ranks. He was considered a celebrated theologian by 1144. The Parisian school of canons had not included among their number a theologian of high regard for some years. The canons of Notre Dame, to a man, were members of the Capetian dynasty, relatives of families closely aligned to the Capetians by blood or marriage, scions of the Île-de-France or eastern Loire Valley nobility, or relatives of royal officials. In contrast, Peter had no relatives, ecclesiastical connections, and no political patrons in France. It seems that he must have been invited by the canons of Notre Dame solely for his academic merit.

Priesthood and Bishop of Paris

He became a

Walter of St Victor accused Peter of obtaining the office by simony.[18] The more usual story is that Philip, younger brother of Louis VII
and archdeacon of Notre-Dame, was elected by the canons but declined in favor of Peter Lombard, his teacher.

Lombard's time as bishop was brief.

Cathedral of Notre Dame.[20] Lombard's tomb in the church of Saint-Marcel in Paris was destroyed during the French Revolution
, but a transcription of his epitaph survives.

Writings

Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
, Florence

Peter Lombard wrote commentaries on the Psalms and the Pauline epistles; however, his most famous work by far was Libri Quatuor Sententiarum, or the

Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas to William of Ockham and Gabriel Biel, were influenced by it. Even the young Martin Luther still wrote glosses on the Sentences, and John Calvin quoted from it over 100 times in his Institutes
.

The Four Books of Sentences formed the framework upon which four centuries of scholastic interpretation of Western Christian dogma was based; however, rather than being a dialectical work itself, the Four Books of Sentences is a compilation of biblical texts, together with relevant passages from the

sacraments
, which mediate Christ's grace, in Book IV.

Doctrine

Peter Lombard's most famous and most controversial doctrine in the Sentences was his identification of

charity with the Holy Spirit in Book I, distinction 17. According to this doctrine, when the Christian loves God and his neighbour, this love literally is God; he becomes divine and is taken up into the life of the Trinity. This idea, in its inchoate form, can be extrapolated from certain remarks of Augustine of Hippo
(cf. De Trinitate 13.7.11). Although this was never declared unorthodox, few theologians have been prepared to follow Peter Lombard in this aspect of his teaching.

Also in the Sentences was the doctrine that

Gratian's analysis (see sponsalia de futuro). Lombard's interpretation was later endorsed by Pope Alexander III, and had a significant impact on Church interpretation of marriage.[23][24] He emphasized that reciprocal consent of the parties is sufficiently constitutive of an absolutely indissoluble marriage, and is its only cause independent of sexual intercourse.[25]

Works

Notes

  1. ^ Peter Lombard (1095-1160)
  2. ISBN 9780742531987
    .
  3. ^ Jean LeClercq, 'Influence and noninfluence of Dionysius in the Western Middle Ages', in Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works, trans. Colm Luibheid (New York: Paulist Press, 1987), pp25-33
  4. ^ Prof. Harold Tarrant & Prof. Godfrey Tanner (2001). The Cultural Collections Unit: 2nd Edition. University of Newcastle, Australia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Peter Lombard The Britannica - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Lombard
  6. ^ Milman, Henry Hart (1857). History of Latin Christianity: Vol.VI. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ a b c W. and R. Chambers (1864). Chambers's encyclopædia: Vol.VI. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Baur, Ferdinand Christian (1858). Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte. Tübingen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ a b Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1836). Werke: Vol.XV. Berlin.
  10. ^ a b Ginsburg, Christian David (1861). Coheleth; commonly called The Book of Ecclesiastes. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ E.g., vide Alphonsus à Castro, O.F.M., De justa haereticorum punitione, libri III (Lugduni [i.e., Lyon]: apud Sebastianum Barptolomai Honorati, 1555), lib. 2, c. 21.
  12. ^ Hödl, in Biografisch-Bibliografisches Kirchenlexikon.
  13. ^ The few known facts of Peter's life are presented in Philippe Delhaye, Pierre Lombard: sa vie, ses œuvres, sa morale (Paris/Montreal) 1961.
  14. ^ Encyclopedia Britannic
  15. ^ Hödl
  16. ^ In a surviving letter, Ep. 410, Opera omnia viii.391, noted by Hödl
  17. ^ Hödl.
  18. ^ In his polemic Contra quatuor labyrinthos Franciae II.4.
  19. ^ His successor, Maurice de Sully, was bishop by the end of 1160.
  20. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Peter Lombard" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  21. ^ Joseph Rickaby (1908). Scholasticism. A. Constable. p. 23.
  22. ^ This is a central point of Delhaye 1961, who sees Abelard, rather than Peter, as the founder of scholasticism.
  23. ISBN 978-90-04-11861-4
    .
  24. ProQuest 1300086562
    .
  25. ISBN 978-88-7652-757-9
    .

Further reading

External links

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