Saraiki alphabet

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Saraiki alphabet
ے
Extended Perso-Arabic script

There are three writing systems for Saraiki:

Multani script

Landa scripts
whose usage was extended beyond the mercantile domain and formalized for literary activity and printing; the others being Gurmukhi (Punjabi), Khojki (Marwari) and Khudawadi (Sindhi). Although Multani is now obsolete, it is a historical script in which written and printed records exist.

Traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as Langdi, although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted by Anshuman Pandey, on 26-04-2011.[1] Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005.[2]

Perso-Arabic script

The most common Saraiki writing system today is the

Shahmukhi alphabet. Saraiki has a 43-letter alphabet including, which includes four letters not used in the related Punjabi and Hindko languages.[3] Another difference the Saraiki alphabet has with Shahmukhi is the disuse of the already uncommon Lam with tah above which is present in standard Shahmukhi
.

Alphabet Table

Saraiki Perso-Arabic alphabet
Letter Name of Letter Transcription IPA
ا alif ā, a, e, ē, o, i, u /a/, /ə/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/
ب be b /b/
ٻ ɓe ɓ/bb /ɓ/
پ pe p /p/
ت te t /t/
ٹ ṭe ṭ /ʈ/
ث se (s) /s/
ج jīm j /d͡ʒ/
ڄ ʄe ʄ/jj /ʄ/
چ ce c /t͡ʃ/
ح baṛī he (h) /ɦ/
خ xe x /x/
د dāl d /d/
ڈ ḍāl ḍ /ɖ/
ݙ ɗāl ɗ/dd /ᶑ/
ذ zāl (z) /z/
ر re r /r/
ڑ ṛe ṛ /ɽ/
ز ze z /z/
ژ že ž/(š) /ʃ/
س sīn s /s/
ش šīn š /ʃ/
ص svād (s) /s/
ض zvād (z) /z/
ط to'e (t) /t/
ظ zo'e (z) /z/
ع ‘ain (‘/'), (a), (e), (ē), (o), (i), (u) /∅/, /ə/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/
غ ǧain ǧ /ɣ/
ف fe f /f/
ق qāf q /q/
ک kāf k /k/
گ gāf g /g/
ڳ ɠāf ɠ/gg /ɠ/
ل lām l /l/
م mīm m /m/
ن nūn n /n/
ں nūn ǧunnā _̃ /◌̃/
ݨ ṇūn ṇ /ɳ/
و vāv v /v/
ہ coṭī he h /ɦ/
ھ do cašmī he _h /◌ʰ/, /◌ʱ/
ی coṭī ye y, ī /j/, /i/
ے baṛī ye e, ē /e/, /ɛ/

Notes

Saraiki has 4 additional glyphs that are not present in its parent alphabet of Shahmukhi. ٻ represents the Voiced bilabial implosive, ڄ represents the Voiced palatal implosive, ڳ represents the Voiced velar implosive, and ݙ represents the Voiced retroflex implosive. 3 out of the 4 implosive consonants (ٻ,ڄ,ڳ) are shared with the Sindhi alphabet, and ݙ was proposed in 2002[4] to differentiate from ڏ of Sindhi.

Saraiki also lacks the phoneme /ʒ/, and therefore, employs other phonemes such as /ʃ/ to represent the letter ژ. Due to this, ژ is only used in loanwords.

Diacritics

  • (ئ ؤ and stand alone ء) hamza: indicates a glottal stop.
  • ḥarakāt (In Arabic: حركات also called تشكيل tashkīl):
    • (ــَـ) fatḥa (a)
    • (ــِـ) kasra (i)
    • (ــُـ) ḍamma (u)
    • (ــْـ) sukūn (no vowel)
  • (ــٰـ) superscript alif (also "short" or "dagger alif": A replacement for an original alif that is dropped in the writing out of some rare words, e.g. لاكن is not written out with the original alif found in the word pronunciation, instead it is written out as لٰكن.
  • (ــّـ)
    shadda
    : Gemination (doubling) of consonants.
  • (--ٖ--) Arabic subscript alef (U+0656), KhaRRi Zeer
  • (___ٗ__) Inverted Zamma , Ulti Pesh , Such as in : کٗرتا، مٗردا
  • (___٘__) Ghunna, over the noon
  • Tanween
ـٌ  ـٍ  ـً
    • (__ً_) ݙو زبر
    • (ٍ--) ݙو زیر
    • (____) ݙو پیش

Numerals

Saraiki uses the Eastern Arabic numerals:

Hindu–Arabic
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Saraiki ۰ ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹

Romanization

The romanization is often termed "transliteration" but that is not strictly correct, as

Arabic
: مناظرة الحروف العربية is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an example of transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ.

For Saraiki, all letters and symbols are used in Saraiki in Latin script.[5]

Modern Indic scripts

The

Saraikistan. Though not used in present-day Pakistan, there are still emigrant speakers in India who know the Devanagari or Gurmukhi scripts for Saraiki.[6]

Devanagari has support for all the 4 Saraiki implosive consonants: ॻ (ڳ), ॼ (ڄ), ॾ (ݙ) and ॿ (ٻ), which were actually introduced to write Sindhi. In Gurmukhi, these are approximated by gemination ligatures.

References

  1. ^ "Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Unicode 4.1.0 (March 2005)". www.fileformat.info.
  3. OCLC 1062344143
    .
  4. ^ "Proposal for extensions to the Arabic block" (PDF).
  5. ^ قادر, پرویز (20 November 2015). "سرائیکی ساݙی قومی زبان ہے : Latin Saraiki".
  6. ^ "Multani poets relive memories of struggle". Indian Express. Retrieved 2007-12-08.

External links

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