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Pottery predating the mid-2nd millennium has been found at [[Asa Koma]], an inland lake area on the Gobaad Plain. The site's ware is characterized by punctate and incision geometric designs, which bear a similarity to the Sabir culture phase 1 ceramics from Ma'layba in [[Southern Arabia]].<ref name="Ohvah">{{cite book|last1=Walter Raunig|first1=Steffen Wenig|title=Afrikas Horn|date=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447051752|page=439|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> Long-horned humpless cattle bones have likewise been discovered at Asa Koma, suggesting that domesticated cattle were present by around 3,500 years ago.<ref name="Connah">{{cite book|last1=Connah|first1=Graham|title=Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134403038|page=46|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ggD1wdQxBOcC|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> Rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at [[Dorra]] and [[Balho]].<ref name="Amvjaa">{{cite book|last1=Universität Frankfurt am Main|title=Journal of African Archaeology, Volumes 1–2|date=2003|publisher=Africa Manga Verlag|page=230|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ExwkAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> [[Handoga]], dated to the fourth millennium BP, has in turn yielded obsidian microliths and plain ceramics used by early nomadic pastoralists with domesticated cattle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finneran|first1=Niall|title=The Archaeology of Ethiopia|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=1136755527|isbn=1136755527|page=86|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>
Pottery predating the mid-2nd millennium has been found at [[Asa Koma]], an inland lake area on the Gobaad Plain. The site's ware is characterized by punctate and incision geometric designs, which bear a similarity to the Sabir culture phase 1 ceramics from Ma'layba in [[Southern Arabia]].<ref name="Ohvah">{{cite book|last1=Walter Raunig|first1=Steffen Wenig|title=Afrikas Horn|date=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447051752|page=439|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> Long-horned humpless cattle bones have likewise been discovered at Asa Koma, suggesting that domesticated cattle were present by around 3,500 years ago.<ref name="Connah">{{cite book|last1=Connah|first1=Graham|title=Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134403038|page=46|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ggD1wdQxBOcC|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> Rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at [[Dorra]] and [[Balho]].<ref name="Amvjaa">{{cite book|last1=Universität Frankfurt am Main|title=Journal of African Archaeology, Volumes 1–2|date=2003|publisher=Africa Manga Verlag|page=230|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ExwkAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> [[Handoga]], dated to the fourth millennium BP, has in turn yielded obsidian microliths and plain ceramics used by early nomadic pastoralists with domesticated cattle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finneran|first1=Niall|title=The Archaeology of Ethiopia|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=1136755527|isbn=1136755527|page=86|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>


Additionally, between Djibouti City and Loyada are a number of [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] and phallic [[Stele|stelae]]. The structures are associated with graves of rectangular shape that are flanked by vertical slabs, as also found in central [[Ethiopia]]. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.<ref name="Fattovich">{{cite journal|last1=Fattovich|first1=Rodolfo|title=Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae|journal=Annales d'Éthiopie|year=1987|volume=14|issue=14|pages=43–69|url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931/article_ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931.pdf|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref>
Additionally, between Djibouti City and Loyada are a number of [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] and phallic [[Stele|stelae]]. The structures are associated with graves of rectangular shape that are flanked by vertical slabs, as also found in central [[Ethiopia]]. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.<ref name="Fattovich">{{cite journal|last1=Fattovich|first1=Rodolfo|title=Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae|journal=Annales d'Éthiopie|year=1987|volume=14|issue=14|pages=43–69|url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931/article_ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931.pdf|accessdate=7 September 2014}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


===Punt===
===Punt===
Line 103: Line 103:
{{main article|Egypt Eyalet}}
{{main article|Egypt Eyalet}}
[[File:OttomanEmpire1566.png|thumb|The [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Eyalet]] in 1566.]]
[[File:OttomanEmpire1566.png|thumb|The [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Eyalet]] in 1566.]]
Governor Abou Baker ordered the Egyptian garrison at [[Sagallo]] to retire to [[Zeila]]. The cruiser Seignelay reached Sagallo shortly after the Egyptians had departed. French troops occupied the fort despite protests from the British Agent in [[Aden]], Major Frederick Mercer Hunter, who dispatched troops to safeguard British and Egyptian interests in [[Zeila]] and prevent further extension of French influence in that direction.<ref name="awdalpress.com">[http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528] FRENCH SOMALI COAST Timeline</ref>
Governor Abou Baker ordered the Egyptian garrison at [[Sagallo]] to retire to [[Zeila]]. The cruiser Seignelay reached Sagallo shortly after the Egyptians had departed. French troops occupied the fort despite protests from the British Agent in [[Aden]], Major Frederick Mercer Hunter, who dispatched troops to safeguard British and Egyptian interests in [[Zeila]] and prevent further extension of French influence in that direction.<ref name="awdalpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609002748/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |archivedate=9 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }} FRENCH SOMALI COAST Timeline</ref>


On 14 April 1884 the Commander of the patrol sloop L'Inferent reported on the Egyptian occupation in the Gulf of Tadjoura. The Commander of the patrol sloop Le Vaudreuil reported that the Egyptians were occupying the interior between [[Obock]] and [[Tadjoura]]. Emperor [[Yohannes IV]] of Ethiopia signed an accord with Great Britain to cease fighting the Egyptians and to allow the evacuation of Egyptian forces from [[Ethiopia]] and the Somalia littoral. The Egyptian garrison was withdrawn from [[Tadjoura]]. Léonce Lagarde deployed a patrol sloop to [[Tadjoura]] the following night.
On 14 April 1884 the Commander of the patrol sloop L'Inferent reported on the Egyptian occupation in the Gulf of Tadjoura. The Commander of the patrol sloop Le Vaudreuil reported that the Egyptians were occupying the interior between [[Obock]] and [[Tadjoura]]. Emperor [[Yohannes IV]] of Ethiopia signed an accord with Great Britain to cease fighting the Egyptians and to allow the evacuation of Egyptian forces from [[Ethiopia]] and the Somalia littoral. The Egyptian garrison was withdrawn from [[Tadjoura]]. Léonce Lagarde deployed a patrol sloop to [[Tadjoura]] the following night.

Revision as of 11:34, 17 November 2017

This article is about the country in the Horn of Africa. For its capital city, see
Djibouti (city). For other uses, see Djibouti (disambiguation)
.

11°30′N 43°00′E / 11.500°N 43.000°E / 11.500; 43.000

Republic of Djibouti
  • République de Djibouti (
    Arabic)
  • Gabuutih Ummuuno (Afar)
  • Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti (Somali
)
Motto: اتحاد، مساواة، سلام (
Prime Minister
Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
LegislatureNational Assembly
Independence
• from France
27 June 1977[1]
+253
ISO 3166 codeDJ
Internet TLD.dj

Djibouti (

Arabic: جيبوتي Jībūtī, French: Djibouti, [Jabuuti] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), Afar: Gabuuti), officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti occupies a total area of just 23,200 km2 (8,958 sq mi).[1]

In antiquity, the territory was part of the

capital city. Djibouti joined the United Nations the same year, on 20 September 1977.[10][11] In the early 1990s, tensions over government representation led to armed conflict, which ended in a power-sharing agreement in 2000 between the ruling party and the opposition.[1]

Djibouti is a multi-ethnic nation with a population of over 1,105,557 inhabitants.

Arabic and French are the country's two official languages. About 94% of residents adhere to Islam,[1] which is the official religion and has been predominant in the region for more than a thousand years. The Somali Issa and Afar make up the two largest ethnic groups. Both speak Afroasiatic languages, which serve as recognized national languages.[1]

Djibouti is strategically located near some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, controlling access to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. It serves as a key refuelling and transshipment center, and is the principal maritime port for imports from and exports to neighboring Ethiopia. A burgeoning commercial hub, the nation is the site of various foreign military bases, including Camp Lemonnier. The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) regional body also has its headquarters in Djibouti City.[1]

History

Main article: History of Djibouti

Prehistory

Geometric design pottery found in Asa Koma.

The Djibouti area has been inhabited since at least the

Nile Valley,[12] or the Near East.[13] Other scholars propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in situ in the Horn, with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there.[14]

Prehistoric rock art and tombs in Djibouti.

Pottery predating the mid-2nd millennium has been found at

Southern Arabia.[15] Long-horned humpless cattle bones have likewise been discovered at Asa Koma, suggesting that domesticated cattle were present by around 3,500 years ago.[16] Rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at Dorra and Balho.[17] Handoga, dated to the fourth millennium BP, has in turn yielded obsidian microliths and plain ceramics used by early nomadic pastoralists with domesticated cattle.[18]

Additionally, between Djibouti City and Loyada are a number of anthropomorphic and phallic stelae. The structures are associated with graves of rectangular shape that are flanked by vertical slabs, as also found in central Ethiopia. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.[19]

Punt

Main article: Land of Punt
Deir el-Bahri
.

Together with northern Somalia, Eritrea and the Red Sea coast of Sudan, Djibouti is considered the most likely location of the territory known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt (or Ta Netjeru, meaning "God's Land"). The first mention of the Land of Punt dates to the 25th century BC.[20] The Puntites were a nation of people who had close relations with Ancient Egypt during the reign of the 5th dynasty Pharaoh Sahure and the 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut.[21] According to the temple murals at Deir el-Bahari, the Land of Punt was ruled at that time by King Parahu and Queen Ati.[22]

Ifat Sultanate (1285–1415)

Main article:
Ifat Sultanate
Ifat Sultanate
's realm in the 14th century.

Through close contacts with the adjacent

Sultanate of Shewa in 1285. Taddesse Tamrat explains Sultan Umar's military expedition as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories in the Horn, in much the same way as Emperor Yekuno Amlak was attempting to unite the Christian territories in the highlands during the same period. These two states inevitably came into conflict over Shewa and territories further south. A lengthy war ensued, but the Muslim sultanates of the time were not strongly unified. Ifat was finally defeated by Emperor Amda Seyon I
of Ethiopia in 1332, and withdrew from Shewa.

Adal Sultanate (1415–1577)

Main article: Adal Sultanate
Yagbea-Sion
and his men.

Benadir region to the south. Adal's history from this founding period forth would be characterized by a succession of battles with neighbouring Abyssinia.[28]
At its height, the Adal kingdom controlled large parts of modern-day Djibouti, Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia.

Ottoman Eyalet (1577–1867)

Main article:
Egypt Eyalet
Ottoman Eyalet
in 1566.

Governor Abou Baker ordered the Egyptian garrison at Sagallo to retire to Zeila. The cruiser Seignelay reached Sagallo shortly after the Egyptians had departed. French troops occupied the fort despite protests from the British Agent in Aden, Major Frederick Mercer Hunter, who dispatched troops to safeguard British and Egyptian interests in Zeila and prevent further extension of French influence in that direction.[29]

On 14 April 1884 the Commander of the patrol sloop L'Inferent reported on the Egyptian occupation in the Gulf of Tadjoura. The Commander of the patrol sloop Le Vaudreuil reported that the Egyptians were occupying the interior between Obock and Tadjoura. Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia signed an accord with Great Britain to cease fighting the Egyptians and to allow the evacuation of Egyptian forces from Ethiopia and the Somalia littoral. The Egyptian garrison was withdrawn from Tadjoura. Léonce Lagarde deployed a patrol sloop to Tadjoura the following night.

French Somaliland (1894–1977)

Main article: French Somaliland
Main article: French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
French Somaliland in 1922.

From 1862 until 1894, the land to the north of the

city of Djibouti and named the region French Somaliland. It lasted from 1896 until 1967, when it was renamed the Territoire Français des Afars et des Issas (TFAI) ("French Territory of the Afars and the Issas").[30]

In 1958, on the eve of neighboring Somalia's independence in 1960, a

vote rigging.[32] The majority of those who had voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later.[31]

Djibouti City
, the capital of Djibouti.

In 1967, a

Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis also clashed with the Gendarmerie National Intervention Group over a bus hijacking en route to Loyada.[34] Shortly after the plebiscite was held, the former Côte française des Somalis (French Somaliland) was renamed to Territoire français des Afars et des Issas.[35]

Djibouti Republic

In 1977, a

third referendum took place. A landslide 98.8% of the electorate supported disengagement from France, officially marking Djibouti's independence.[36][37] Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali politician who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as the nation's first president (1977–1999).[31]

During its first year, Djibouti joined the

Organization of African Unity (now the African Union), the Arab League and United Nations. In 1986, the nascent republic was also among the founding members of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development
regional development organization.

In the early 1990s, tensions over government representation led to armed conflict between Djibouti's ruling People's Rally for Progress (PRP) party and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) opposition group. The impasse ended in a power-sharing agreement in 2000.[1]

Politics

Further information: Politics of Djibouti
See also: Elections in Djibouti and List of Djiboutian politicians

Djibouti is a

legislative power in both the government and the National Assembly
.

Governance

President of Djibouti, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh.

The

Prime Minister, currently Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
. The Council of Ministers (cabinet) is responsible to and presided over by the President.

The judicial system consists of courts of first instance, a High Court of Appeal, and a Supreme Court. The

legal system is a blend of French civil law and customary law (Xeer) of the Somali and Afar peoples.[38][39]

The National Assembly (formerly the Chamber of Deputies) is the country's legislature,

unicameral, the Constitution provides for the creation of a Senate.[38][39]

Dileita Mohamed Dileita, Djibouti's longest-serving Prime Minister.

The

Union for a Presidential Majority, which currently holds a supermajority of seats). Opposition parties are allowed (limited) freedom, but the main opposition party, the Union for National Salvation, boycotted the 2005 and 2008 elections, citing government control of the media and repression of the opposition candidates.[40]

The government is dominated by the Somali

the presidential elections of 1999
, the FRUD has campaigned in support of the RPP.

Djibouti's current president, Guelleh, succeeded

re-elected to a third term later that year, with 80.63% of the vote in a 75% turnout.[42][43] Although opposition groups boycotted the ballot over changes to the constitution permitting Guelleh to run again for office,[43] international observers from the African Union generally described the election as free and fair.[44][45]

On 31 March 2013, Guelleh replaced long-serving Prime Minister

Dilleita Mohamed Dilleita with former president of the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP) Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed.[46] In December 2014, the ruling Union for the Presidential Majority also signed a framework agreement with the Union of National Salvation coalition, which paves the way for opposition legislators to enter parliament and for reformation of the national electoral agency.[47]

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Djibouti
The Djibouti National Assembly in Djibouti City.

Foreign relations of Djibouti are managed by the Djiboutian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Djibouti maintains close ties with the governments of Somalia, Ethiopia, France and the United States. Relations with Eritrea are tense due to territorial claims over the Ras Doumeira peninsula. Since the 2000s, the Djiboutian authorities have strengthened ties with China. Djibouti is likewise an active participant in Arab League and African Union affairs.

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Djibouti

In its 2011 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House ranked Djibouti as "Not Free", a downgrading from its former status as "Partly Free".

There are occasional reports of police beating prisoners. Reporters Without Borders claims that Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh died from injuries sustained under torture by Sergeant Major Abdourahman Omar Said from 23–27 April 2011. Conditions in the jails are considered worse, with no formal system of care.

Security forces frequently make illegal arrests.

arbitrary arrests.[49] He was later released on health grounds but the charges remain.[50]

Military

Main article: Djibouti Armed Forces
Maryama base during a martial exercise in the Arta Region.

The

spent over US$36 million annually on its military as of 2011 (141st in the SIPRI
database). After independence, Djibouti had two regiments commanded by French officers. In the early 2000s, it looked outward for a model of army organization that would best advance defensive capabilities by restructuring forces into smaller, more mobile units instead of traditional divisions.

The first war which involved the Djiboutian Armed Forces was the Djiboutian Civil War between the Djiboutian government, supported by France, and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). The war lasted from 1991 to 2001, although most of the hostilities ended when the moderate factions of FRUD signed a peace treaty with the government after suffering an extensive military setback when the government forces captured most of the rebel-held territory. A radical group continued to fight the government, but signed its own peace treaty in 2001. The war ended in a government victory, and FRUD became a political party.

As the headquarters of the IGAD regional body, Djibouti has been an active participant in the Somalian peace process, hosting the Arta conference in 2000.[51] Following the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in 2012,[52] a Djibouti delegation also attended the inauguration ceremony of Somalia's new president.[53]

In 2001, the Djiboutian government leased the former French military base

Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA). In 2009, Central Command transitioned responsibilities in Africa to AFRICOM. The base has been considerably expanded, with drone flying part of the operation, and in 2014 a lease running at least 20 years was signed for its use.[54] France's 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion is based in Djibouti, but not in Djibouti City. Djibouti hosts France's largest military presence abroad, Japan's only foreign base, while China is building its first overseas base ever in the country.[55]

In recent years, Djibouti has improved its training techniques, military command and information structures and has taken steps to becoming more self-reliant in supplying its military to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it. Now deployed to Somalia and Sudan.[56]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Districts of Djibouti
A map of Djibouti's regions.

Djibouti is partitioned into six administrative regions, with

Djibouti city representing one of the official regions. It is further subdivided into twenty districts
.

Djibouti Regions
Region Area (km2) Population (2010) Capital
Ali Sabieh Region,

(Région d'Ali Sabieh)

2,200 71,640 Ali Sabieh
Arta Region,

(Région d'Arta)

1,800 40,163 Arta
Dikhil Region,

(Région de Dikhil)

7,200 83,409 Dikhil
Djibouti Region
,

(Ville de Djibouti)

200 529,900 (2015 est.) Djibouti City
Obock Region,
(Région d'Obock) 		4,700 36,083 Obock
Tadjourah Region,

(Région de Tadjourah)

7,100 84,041 Tadjoura

Geography

Main article: Geography of Djibouti

Location and habitat

Satellite images of Djibouti during the day (left) and night (right)

Djibouti is situated in the Horn of Africa on the Gulf of Aden and the Bab-el-Mandeb, at the southern entrance to the Red Sea. It lies between latitudes 10° and 13°N and longitudes 41° and 44°E, within the Arabian Plate.

The country's coastline stretches 314 kilometres (195 miles), with terrain consisting mainly of plateaux, plains and highlands. Djibouti has a total area of 23,200 square kilometres (9,000 sq mi).

country on the Arabian Plate.[57]

The Lake Assal area

Djibouti has eight mountain ranges with peaks of over 1,000 metres (3,300 feet).[58] The Mousa Ali range is considered the country's highest mountain range, with the tallest peak on the border with Ethiopia and Eritrea. It has an elevation of 2,028 metres (6,654 feet).[58] The Grand Bara desert covers parts of southern Djibouti in the Arta, Ali Sabieh and Dikhil regions. The majority of it sits at a relatively low elevation, below 1,700 feet (520 metres).

Extreme geographic points include: to the north, Ras Doumera and the point at which the border with Eritrea enters the Red Sea in the Obock Region; to the east, a section of the Red Sea coast north of Ras Bir; to the south, a location on the border with Ethiopia west of the town of

As Ela; and to the west, a location on the frontier with Ethiopia immediately east of the Ethiopian town of Afambo
.

Most of Djibouti is part of the

Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion. The exception is an eastern strip located along the Red Sea coast, which is part of the Eritrean coastal desert.[59]

Climate

Arid climate

Djibouti's

Djibouti city, for instance, average afternoon highs range from 28 to 34 °C (82 to 93 °F) in April. Nationally, mean daily minimums usually vary from 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F).[60]

An arid road in Obock.

The greatest range in climate occurs in eastern Djibouti, where temperatures sometimes surpass 41 °C (106 °F) in July on the littoral plains and the freezing point during December in the highlands.[60] In this region, relative humidity ranges from about 40% in the mid-afternoon to 85% at night, changing somewhat according to the season.

Djibouti's climate ranges from arid in the northeastern coastal regions to

semiarid
in the central, northern, western and southern parts of the country. On the eastern seaboard, annual rainfall is less than 5 inches (131 mm); in the central highlands, precipitation is about 8 to 11 inches (200 to 300 mm). The hinterland is significantly less humid than the coastal regions. The coast has the mildest climates in Djibouti. The 2015 Djibouti climate change bill has set a goal for the country to generate 100% of its energy from clean renewable energy sources by 2020.[61]

Average daily temperatures for the ten cities in Djibouti
Location July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Djibouti City 41/31 107/88 28/21 83/70
Ali Sabieh 37/25 99/77 26/16 79/61
Tadjoura 41/31 107/88 29/22 84/72
Dikhil 38/26 101/80 29/19 84/66
Obock 41/30 105/87 28/22 84/72
Arta 37/26 99/79 24/15 76/60
Randa 34/23 94/73 23/13 74/56
Holhol 38/27 101/81 27/17 80/62
Ali Adde 38/26 100/79 27/17 80/62
Airolaf 31/19 88/67 22/10 71/51

Wildlife

Main article: Wildlife of Djibouti
The blue-naped mousebird (Urocolius macrourus), a common bird species in Djibouti.

The country's flora and fauna live in a harsh landscape with forest accounting for less than one percent of the total area of the country.[62] Wildlife is spread over three main regions, namely from the northern mountain region of the country to the volcanic plateaux in its southern and central part and culminating in the coastal region.

Plant species on the Mabla Mountains.

Most species of wildlife are found in the northern part of the country, in the ecosystem of the

colubrine
snake). It also contains many species of woody and herbaceous plants, including boxwood and olive trees, which account for 60% of the total identified species in the country.

According to the country profile related to biodiversity of wildlife in Djibouti, the nation contains more than 820 species of plants, 493 species of invertebrates, 455 species of fish, 40 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, 360 species of birds and 66 species of mammals.[62] Wildlife of Djibouti is also listed as part of Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspot and the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden coral reef hotspot.[63] Mammals include several species of antelope, such as Soemmerring's gazelle and Pelzeln's gazelle. As a result of the hunting ban imposed since early 1970 these species are well conserved now. Other characteristic mammals are

Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii
is thought to be extinct in Djibouti.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Djibouti
Djibouti GDP by sector

Djibouti's economy is largely concentrated in the service sector. Commercial activities revolve around the country's free trade policies and strategic location as a Red Sea transit point. Due to limited rainfall, vegetables and fruits are the principal production crops, and other food items require importation. The GDP (purchasing power parity) in 2013 was estimated at $2.505 billion, with a real growth rate of 5% annually. Per capita income is around $2,874 (PPP). The services sector constituted around 79.7% of the GDP, followed by industry at 17.3%, and agriculture at 3%.[1]

As of 2013, the container terminal at the Port of Djibouti handles the bulk of the nation's trade. About 70% of the seaport's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.[1] In 2012, the Djiboutian government in collaboration with DP World started construction of the Doraleh Container Terminal,[66] a third major seaport intended to further develop the national transit capacity.[1] A$396 million project, it has the capacity to accommodate 1.5 million twenty foot container units annually.[66]

Djibouti was ranked the 177th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.[67] To improve the environment for direct foreign investment, the Djibouti authorities in conjunction with various non-profit organizations have launched a number of development projects aimed at highlighting the country's commercial potential. The government has also introduced new private sector policies targeting high interest and inflation rates, including relaxing the tax burden on enterprises and allowing exemptions on consumption tax.[66]

A proportional representation of Djibouti's exports.

Additionally, efforts have been made to lower the estimated 60% urban unemployment rate by creating more job opportunities through investment in diversified sectors. Funds have especially gone toward building telecommunications infrastructure and increasing disposable income by supporting small businesses. Owing to its growth potential, the fishing and agro-processing sector, which represents around 15% of GDP, has also enjoyed rising investment since 2008.[66]

To expand the modest industrial sector, a 56 megawatt geothermal power plant slated to be completed by 2018 is being constructed with the help of

Global Environmental Facility. The facility is expected to solve the recurring electricity shortages, decrease the nation's reliance on Ethiopia for energy, reduce costly oil imports for diesel-generated electricity, and thereby buttress the GDP and lower debt.[66]

The Djibouti firm Salt Investment (SIS) began a large-scale operation to industrialize the plentiful salt in Djibouti's Lake Assal region. Operating at an annual capacity of 4 million tons, the desalination project has lifted export revenues, created more job opportunities, and provided more fresh water for the area's residents.[1][66] In 2012, the Djibouti government also enlisted the services of the China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd for the construction of an ore terminal. Worth $64 million, the project is scheduled to be completed within two years[when?] and will enable Djibouti to export a further 5,000 tons of salt per year to markets in Southeast Asia.[68]

Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341 million in 1985 to US$1.5 billion in 2015.

Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341 million in 1985 to US$1.5 billion in 2015. The

monetary authority. Since the Djiboutian franc is pegged to the U.S. dollar, it is generally stable and inflation is not a problem. This has contributed to the growing interest in investment in the country.[66][69][70]

As of 2010[update], 10 conventional and Islamic banks operate in Djibouti. Most arrived within the past few years, including the Somali money transfer company Dahabshiil and BDCD, a subsidiary of Swiss Financial Investments. The banking system had previously been monopolized by two institutions: the Indo-Suez Bank and the Commercial and Industrial Bank (BCIMR).[69] To assure a robust credit and deposit sector, the government requires commercial banks to maintain 30% of shares in the financial institution;[clarification needed] a minimum of 300 million Djiboutian francs in up-front capital is mandatory for international banks. Lending has likewise been encouraged by the creation of a guarantee fund, which allows banks to issue loans to eligible small- and medium-sized businesses without first requiring a large deposit or other collateral.[66]

Saudi investors are also reportedly exploring the possibility of linking the

Bridge of the Horns. The investor Tarek bin Laden has been linked to the project. However, it was announced in June 2010 that Phase I of the project had been delayed.[72]

Transport in Djibouti

Main article: Transport in Djibouti
Main Terminal at Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport.

The country's only international airport in Djibouti City serves many intercontinental routes with scheduled and chartered flights. Air Djibouti is the flag carrier of Djibouti and is the country's largest airline.

The

Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway
started operation in September 2016. On 10 January 2017 the entire line was declared fully completed and a ceremony was held in Nagad railway station to inaugurate the Djibouti section. Railway services are provided by Djibouti Rail, which operates all commuter and freight railway services in the country.

Djibouti's improved natural harbor consists of a roadstead, outer harbor, and inner harbor. The roadstead is well protected by reefs and the configuration of the land. A quarter of Ethiopia's imports and half of its exports move through the ports. Car ferries pass the Gulf of Tadjoura from Djibouti City to Tadjoura.

The Djiboutian highway system is named according to the road classification. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Djibouti.

Media and telecommunications

Main articles: Media of Djibouti and Telecommunications in Djibouti
The Djibouti Telecom headquarters in Djibouti City.

Telecommunications in Djibouti fall under the authority of the Ministry of Communication.[73]

Arabsat. Medarabtel is the regional microwave radio relay telephone network.[1]

Radio Television of Djibouti is the state-owned national broadcaster. It operates the sole terrestrial TV station, as well as the two domestic radio networks on AM 1, FM 2, and shortwave 0. Licensing and operation of broadcast media is regulated by the government.[1] Movie theaters include the Odeon Cinema in the capital.[74]

As of 2012, there were 215 local internet service providers. Internet users comprised around 99,000 individuals (2015). The internet country top-level domain is .dj.[1]

Tourism in Djibouti

Main article: Tourism in Djibouti
Arta Plage on the Gulf of Tadjoura.

Tourism in Djibouti is one of the growing economic sectors of the country and is an industry that generates 53,000 and 63,000 arrivals per year, with its favorable beaches and climate and also include islands and beaches in the

Bab al-Mandab.[75] The majority of tourists come to Djibouti from Europe. Other visitors come from North America and Asia.[76]
In 1995, there were 21,000 visitors but in 2013 there were 63,000.

Energy in Djibouti

According to an August 2003 Energy Information Administration (EIA) analysis brief, Djibouti has an installed electrical power generating capacity of 85 MW, which is generated from an oil-fired generating station in the capital. In 2002 electrical power output was put at 232 GWh, with consumption at 216 GWh. At 2015, per capita annual electricity consumption is about 330 kilowatt-hours (kWh), moreover, about 55% of the population does not have access to electricity, and the level of unmet demand in the country's power sector is significant. Increased hydropower imports from Ethiopia, which currently satisfy 30% of Djibouti demand, will play a significant role in boosting the country's renewable energy supply. The geothermal potential is generated particular interest by Japan, with 13 potential sites, they have already started the construction on one site near Lake Assal. The construction of the Photovoltaic power station (solar farms) in Grand Bara will generated 50 MW capacity.

Demographics

Main articles:
Djiboutian

Djibouti has a population of about 1,105,557 inhabitants.

Arabs, Ethiopians and Europeans (French and Italians). Approximately 76% of local residents are urban dwellers; the remainder are pastoralists.[1] Djibouti also hosts a number of immigrants and refugees from neighboring states, with Djibouti City nicknamed the "French Hong Kong in the Red Sea" due to its cosmopolitan urbanism.[77]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Djibouti
1960–2012
YearPop.±% p.a.
196083,636—    
1969149,887+6.70%
1977277,750+8.02%
1980359,247+8.95%
1994652,793+4.36%
2000722,887+1.71%
2012859,652+1.45%
Source: World Bank[78]

Djibouti is a

Arabic (Afroasiatic) and French (Indo-European).[79]

Languages of Djibouti

  
Arabic
(3%)
  Other (2%)

Arabic is of social, cultural and religious importance. In formal settings, it consists of

Hindi (600 speakers).[79]

Religion

Main articles: Islam in Djibouti and Christianity in Djibouti

Djibouti's population is predominantly

Muslim. Islam is observed by around 94% of the nation's population (approximately 740,000 as of 2012), whereas the remaining 6% of residents are Christian adherents.[1]

Religion in Djibouti[1]
religion percent
Islam
 
 94%
Christianity
 
 6%

Islam entered the region very early on, as a group of persecuted Muslims had sought refuge across the

International Religious Freedom Report 2008, while Muslim Djiboutians have the legal right to convert to or marry someone from another faith, converts may encounter negative reactions from their family and clan or from society at large, and they often face pressure to go back to Islam.[81]

The

Catholic population, which it estimates numbered around 7,000 individuals in 2006.[82]

Largest cities

Template:Largest cities of Djibouti

Health

Main article: Health in Djibouti
Entrance to the ISSS Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City.

The life expectancy at birth is around 63.2 for both males and females. Fertility is at 2.35 children per woman.[1] In Djibouti there are about 18 doctors per 100,000 persons.[83]

The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Djibouti is 300. This is compared with 461.6 in 2008 and 606.5 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 95 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality are 37. In Djibouti the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 6 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 93.[84]

About 93.1% of Djibouti's women and girls have undergone female genital mutilation (female circumcision),[85] a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East that has its ultimate origins in Ancient Egypt.[86][87] Although legally proscribed in 1994, the procedure is still widely practiced, as it is deeply ingrained in the local culture.[88] Encouraged and performed by women in the community, circumcision is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault.[88][89]

About 94% of Djibouti's male population have also reportedly undergone male circumcision.[90]

Education

Main article: Education in Djibouti

Education is a priority for the government of Djibouti. As of 2009, it allocates 20.5% of its annual budget to scholastic instruction.[91]

Djiboutian women participating in the Global Pulse educational initiative (2010).

The Djiboutian educational system was initially formulated to cater to a limited pupil base. As such, the schooling framework was largely elitist and drew considerably from the French colonial paradigm, which was ill-suited to local circumstances and needs.[91]

In the late 1990s, the Djiboutian authorities revised the national educational strategy and launched a broad-based consultative process involving administrative officials, teachers, parents, national assembly members and NGOs. The initiative identified areas in need of attention and produced concrete recommendations on how to go about improving them. The government subsequently prepared a comprehensive reform plan aimed at modernizing the educational sector over the 2000–10 period. In August 2000, it passed an official Education Planning Act and drafted a medium-term development plan for the next five years. The fundamental academic system was significantly restructured and made compulsory; it now consists of five years of primary school and four years of middle school. Secondary schools also require a Certificate of Fundamental Education for admission. In addition, the new law introduced secondary-level vocational instruction and established university facilities in the country.[91]

As a result of the Education Planning Act and the medium-term action strategy, substantial progress has been registered throughout the educational sector.[91] In particular, school enrollment, attendance, and retention rates have all steadily increased, with some regional variation. From 2004 to 2005 to 2007–08, net enrollments of girls in primary school rose by 18.6%; for boys, it increased 8.0%. Net enrollments in middle school over the same period rose by 72.4% for girls and 52.2% for boys. At the secondary level, the rate of increase in net enrollments was 49.8% for girls and 56.1% for boys.[92]

The Djiboutian government has especially focused on developing and improving institutional infrastructure and teaching materials, including constructing new classrooms and supplying textbooks. At the post-secondary level, emphasis has also been placed on producing qualified instructors and encouraging out-of-school youngsters to pursue vocational training.[91] As of 2012, the literacy rate in Djibouti was estimated at 70%.[93]

Institutions of higher learning in the country include the University of Djibouti.

Culture

Further information: Culture of Djibouti
Traditional wood-carved jar from Oue'a in the Tadjourah region.

Djiboutian attire reflects the region's hot and arid climate. When not dressed in Western clothing such as jeans and T-shirts, men typically wear the macawiis, which is a traditional sarong-like garment worn around the waist. Many nomadic people wear a loosely wrapped white cotton robe called a tobe that goes down to about the knee, with the end thrown over the shoulder (much like a Roman toga).

Women typically wear the dirac, which is a long, light, diaphanous

Berber tribes of the Maghreb.[94]

A lot of Djibouti's original art is passed on and preserved orally, mainly through song. Many examples of Islamic, Ottoman, and French influences can also be noted in the local buildings, which contain plasterwork, carefully constructed motifs, and calligraphy.

Music

Main article: Music of Djibouti
The oud is a common instrument in traditional Djibouti music.

Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or the Arabian Peninsula, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (midho), songwriters (laxan) and singers (codka or "voice"). Balwo is a Somali musical style centered on love themes that is popular in Djibouti.[95]

Traditional Afar music resembles the folk music of other parts of the Horn of Africa such as Ethiopia; it also contains elements of Arabic music. The history of Djibouti is recorded in the poetry and songs of its nomadic people, and goes back thousands of years to a time when the peoples of Djibouti traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt, India and China. Afar oral literature is also quite musical. It comes in many varieties, including songs for weddings, war, praise and boasting.[96]

Literature

Main article: Literature of Djibouti

Djibouti has a long tradition of poetry. Several well-developed Somali forms of verse include the gabay, jiifto, geeraar, wiglo, buraanbur, beercade, afarey and guuraw. The gabay (epic poem) has the most complex length and meter, often exceeding 100 lines. It is considered the mark of poetic attainment when a young poet is able to compose such verse, and is regarded as the height of poetry. Groups of memorizers and reciters (hafidayaal) traditionally propagated the well-developed art form. Poems revolve around several main themes, including baroorodiiq (elegy), amaan (praise), jacayl (romance), guhaadin (diatribe), digasho (gloating) and guubaabo (guidance). The baroorodiiq is composed to commemorate the death of a prominent poet or figure.[97] The Afar are familiar with the ginnili, a kind of warrior-poet and diviner, and have a rich oral tradition of folk stories. They also have an extensive repertoire of battle songs.[98]

Additionally, Djibouti has a long tradition of Islamic literature. Among the most prominent such historical works is the medieval Futuh Al-Habash by Shihāb al-Dīn, which chronicles the

conquest of Abyssinia during the 16th century.[99]
In recent years, a number of politicians and intellectuals have also penned memoirs or reflections on the country.

Sport

Football is the most popular sport amongst Djiboutians. The country became a member of

African Cup of Nations as well as the FIFA World Cup in the mid-2000s. In November 2007, the Djibouti national football team beat Somalia's national squad 1–0 in the qualification rounds for the 2010 FIFA World Cup
, marking its first ever World Cup-related win.

Cuisine

Main article: Djiboutian cuisine
A plate of sambusas a popular traditional snack.

Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. Halva is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor.[100] After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using incense (cuunsi) or frankincense (lubaan), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad
.

See also

Notes

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References

External links

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