World Polonia Games
World Polonia Games Światowe Igrzyska Polonijne | |
---|---|
Status | Active |
Genre | Multi-sport event |
Frequency | Annual |
Location(s) | Various |
Country | Poland |
Inaugurated | 1934 1986 (winter) | (summer)
Organised by | Association "Polish Community" |
Website | World Polonia Games |
The World Polonia Games (Polish: Światowe Igrzyska Polonijne) are a multi-sport event held annually for the Polish diaspora (Polonia) and Polish minorities living outside of Poland.[1] Held annually and alternating between summer and winter games each year, the games bring together hundreds of participants from multiple countries worldwide, such as Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States.[1]
The first World Polonia Games were held in 1934 in Warsaw, with 381 athletes from 13 countries. Following a four decade break, the games were revived in 1974 in Kraków and have been held more regularly since.[1] Seventeen different host cities throughout Poland have hosted an installation of the event.[2] Today, the games are organized by the Association "Polish Community" and are covered by TVP Polonia.[3]
The XXI Summer World Polonia Games, its most recent installation, were held in August 2023 in Nysa and Wrocław.[4] The most recent winter games, the XV Winter World Polonia Games, were held in February 2022 in Wisła, Silesian Voivodeship.[5]
History
Background and the first games
As early as the turn of the century around 1900, during the period of the
At a "Congress of the Organizing Council of Poles Abroad” in Warsaw in 1933, the "First Polonia Sports Games" (I. Polonijne Igrzyska Sportowe, PIS) were organized for Poles living outside of Poland (including those from the
The modern games
The
In 1990, the association "Polish Community" (Stowarzyszenie "Wspólnota Polska") was founded in Warsaw, which organizes the World Games to this day. The aim of the association is to strengthen ties among Poles living abroad.[1] The association's longtime chairman, the politician Andrzej Stelmachowski, campaigned for a revival of the Games in the 1990s. At the 1991 Summer Games, participants had the opportunity to meet Pope John Paul II, who was present at the event.[1]
Since 1997, the main media patron and co-organizer of the games has been
The games continued throughout the
Sports
Summer Games
In addition to a children's and family tournament, the Summer Games have consisted of:
Source:[10]
Winter Games
In addition to a children's and family tournament, the Winter Games have consisted of:
- Alpine skiing
- Biathlon
- Cross-country skiing
- Ice hockey
- Ice skating
- Nordic walking
- Short track speed skating
- Ski jumping
- Snowboarding
- Speed skating
Source:[1]
Participating nations
The games are open to any Polish person or person of Polish descent who does not permanently live in Poland.[11] Participating nations at the World Polonia Games have included those listed in the table below.[citation needed] Numbers indicate the number of times nations have topped a games medal table.[citation needed]
Participant nations at the World Polonia Games |
---|
Defunct: |
Notable people
Participants
- Andżelika Borys (Belarus: 2011), Polish-Belarusian activist and president of the Union of Poles in Belarus[13]
- Irène Debrunner (Switzerland: 1974), Swiss freestyle swimmer and Olympic athlete[14]
- Stanisława Walasiewicz (United States: 1934, 1977), Polish-American track and field athlete and Olympic champion[15]
- Bożena Wojciekian (Canada: 2011), Polish-Canadian shot putter[13][16]
Attendees
- Bogdan Borusewicz (opened the 2011 Summer Games), Marshal of the Polish Senate[17]
- Anna Gębala-Duraj (torchbearer and guest at the 2006 Winter Games), Polish cross-country skier and Olympic athlete[18]
- Wiesław Gębala (torchbearer and guest at the 2006 Winter Games), Polish cross-country skier and Olympic athlete[18]
- Pope John Paul II (guest at the 1991 Summer Games)[1]
- Grzegorz Lato (guest at the 2011 Summer Games), Polish footballer and president of the Polish Football Association[13]
- Lech Kaczyński (opened the 2010 Winter Games), President of Poland[12]
- Longin Pastusiak (opened the 2004 Winter Games), Speaker of the Polish Senate[12]
- Maciej Płażyński (opened the 2006 Winter Games), Deputy Speaker of the Polish Senate[12]
Additional guests at the 2011 Summer Games opening ceremony in Wrocław included Jacek Bocian, Jan Brzeźny, Piotr Rysiukiewicz, Ryszard Szurkowski, and Urszula Włodarczyk.[17] Numerous Polish Olympians were also present during the 2011 Summer Games, including Halina Aszkiełowicz-Wojno, Włodzimierz Chlebosz, Mariusz Jędra, Mieczysław Łopatka, Ryszard Podlas, and Leszek Swornowski.[13]
List of World Polonia Games
Summer Games
No. | Year | Host | Games dates | Disciplines | Competitors | Nations | Top nation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 1934 | Warsaw | 1–8 Aug | 7 | 381 | 13 | France |
1937 | Warsaw | Postponed and later cancelled | |||||
II | 1974 | Kraków | 17–21 Jul | 11 | 319 | 13 | Czechoslovakia |
III | 1977 | Kraków | 17–20 Jul | 12 | 687 | 15 | Czechoslovakia |
IV | 1981 | Kraków | 15–19 Jul | 11 | 383 | 12 | Czechoslovakia |
V | 1984 | Warsaw | 15–20 Jul | 14 | 495 | 15 | Czechoslovakia |
VI | 1987 | Kraków | 26–31 Jul | 16 | 1300 | 29 | Czechoslovakia |
VII | 1991 | Kraków | 4–12 Aug | 12 | 271 | 14 | Czechoslovakia |
VIII | 1997 | Lublin | 24–31 Aug | 13 | 600 | 24 | Belarus |
IX | 1999 | Lublin | 23–29 Aug | 12 | 350 | 16 | Latvia |
X | 2001 | Sopot | 29 Jul – 6 Aug | 17 | 789 | 21 | Germany |
XI | 2003 | Poznań | 26 Jul – 2 Aug | 16 | 700 | 22 | Belarus |
XII | 2005 | Warsaw | 6–14 Aug | 18 | 1000 | 28 | Belarus |
XIII | 2007 | Słupsk | 28 Jul – 4 Aug | 21 | 1068 | 28 | Germany |
XIV | 2009 | Toruń | 1–9 Aug | 23 | 1101 | 28 | Germany |
XV | 2011 | Wrocław | 29 Jul – 6 Aug | 28 | 1682 | 31 | Germany |
XVI | 2013 | Kielce | 3–10 Aug | 18 | 1000 | 30 | Czech Republic |
XVII | 2015 | Silesia[a] | 2–8 Aug | 20 | 800 | 29 | Belarus |
XVIII | 2017 | Toruń | 29 Jul – 6 Aug | 23 | 1000 | 32 | Czech Republic |
XIX | 2019 | Gdynia | 27 Jul – 4 Aug | 22 | 1268 | 27 | Czech Republic |
XX | 2021 | Pułtusk | 19–24 Sep | 17 | 500 | 27 | Czech Republic |
XXI | 2023 | Nysa-Wrocław | 26 – 31 Aug | 600 | 24 | Czech Republic |
Winter Games
No. | Year | Host | Games dates | Disciplines | Competitors | Nations | Top nation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 1986 | Zakopane | 6 | 200 | 10 | n/a[b] | |
II | 1989 | Zakopane | 8 | 146 | 17 | n/a[b] | |
III | 1992 | Zakopane | 2–7 Feb | n/a[c] | n/a[b] | ||
IV | 2000 | Beskids[d] | 28 Feb – 5 Mar | 4 | 215 | 17 | Czech Republic |
V | 2002 | Beskids[d] | 1–6 Mar | 6 | 550 | 20 | Czech Republic |
VI | 2004 | Beskids[d] | 28 Feb – 3 Mar | 7 | 625 | 23 | Czech Republic |
VII | 2006 | Beskids[d] | 24 Feb – 2 Mar | 7 | 664 | 24 | Czech Republic |
VIII | 2008 | Beskids[d] | 29 Feb – 5 Mar | 7 | 500 | 20 | Canada |
IX | 2010 | Zakopane | 6–14 Mar | 12 | 730 | 25 | Czech Republic |
X | 2012 | Beskids[d] | 25 Feb – 3 Mar | 10 | 600 | 23 | Lithuania |
XI | 2014 | Karkonosze[e] | 23 Feb – 1 Mar | 10 | 600 | 23 | Lithuania |
XII | 2016 | Podkarpackie[f]
|
29 Feb – 4 Mar | 12 | 500 | 16 | Lithuania |
XIII | 2018 | Krynica-Zdrój | 25 Feb – 1 Mar | 9 | 546 | 22 | Czech Republic |
XIV | 2020 | Krynica-Zdrój | 20–23 Dec | 4 | 120 | 10 | n/a[g] |
XV | 2022 | Wisła | 27 Feb – 3 Mar | 10 | 500 | 21 | Czech Republic |
Host cities
Host cities of Winter World Polonia Games |
- Number of occurrences
- Małopolskie – 11 times (5 Summer; 6 Winter)
- Śląskie – 7 times (7 Winter)
- Masowieckie – 4 times (3 Summer; 1 Winter)
- Dolnośląskie – 3 times (2 Summer; 1 Winter)
- Pomorskie – 3 times (3 Summer)
- Kujawsko-Pomorskie– 2 times (2 Summer)
- Lubelskie – 2 times (2 Summer)
- Podkarpackie– 1 time (1 Winter)
- Świętokrzyskie – 1 time (1 Summer)
- Wielkopolskie – 1 time (1 Summer)
Medal tables
Summer Games
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 43 | 62 | 53 | 158 |
2 | Lithuania (LIT) | 43 | 42 | 31 | 116 |
3 | Canada (CAN) | 41 | 34 | 25 | 100 |
4 | Germany (GER) | 41 | 20 | 15 | 76 |
5 | Belarus (BLR) | 34 | 21 | 19 | 74 |
6 | United States (USA) | 26 | 34 | 27 | 87 |
7 | Austria (AUT) | 24 | 28 | 30 | 82 |
8 | Ukraine (UKR) | 21 | 8 | 20 | 49 |
9 | Russia (RUS) | 16 | 17 | 20 | 53 |
10 | Moldova (MLD) | 12 | 9 | 10 | 31 |
11–27 | Remaining | 52 | 43 | 39 | 134 |
Totals (27 entries) | 353 | 318 | 289 | 960 |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Belarus (BLR) | 67 | 39 | 31 | 137 |
2 | Lithuania (LIT) | 48 | 45 | 46 | 139 |
3 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 44 | 53 | 46 | 143 |
4 | Germany (GER) | 34 | 14 | 10 | 58 |
5 | United States (USA) | 24 | 27 | 19 | 70 |
6 | Canada (CAN) | 22 | 23 | 17 | 62 |
7 | Austria (AUT) | 21 | 17 | 13 | 51 |
8 | Moldova (MLD) | 15 | 8 | 6 | 29 |
9 | Spain (ESP) | 9 | 6 | 4 | 19 |
10 | Sweden (SWE) | 7 | 3 | 1 | 11 |
11–28 | Remaining | 24 | 44 | 35 | 103 |
Totals (28 entries) | 315 | 279 | 228 | 822 |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 54 | 53 | 54 | 161 |
2 | Lithuania (LIT) | 52 | 49 | 57 | 158 |
3 | Belarus (BLR) | 38 | 29 | 30 | 97 |
4 | Canada (CAN) | 37 | 25 | 36 | 98 |
5 | Germany (GER) | 16 | 21 | 16 | 53 |
6 | Spain (ESP) | 15 | 18 | 16 | 49 |
7 | United States (USA) | 12 | 8 | 11 | 31 |
8 | Moldova (MLD) | 11 | 5 | 3 | 19 |
9 | Austria (AUT) | 9 | 18 | 15 | 42 |
10 | France (FRA) | 7 | 11 | 16 | 34 |
11–32 | Remaining | 38 | 34 | 42 | 114 |
Totals (32 entries) | 289 | 271 | 296 | 856 |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 74 | 69 | 78 | 221 |
2 | Belarus (BLR) | 43 | 33 | 27 | 103 |
3 | Lithuania (LIT) | 38 | 40 | 42 | 120 |
4 | Canada (CAN) | 28 | 17 | 31 | 76 |
5 | Spain (ESP) | 25 | 30 | 38 | 93 |
6 | Moldova (MLD) | 24 | 12 | 8 | 44 |
7 | United States (USA) | 18 | 12 | 8 | 38 |
8 | France (FRA) | 14 | 16 | 11 | 41 |
9 | Austria (AUT) | 10 | 22 | 24 | 56 |
10 | Germany (GER) | 10 | 18 | 21 | 49 |
11–27 | Remaining | 44 | 58 | 60 | 162 |
Totals (27 entries) | 328 | 327 | 348 | 1003 |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 51 | 65 | 53 | 169 |
2 | Lithuania (LIT) | 37 | 36 | 28 | 101 |
3 | Belgium (BEL) | 31 | 9 | 33 | 73 |
4 | Austria (AUT) | 18 | 9 | 6 | 33 |
5 | Germany (GER) | 9 | 5 | 5 | 19 |
6 | United States (USA) | 5 | 7 | 4 | 16 |
7 | Russia (RUS) | 4 | 6 | 7 | 17 |
8 | Canada (CAN) | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
9 | Armenia (ARM) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
10 | Ukraine (UKR) | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
11–22 | Remaining | 8 | 27 | 26 | 61 |
Totals (22 entries) | 171 | 169 | 171 | 511 |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 57 | 59 | 45 | 161 |
2 | Lithuania (LIT) | 42 | 33 | 42 | 117 |
3 | Austria (AUT) | 29 | 26 | 15 | 70 |
4 | France (FRA) | 14 | 13 | 10 | 37 |
5 | Norway (NOR) | 8 | 19 | 10 | 37 |
6 | United States (USA) | 8 | 6 | 4 | 18 |
7 | Germany (GER) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 23 |
8 | Canada (CAN) | 7 | 4 | 3 | 14 |
9 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 7 | 4 | 2 | 13 |
10 | Great Britain (GBR) | 7 | 1 | 2 | 10 |
11–19 | Remaining | 13 | 9 | 20 | 42 |
Totals (19 entries) | 199 | 182 | 161 | 542 |
Winter Games
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lithuania (LIT) | 42 | 33 | 34 | 109 |
2 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 32 | 26 | 23 | 81 |
3 | Belarus (BLR) | 10 | 15 | 15 | 40 |
4 | Russia (RUS) | 6 | 10 | 6 | 22 |
5 | Canada (CAN) | 5 | 3 | 6 | 14 |
6 | Switzerland (SUI) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
7 | United States (USA) | 4 | 0 | 4 | 8 |
8 | Austria (AUT) | 3 | 7 | 3 | 13 |
9 | Luxembourg (LUX) | 3 | 4 | 1 | 8 |
10 | Norway (NOR) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
11–17 | Remaining | 3 | 15 | 15 | 33 |
Totals (17 entries) | 115 | 117 | 111 | 343 |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 21 | 11 | 17 | 49 |
2 | Lithuania (LIT) | 14 | 18 | 12 | 44 |
3 | Belarus (BLR) | 12 | 11 | 15 | 38 |
4 | Russia (RUS) | 5 | 12 | 9 | 26 |
5 | Germany (GER) | 4 | 0 | 3 | 7 |
6 | United States (USA) | 3 | 9 | 2 | 14 |
7 | Sweden (SWE) | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
8 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
9 | Hungary (HUN) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
10 | Canada (CAN) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
11–17 | Remaining | 2 | 4 | 7 | 13 |
Totals (17 entries) | 69 | 69 | 69 | 207 |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 32 | 27 | 26 | 85 |
2 | Lithuania (LIT) | 22 | 20 | 21 | 63 |
3 | Belarus (BLR) | 7 | 6 | 4 | 17 |
4 | Austria (AUT) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 |
5 | Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
6 | United States (USA) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
7 | Sweden (SWE) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Switzerland (SUI) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
9 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 0 | 5 | 2 | 7 |
10 | Luxembourg (LUX) | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
11–16 | Remaining | 0 | 2 | 7 | 9 |
Totals (16 entries) | 67 | 67 | 67 | 201 |
Medal leaders by year
Summer Games
- 1934: France
- 1974: Czechoslovakia
- 1977: Czechoslovakia
- 1981: Czechoslovakia
- 1984: Czechoslovakia
- 1987: Czechoslovakia
- 1991: Czechoslovakia
- 1997: Belarus
- 1999: Latvia
- 2001: Germany
- 2003: Belarus
- 2005: Belarus
- 2007: Germany
- 2009: Germany
- 2011: Germany
- 2013: Czech Republic
- 2015: Belarus
- 2017: Czech Republic
- 2019: Czech Republic
- 2021: Czech Republic
Winter Games
- 1986: n/a[b]
- 1989: n/a[b]
- 1992: n/a[b]
- 2000: Czech Republic
- 2002: Czech Republic
- 2004: Czech Republic
- 2006: Czech Republic
- 2008: Canada
- 2010: Czech Republic
- 2012: Lithuania
- 2014: Lithuania
- 2016: Lithuania
- 2018: Czech Republic
- 2020: n/a[g]
- 2022: Czech Republic
See also
Notes
- ^ Hosted by the cities of Chorzów, Rybnik, Sosnowiec, and Wodzisław Śląski.
- ^ a b c d e f Team classification was not conducted at the first three installations of the World Polonia Winter Games.
- ^ Source material for the 1992 Games was lost.[12]
- ^ .
- ^ Hosted by the cities of Jelenia Góra, Szklarska Poręba, Sobieszów, and Jablonec nad Jizerou (Czech Republic).
- ^ Hosted by the cities of Ustrzyki Dolne, Sanok, and Przemyśl.
- ^ a b Team classification was not conducted at the XIV Winter Games because of its reduced size due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[20]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Igrzyska Polonijne - Team Canada". www.igrzyskapolonijne.ca. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
- ^ a b c d e f Woltmann-Żebrowska, Małgorzata (2012). "Lekkoatletyka na polonijnych igrzyskach sportowych w Polsce w latach 1934-2011" (PDF). Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Kultura Fizyczna. 11: 83–98.
- ^ a b S.A, Telewizja Polska. "Wystartowały Światowe Igrzyska Polonijne". polonia24.tvp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ a b c "STOWARZYSZENIE WSPÓLNOTA POLSKA POLECA: Zakończenie XXI Światowych Letnich Igrzysk Polonijnych". wspolnotapolska.org.pl (in Polish). Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
- ^ Polska, Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota; EM, STUDIO. "STOWARZYSZENIE WSPÓLNOTA POLSKA POLECA: ZAPRASZAMY NA XV ŚWIATOWE ZIMOWE IGRZYSKA POLONIJNE". pai.media.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-02-05.
- ^ Kamińska, Katarzyna (2021-01-11). "Światowe Igrzyska Polonijne: święto sportu ponad granicami". POLSKA360.org (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ "Zaproszenie na X Światowe Zimowe Igrzyska Polonijne". Polishnews.com (in Polish). 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ "XIII Światowe Zimowe Igrzyska Polonijne 26.02.-2.03 - Jaworzyna Krynicka". jaworzynakrynicka.pl. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ "Zaproszenie na Wielkie Święto Sportu Polonijnego do malowniczej Wisły". l24.lt (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ a b "Światowe Letnie Igrzyska Polonijne". wspolnotapolska.org.pl. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
- ^ Sapiejka, Dariusz. "Podziękowania Stowarzyszenia "Wspólnota Polska" za wsparcie organizacji XX Światowych Igrzysk Polonijnych w Pułtusku".
- ^ a b c d e f Nowak, Leonard. "Timeline of World Polonia Winter Games (1986–2016)" (PDF). Prace Naukowe. 2017 (3): 85–105.
- ^ a b c d "Podsumowano igrzyska polonijne". umwd.dolnyslask.pl. 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
- ^ a b Nowak, Leonard. "Timeline of Summer World Polonia Games (1934–2015)" (PDF). Prace Naukowe. 2016 (4): 69–87.
- ^ "Igrzyska Polonijne - Team Canada". www.igrzyskapolonijne.ca. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
- ^ Witkowski, Paweł. "Polonia Kanadyjska poraz drugi drugą ekipą igrzysk". www.igrzyskapolonijne.ca. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
- ^ a b Starczak-Kozłowska, Krystyna. "Polskich sportowców gromada - to Kanada !". www.igrzyskapolonijne.ca. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
- ^ a b "Światowe Zimowe Igrzyska Polonijne Szczyrk 2006". www.pasaus.org. Archived from the original on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
- ^ "Światowe Letnie Igrzyska Polonijne". Polishnews.com (in Polish). 2017-07-13. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ ""XIV ŚWIATOWE ZIMOWE IGRZYSKA POLONIJNE - KRYNICA ZDRÓJ 2020"". www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
- ^ ""Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska"". www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
- ^ a b c d "Standings". Team Kanada. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "Klasyfikacje i wyniki zawodów". Stowarzyszenia "Wspólnota Polska". Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "ZAKOŃCZENIE XXI ŚWIATOWYCH LETNICH IGRZYSK POLONIJNYCH". Wspolnota Polska. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ "Klasyfikacja Medalowa". Wspolnota Polska. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ "KLASYFIKACJA MEDALOWA XIII ZIMOWYCH IGRZYSK POLONIJNYCH KRYNICA-ZDRÓJ 2018". Wspolnota Polska. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ "KLASYFIKACJA MEDALOWA XV ŚWIATOWYCH ZIMOWYCH IGRZYSK POLONIJNYCH". Wspolnota Polska. Retrieved 22 June 2022.