Commanding heights of the economy
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In
History
This phrase emerged from a branch of modern
Specific national contexts
China
China retains state control over the commanding heights of the economy in key industries like infrastructure, telecommunications, and finance despite significant marketization of the economy since
For an example from socialism with Chinese characteristics, while the Chinese economic reform has generally shifted funding sources for higher education from the government to individual students, the Chinese Communist Party also organized projects like Project 985 and Project 211 to retain government funding and therefore influence over certain elite institutions.[4]
India
The second of the Five-Year Plans of India, overseen by Jawaharlal Nehru, was an attempt to industrialize India through state control of the commanding heights.[5]
New commanding heights
The phrase "commanding heights" often occurs in modern political commentary outside of Marxist connotations.[6]
Healthcare and education
In
Internet
Other commentators have identified digital platforms and the internet as the new commanding heights of the economy.[9][10]
See also
References
- ^ Bonner 2013, p. 86.
- ^ Wang, Rong (2014). "The commanding heights: The state and higher education in China". The Oxford Companion to the Economics of China. p. 78.
'The commanding heights' was first used by Lenin as a defence of his New Economic Policy, which included permitting profitmaking enterprises in some areas of the ...
- ^ ISBN 978-962-996-827-4.
- ^ Wang, Rong (2014). "The commanding heights: The state and higher education in China". The Oxford Companion to the Economics of China. p. 78.
- ^ Tharoor, Shashi (2011). Nehru: The Invention of India. Arcade Publishing. p. 188.
- ^ Joseph Stanislaw, Daniel Yergin (1998). The Commanding Heights. Free Press.
- ^ Kling, Arnold (5 July 2011). "The New Commanding Heights". Cato Institute. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
The commanding heights of our economy today are not heavy manufacturing, energy, and transportation. They are, rather, education and health care.
- ^ "Liberating The Economy's New Commanding Heights". Manhattan Institute. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Rajadhyaksha, Niranjan (29 August 2017). "Digital platforms—the new commanding heights?". Livemint. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
... the Indian government has been building a new generation of digital public goods—or platforms that in a way occupy the commanding heights of the digital economy.
Bibliography
- Bonner, Stephen Eric (2013). Socialism Unbound: Principles, Practices, and Prospects. ISBN 978-0231527354.
- Wesson, Robert G. (1978). Lenin's Legacy: The Story of the CPSU. Stanford, Calif: ISBN 978-0817969226.
- Nove, Alec; Nove, Alexander (1969). An Economic History of the U.S.S.R. IICA. p. 83-86.