Bourgeois socialism

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Bourgeois socialism or conservative socialism was a term used by

economically interventionist strands of conservatism, such as paternalistic conservatism.[3]

Perspectives and usage

See also: Marx's theory of the state § Bourgeois state

The

communists seek to overthrow thus Engels claims that communists must continuously struggle against them.[4]

Right-wing socialism is used as a pejorative term by some

Prussian socialism,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] state socialism, and Strasserism are sometimes termed right-wing socialism by various authors.[3] Historian Ishay Landa has described the nature of right-wing socialism as decidedly capitalist.[23]

Proponents and practice

Monarchical socialism

An early proponent of conservative socialism was 19th-century Austrian politician

middle-class dictatorship over commoners.[25]

private ownership of land, with the state in control of national capital rather than redistribution of private capital, a position known as state capitalism.[26] In the 1880s, Rodbertus' conservative socialism was promoted as a non-revolutionary alternative to social democracy and a means to justify the acceptance of Otto von Bismarck's State Socialism policies.[26]

War Socialism

"Military socialism" redirects here. For the policy implemented by the Soviet government during the Russian Civil War, see War communism.
See also: Military Keynesianism

During World War I, the German government issued total mobilization of the economy and social sphere for war, resulting in government regulation of the private and public sector.[27] This was referred to as the war economy (Kriegswirtschaft) or War Socialism (Kriegssozialismus).[27] War Socialism was coined by General Erich Ludendorff, a prominent proponent of the system.[28]

In War Socialism, the militarized state exercised controls and regulations over the entire economy.[29] In Germany, the War Socialist economy was operated by conservative military men and industrialists, who had historically been hostile to socialism.[30] Its goal was to maximize war production and to control worker discontent that was growing amongst the organized labour movement.[31] A leading proponent in Germany of War Socialism was General Wilhelm Groener, who insisted against objections of business leaders that labour union representatives be included in factory labour committees as well as regional food and labour boards. This was achieved and gave German unions collective bargaining rights and official functions in the German state for the first time in history.[32]

War Socialism existed in other European countries involved in the war. In the United Kingdom, a number of public figures promoted the adoption of War Socialism, including Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George.[33] Tsarist Russia had War Socialism.[34] Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin argues that War Socialism had existed for two hundred years in support of the Russian tsarist regime until their overthrow in 1917.[34] The War Socialist economy of Russia was based upon that in Germany and was supported by non-socialist and socialist parties alike.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Viereck (2006), p. 74.
  2. ^ a b Engels, Frederick (1847). The Principles of Communism.
  3. ^ a b c Huerta de Soto 2010, p. 80.
  4. ^ Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848). The Communist Manifesto. "Chapter III. Socialist and Communist Literature". "2. Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism".
  5. ^ Rothbard, Murray (2010). Left, Right, and the Prospects for Liberty. Auburn, Alabama: Mises Institute. p. 19.
  6. ^ Huerta de Soto 2010, pp. 79–80.
  7. ^ Huerta de Soto 2010, p. 79.
  8. ^ Ware, Alan (1996). Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 395.
  9. ^ Moask, Carl (2007). Japanese Economic Development: Markets, Norms, Structures. Taylor & Francis. p. 239.
  10. ^ Sternhell, Ze'ev (1986). Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France. (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  11. ^ Sternhell, Ze'ev; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia (1994). The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  12. ^ Sternhill, Ze'ev (1998). "Fascism". In Griffin, Roger, ed. International Fascism: Theories, Causes, and the New Consensus. London; New York City: Arnold Publishers.
  13. ^ Christian, Shirley (13 January 1990). "Buenos Aires Journal; Carlos, Carlos, How Does Your Economy Sink?". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  14. ^ Servetto, Alicia (1999). "El derrumbe temprano de la democracia en Córdoba: Obregón Cano y el golpe policial (1973-1974)". Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Estudios Sociales (in Spanish). 17: 19. Revised paper of a 1997 Conference at the National University of La Pampa.
  15. ^ Harris, Abram Lincoln (1989). Race, Radicalism, and Reform: Selected Papers. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
  16. ^ Hughes, H. Stuart (1992). Oswald Spengler. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 108.
  17. ^ Hüppauf, Bernd-Rüdiger (1997). War, Violence, and the Modern Condition. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
  18. ^ Kitchen, Martin (2006). A History of Modern Germany, 1800-2000. Malden, Massaschussetts; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing.
  19. ^ Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 628.
  20. ^ Winkler, Heinrich August; Sager, Alexander (2006). Germany: The Long Road West (English ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 414.
  21. ^ Rohkrämer, Thomas (2007). "A Single Communal Faith?: The German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism". Monographs in German History. 20. Berghahn Books.
  22. ^ Weitz, Eric D. (2007). Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  23. ^ Landa, Ishay (2012). The Apprentice's Sorcerer: Liberal Tradition and Fascism. Haymarket Books. pp. 60–65.
  24. ^ Viereck (2006), pp. 74–75.
  25. ^ a b Viereck (2006), p. 75.
  26. ^ a b c Shatz, Marshall S. (1989). Jan Waclaw Machajski: A Radical Critic of the Russian Intelligentsia and Socialism. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 86.
  27. ^ a b Waite, Robert George Leeson (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler. Da Capo Press. p. 304.
  28. ^ Paxton (1997), p. 106.
  29. ^ Waite, Robert George Leeson (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler. Da Capo Press. pp. 304–305.
  30. ^ Findley, Carter Vaughn; Rothney, John Alexander (2011). Twentieth-Century World (7th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 66.
  31. ^ Paxton & Hessler (2011), p. 89.
  32. ^ Paxton & Hessler (2011), pp. 89, 95.
  33. ^ Corporation, Marshall Cavendish (2002). History of World War I, Volume 3. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 697.
  34. ^ a b Pons, Silvio; Romano, Andrea (2000). Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914–1945 (English trans.). Feltrinelli. p. 68.
  35. ^ Raleigh, Donald J. (2002). Experiencing Russia's Civil War: Politics, Society, and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 1917–1922. Princeton, New Jersey; Oxfordshire, England: Princeton University Press. p. 24.

Works cited

  • Huerta de Soto, Jesús (2010). Socialism, Economic Calculation and Entrepreneurship Fourth edition. Edward Elgar Publishing.
    ISBN 978-1-849-80500-1
    .
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