Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin
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The foreign policy of Vladimir Putin concerns the policies of the Russian Federation's president Vladimir Putin with respect to other nations. He has held the office of the President previously from 2000 to 2008, and reassumed power again in 2012 and has been President since.
As of late 2013, Russia–United States relations were at a low point.[1] The United States canceled a summit for the first time since 1960, after Putin gave asylum to Edward Snowden. Washington regarded Russia as obstructionist regarding Syria, Iran, Cuba and Venezuela. In turn, those nations look to Russia for support against the United States.[1] Some nations of Western Europe purchase Russian gas, but are concerned about interference in the affairs of Eastern Europe. Expansion of NATO and the EU into Eastern Europe much conflicts with Russian interests, which has pushed them to become more aggressive to attempt to influence and "Russianise" Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia.
Beyond Russia's neighbours in foreign relations is India, who at one point, was a close ally of Russia and the Soviet Union, is now drifting towards the United States with stronger nuclear and commercial ties. Japan and Russia remain at odds over the ownership of the Kuril Islands; this dispute has hindered much cooperation for numerous decades, originating back from the Soviet Union's annexation of them at the end of World War Two.[1] China has recently moved to become a close ally of Russia despite its falling out with the former Soviet Union.[1]
In 2014, with NATO's decision to suspend practical co-operation with Russia and all major Western countries' decision to impose a host of
Relations with NATO and its member nations
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After the
Since 2003, when Russia did not support the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vladimir_Putin_in_Italy_17-18_April_2008-4.jpg/170px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Italy_17-18_April_2008-4.jpg)
In February 2007, at the annual
The months following Putin's Munich speech[9] were marked by tension and a surge in rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. Both Russian and American officials, however, denied the idea of a new Cold War.[12] Then US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said on the Munich Conference: "We all face many common problems and challenges that must be addressed in partnership with other countries, including Russia. ... One Cold War was quite enough."[13] Vladimir Putin said prior to 33rd G8 Summit, on 4 June 2007: "we do not want confrontation; we want to engage in dialogue. However, we want a dialogue that acknowledges the equality of both parties' interests."[14]
In June 2007, when answering a question about whether Russian nuclear forces might be focused on European targets in case "the United States continued building a strategic shield in Poland and the Czech Republic", Putin admitted: "if part of the United States' nuclear capability is situated in Europe and that our military experts consider that they represent a potential threat, then we will have to take appropriate retaliatory steps. What steps? Of course we must have new targets in Europe."[14][15]
Putin continued his public opposition of a
In his annual address to the Federal Assembly on 26 April 2007, Putin announced plans to declare a moratorium on the observance of the CFE Treaty by Russia until all NATO members ratified it and started observing its provisions, as Russia had been doing on a unilateral basis. Putin argues that as new NATO members have not even signed the treaty so far, an imbalance in the presence of NATO and Russian armed forces in Europe creates a real threat and an unpredictable situation for Russia.[17] NATO members said they would refuse to ratify the treaty until Russia complied with its 1999 commitments made in Istanbul whereby Russia should remove troops and military equipment from Moldova and Georgia. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was quoted as saying in response that "Russia has long since fulfilled all its Istanbul obligations relevant to CFE".[18]
Russia suspended its participation in the CFE as of midnight Moscow time on 11 December 2007.[19][20] On 12 December 2007, the United States officially said it "deeply regretted the Russian Federation's decision to 'suspend' implementation of its obligations under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)." State Department spokesman Sean McCormack, in a written statement, added that "Russia's conventional forces are the largest on the European continent, and its unilateral action damages this successful arms control regime."[21] NATO's primary concern arising from Russia's suspension is that Moscow could now accelerate its military presence in the Northern Caucasus.[22]
Putin strongly opposed the secession of Kosovo from Serbia. He called any support for this act "immoral" and "illegal".[23] He described the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence a "terrible precedent" that will come back to hit the West "in the face".[24] He stated that the Kosovo precedent will de facto destroy the whole system of international relations, developed over centuries.[25]
Putin's relations with former British Prime Minister
By mid-2000s (decade), the
In 2006, President Putin introduced a law which restricted
The end of 2006 brought strained relations between Russia and Britain in the wake of the
Alexander Shokhin, president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs warned that British investors in Russia will "face greater scrutiny from tax and regulatory authorities. [And] They could also lose out in government tenders". On 11 December 2007, Russia ordered the British Council to halt work at its regional offices in what was seen as the latest round of a dispute over the murder of Alexander Litvinenko; Britain said Russia's move was illegal.[29]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/220px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg)
On 1 April 2014, NATO decided to suspend practical co-operation with Russia, in response to the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[30]
Putin has denounced the idea of "American exceptionalism".[31] Putin has brought up police behavior in Ferguson in response to criticisms of democracy in Russia.[32]
A report released in November 2014 highlighted the fact that close military encounters between Russia and the West (mainly NATO countries) had jumped to Cold War levels, with 40 dangerous or sensitive incidents recorded in the eight months alone, including a near-collision between a Russian reconnaissance plane and a Scandinavian Airlines passenger plane taking off from Denmark in March 2014 with 132 passengers on board.[33] The 2014 unprecedented increase[34] in Russian air force and naval activity in the Baltic region prompted NATO to step up its longstanding rotation of military jets in Lithuania.[35]
Similar
In July 2014, the U.S. formally accused Russia of having violated the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty by testing a prohibited medium-range ground-launched cruise missile (presumably R-500,[38] a modification of Iskander)[39] and threatened to retaliate accordingly.[39][40] In early June 2015, the U.S. State Department reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. Treaty; the U.S. government was said to have made no discernible headway in making Russia so much as acknowledge the compliance problem.[41]
The US government's October 2014 report claimed that Russia had 1,643
At the end of 2014, Putin approved a revised national military doctrine, which listed NATO's military buildup near the Russian borders as the top military threat.[45][46]
In late June 2015, while on a trip to Estonia, US Defence Secretary
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On its part, the U.S. expressed concern over Putin's announcement of plans to add over 40 new ballistic missiles to Russia's nuclear weapons arsenal in 2015.[49] American observers and analysts, such as Steven Pifer, noting that the U.S. had no reason for alarm about the new missiles, provided that Russia remained within the limits of the 2010 New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START), viewed the ratcheting-up of nuclear saber-rattling by Russia's leadership as mainly bluff and bluster designed to conceal Russia's weaknesses;[51] however, Pifer suggested that the most alarming motivation behind this rhetoric could be Putin seeing nuclear weapons not merely as tools of deterrence, but as tools of coercion.[52]
Meanwhile, at the end of June 2015, it was reported that the production schedule for a new Russian MIRV-equipped, super-heavy thermonuclear intercontinental ballistic missile Sarmat, intended to replace the obsolete Soviet-era SS-18 Satan missiles, was slipping.[53] Also noted by commentators were the inevitable financial and technological constraints that would hamper any real arms race with the West, if such course were to be embarked on by Russia.[54]
On December 25, 2022, in an interview for the national television he accused the West of trying to tear Russia apart and openly declared, that his goal—"to unite the Russian people."[55]
Tensions in other European countries and relations with the former Soviet bloc
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The Russian leadership under Putin sees the fracturing of the political unity within the EU and especially the political unity between the EU and the US as among its main strategic goals.[56] Russia seeks to gain dominant influence in former Eastern Bloc states that are culturally and historically close to it, corrode and undermine Western institutions and values, manipulate public opinion and policy-making throughout Europe.[56]
As the West supported Kosovo's independence, Russia later used the "Kosovo precedent" as justification for its annexation of Crimea and its support of breakaway states in Georgia and Moldova.[57][58]
In November 2014, the German government publicly voiced its concern about what it saw as efforts by Putin to spread Russia's 'sphere of influence' beyond
A series of Europe's far-right and hard
In early January 2015, public protests in Hungary broke out against Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's perceived move towards Russia.[64] Previously, his government had negotiated secret loans from the Russians, awarded a major nuclear power contract to Rosatom, and made the National Assembly give a green light to Russia's gas pipeline project in contravention to blocking orders from Brussels.[65]
In early April 2015, the
The
Relations with South and East Asia
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During his first and second term in office, bilateral trade turnover between India and Russia was modest and stood at US$3 billion, of which Indian exports to Russia were valued at US$908 million. The major Indian exports to Russia are pharmaceuticals; tea, coffee and spices; apparel and clothing; edible preparations; and engineering goods. Main Indian imports from Russia are iron and steel; fertilisers; non-ferrous metals; paper products; coal, coke & briquettes; cereals; and rubber. Indo-Russian trade is expected to reach US$10 billion by 2010. Putin wrote in an article in The Hindu, "The Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became a truly historic step".[72][73]
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Russia currently is one of only two countries in the world (the other being Japan) that has a mechanism for annual ministerial-level defence reviews with India.[80] The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC), which is one of the largest and comprehensive governmental mechanisms that India has had with any country internationally. Almost every department from the Government of India attends it.[80]
Putin's Russia maintains strong and positive relations with other
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Following the
When presented with the suggestion that "Western observers are already likening the SCO to a military organisation that would stand in opposition to NATO", Putin answered that "this kind of comparison is inappropriate in both form and substance".
The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian Defense Minister
According to the
Relations with Middle Eastern and North African countries
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On 16 October 2007 Putin visited Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit in Tehran,[92][93] where he met with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[94] Other participants were leaders of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan.[95] This was the first visit of a Soviet or Russian leader to Iran since Joseph Stalin's participation in the Tehran Conference in 1943, and thus marked a significant event in Iran–Russia relations.[96] At a press conference after the summit Putin said that "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programmes without any restrictions".[97] During the summit it was also agreed that its participants, under no circumstances, would let any third-party state use their territory as a base for aggression or military action against any other participant.[92]
Subsequently, under Medvedev's presidency, Iran–Russia relations were uneven: Russia did not fulfill the contract of selling to Iran the
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In April 2008, Putin visited Libya where he met the leader Muammar Gaddafi, the country welcomed the idea of creating an OPEC-like group of gas-exporting countries, Putin became first Russian President who visited Libya, he remarked the visit as "We are satisfied about the way in which we resolved this problem. I am absolutely convinced that the solution we have found will help the Russian and Libyan economies."[98]
Putin condemned the foreign military intervention in Libya, he called UNSC Resolution 1973 as "defective and flawed," and added "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades.",[99] During the whole event, Putin condemned other steps taken by NATO.[citation needed] Upon the death of Muammar Gaddafi, Putin called it as "planned murder" by US, he asked "They showed to the whole world how he (Gaddafi) was killed," and "There was blood all over. Is that what they call a democracy?"[100][101]
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Dmitri Trenin reports in The New York Times that from 2000 to 2010 Russia sold around $1.5 billion worth of arms to Syria, making Damascus Moscow's seventh-largest client.[102] During the Syrian civil war, Russia threatened to veto any sanctions against the Syrian government,[103] and continued to supply arms to the regime.
Putin opposed any foreign intervention. On 1 June 2012, in
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On 11 September 2013, an opinion, written by Putin, was published in The New York Times regarding international events related to the United States, Russia and Syria.[105]
Relations with post-Soviet states
A series of so-called
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Apart from a clash of nationalist rhetorics[clarification needed] with the common historical legacies of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire[citation needed], a number of economic disputes erupted between Russia and some neighbours, such as the 2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines. Moscow's policies under Putin towards these states were described as "efforts to bully democratic neighbors" by John McCain in 2007.[108]
In some cases, such as the
In an interview with the German historian Michael Stürmer about the Russian shut-down of gas to Ukraine in early 2005, Putin linked the shut-down to the Orange revolution, saying: "This has a price [the Orange revolution]. In spite of so much frustration we have stabilised the situation. In old days we concluded agreements with Ukraine year after year, and then included transit fees. The West Europeans had no idea that their energy security was a cliffhanger. By now we have a five-year agreement for transit to the E.U. This is an important step in the direction of European energy security".[8]
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In 2009, the Russia–Ukraine dispute was resolved by a long-term agreement on price formula, agreed by Prime Ministers Vladimir Putin of Russia and
The plans of Georgia and Ukraine to become members of NATO have caused some tensions between Russia and those states. In 2010, Ukraine did abandon these plans.[113] In public Putin has stated that Russia has no intention of annexing any country.[106]
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Putin, in his relations with Russo-centric neighbor and former
In August 2008, Georgian President
Putin blamed the 2008 war and the bad relations between Russia and Georgia as "the result of the policy that the Georgian authorities conducted back then and still attempt to conduct now"; he stated that Georgia is a "brotherly nation that hopefully will finally understand that Russia is not an enemy, but is a friend and the relations will be restored."[citation needed] Putin stated in 2009 Georgia could have kept Abkhazia and South Ossetia "within its territory" if it had treated the residents of Abkhazia and South Ossetia "with respect" (he claims they did "the opposite").[118]
During the
The
Despite existing or past tensions between Russia and most of the post-Soviet states, Putin has followed the policy of Eurasian integration. The
Intervention in Ukraine and annexation of Crimea
During the
In a July 2013 visit to Kyiv, Putin stated that whatever Ukraine would decide about its future "we still meet again sometime and somewhere" "because we are one people."[131]
On 27 February 2014, Russian troops[134] captured strategic sites across Crimea,[135][136] Although Russia initially claimed their military was not involved in the events,[137] Putin later admitted that troops were deployed to "stand behind Crimea's self-defence forces".[138] The same day the pro-Russian Aksyonov government in Crimea was installed, they organised the Crimean status referendum and the declaration of Crimea's independence on 16 March 2014.[139][140] Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014.[141][138] Russia was excluded one week later from the G8 group as a result of its annexation of Crimea.[142] On 18 March 2014 Putin made gave a historical speech about the situation in Crimea.[143] In this speech Putin stated that Russia will always defend the interests of Russian-speaking Ukrainians by using political, diplomatic and legal means.[144] In the speech Putin also insisted that Russia had no intention to invade or seize other regions of Ukraine.[145][146] Putin also claimed in his speech that the new leaders in Ukraine included "neo-Nazis, Russophobes and anti-Semites" and said: "Don't believe those who try to frighten you with Russia and who scream that other regions will follow after Crimea", "we do not want a partition of Ukraine".[147]
The annexation of Crimea took place during wider
In a visit to Crimea in August 2015, Putin stated that Russians and Ukrainians are "practically one people."[159]
In the March 2015 documentary
In the Direct Line with Vladimir Putin of April 2015 Putin stated that he did "presume it's impossible" that a war between Russian and Ukraine would break out.[161]
When in June 2017 the
On 14 September 2020, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, "which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO."[163][164][165]
Military build-up around Ukraine
In March and April 2021, the Russian Armed Forces began massing thousands of personnel and military equipment near Russia's border with Ukraine and in Crimea, representing the largest mobilization since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014.[166][167] The troops were partially withdrawn by June 2021.[168]
In the essay
Russia again build-up its army presence around Ukraine in October 2021, this time with more soldiers and with deployments on new fronts; by December over 100,000 Russian troops were massed around Ukraine on three sides, including Belarus from the north and Crimea from the south.[171] Despite the Russian military build-ups, Russian officials from November 2021 to 20 February 2022 repeatedly denied that Russia had plans to invade Ukraine.[172][173][174][175]
In the first weeks of February 2022 Russia was demanding that NATO would not expand further to the east, Ukraine should be precluded from ever joining NATO, and NATO should significantly scale back its presence and activities in Eastern Europe.[176] Press secretary Peskov stated that Putin showed his readiness to negotiate in his meetings with Western leaders.[176]
On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic.[177]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2022
On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a
At a meeting of the Security Council of Russia on 25 February, he called the Ukrainian authorities "a gang of drug addicts and neo-Nazis".[185]
In a televised meeting with military bloggers on 13 June 2023 Putin claimed that Russia and Ukraine had in
On 17 June 2022 Putin stated at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum that Russian was not against Ukraine joining the EU, "because it is not a military organization, a military-political bloc, such as NATO."[188]
On 21 September 2022, Putin announced a "partial" mobilization.[189]
On 30 September 2022, amid the ongoing invasion of Ukraine, Russia unilaterally declared
On 10 October 2022 at a meeting with the Security Council of Russia, on the first day of the
On 21 December 2022 Putin stated a clash with "hostile forces" in Ukraine had been inevitable and "because it's inevitable, better today than tomorrow."[196] The following day Putin told reporters that Russia's goal was "to end this war, we are striving for this and will continue to strive."[197]
In an interview on 25 December 2022 Putin stated that Russia since 2014 tried to resolve the situation in Ukraine peacefully, but that "what underlies everything is the policy of our geopolitical opponents that's aimed at breaking up Russia, the historical Russia."[198] Putin also stated that Russia was ready to "hold talks on the situation around Ukraine and is ready to engage with everyone involved."[199] In the interview Putin avowed that Russia couldn't treat Ukraine cynically, as allegedly "the West" did, because "We have a different philosophy, different approach to life, people."[200]
On 28 December 2022 Putin's press secretary Dmitry Peskov stated that "no Ukrainian 'peace plan' is possible if it does not take into account the modern reality - with Russia's territory, with four new regions joining Russia."[201]
2023
In a phone conversation with
In his 2023 new year speech Putin claimed that "Western elites" had hypocritically assured Russia of their peaceful intentions, including the settlement of the
At a
In an interview on broadcast on 15 January 2023 on Russia-1 TV channel Putin stated about the military invasion of Ukraine that "The dynamics are positive. Everything is developing within the plan of the Defense Ministry and the General Staff. And I hope that our fighters will please us more than once again with the results of their combat work."[206]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vladimir_Putin_visited_the_Headquarters_of_the_Dnepr_Group_of_Forces_and_Vostok_National_Guard_Headquarters_%282023%29_01.png/220px-Vladimir_Putin_visited_the_Headquarters_of_the_Dnepr_Group_of_Forces_and_Vostok_National_Guard_Headquarters_%282023%29_01.png)
In his 21 February 2023 address to the joint houses of the
During a meeting with
On 30 May 2023 Putin stated that
In a televised meeting with military bloggers on 13 June 2023 Putin stated that he did not believe that there was a need for further mobilisation in Russia since he ruled out a repeat of the (failed)
At a plenary meeting of the
In an interview aired 5 September 2023 (with Pavel Zarubin ) Putin claimed, referring to Ukrainian President Zelenskyy, that “Western managers put an ethnic Jew in charge of Ukraine.”[226] According to Putin “This makes for an extremely disgusting situation in which an ethnic Jew is covering up the glorification of Nazism and of those who led the Holocaust in Ukraine, which brought the destruction of 1.5 million of people.”[226][nb 2]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%94%D0%9A_%22%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22_%282023%29.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%94%D0%9A_%22%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22_%282023%29.jpg)
In a speech and a Q&A session on 5 October 2023 at the annual meeting of the
At a meeting with the
In the December 2023
2024
Talking to journalists in
At a speech at the
Tensions in other ex-Soviet countries
Besides Ukraine, several other ex-Soviet and ex-communist countries continue to be flashpoints in the tug-of-war between the West and Russia.
Georgia and the Caucasus
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Caucasus_regions_map2.svg/240px-Caucasus_regions_map2.svg.png)
Since the mid-2000s, Georgia has sought closer relations with the West, while Russia has strongly opposed the expansion of Western institutions to its southern border. Georgia has a long connection with the Russian Federation, as it was a
Shevardnadze's successor, Mikheil Saakashvili, pursued closer relations with the West.[245] Under President George W. Bush, the United States sought to invite Ukraine and Georgia into NATO. However, Georgia's potential membership in NATO ran into opposition from other NATO members and Russia.[246][247] Partly in response to the potential expansion of NATO, Russia initiated the 2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis by lifting CIS sanctions on Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Though considered to be part of Georgia by the United Nations, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have both sought to secede from Georgia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and both are strongly supported by Russia.[248]
The Russo-Georgian War broke out in August 2008, as Georgia and Russia competed for influence in South Ossetia. Russia was strongly criticised by many Western countries for its part in the war, and the war heightened tensions between NATO and Russia.[246]
The war ended with a unilateral Russian withdrawal of forces from parts of Georgia, but Russian forces continue to occupy
Besides Georgia, the other two Caucasus states, Armenia and Azerbaijan, have also been a part of the rivalry between Russia and the West. The two countries are long-time rivals, and have a long-running dispute regarding control of Nagorno-Karabakh.[252] Armenia has close ties with Russia, while Azerbaijan has close ties to the United States and Turkey, both of which are members of NATO.[252] However, NATO also ties to Armenia, and both Armenia and Azerbaijan have been speculated as potential future members of NATO.[253] Armenia negotiated an Association Agreement with the European Union but, similar to Ukraine, Armenia chose to reject the deal in 2013.[254] The next year, Armenia voted to join the Eurasian Economic Union,[255] the Russian-backed free trade zone that seeks to rival the European Union.[256] However, Armenian leaders have also worked towards a free trade agreement with the EU.[255]
Moldova
Much like Ukraine,
The
The
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Vladimir_Putin_and_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_in_Helsinki_%282019-08-21%29_19.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6_in_Helsinki_%282019-08-21%29_19.jpg)
Tensions rose as Russian intelligence forces crossed the
In early April 2015, British press publications, with a reference to semi-official sources within the Russian military and intelligence establishment, suggested that Russia was ready to use any means—including nuclear weapons—to forestall NATO moving more forces into the Baltic states.[263][264]
Relations with Australia, Latin America, and others
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Putin and his successor Medvedev have enjoyed warm relations with Hugo Chávez of Venezuela. Much of this has been through the sale of military equipment; since 2005, Venezuela has purchased more than $4 billion worth of arms from Russia.[265] In September 2008, Russia sent Tupolev Tu-160 bombers to Venezuela to carry out training flights.[266] In December 2008, both countries held a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean Sea.[267] Earlier in 2000, Putin had re-established stronger ties with Fidel Castro's Cuba.[268] Putin continued good relations with Venezuela under the successor of Chávez, Nicolas Maduro, supporting him after NATO and the European Union broke off ties with Venezuela due to claims of fraud in the 2018 presidential elections.[269] In December 2018, Russia and Venezuela once again conducted joint military exercises and in 2020, CNBC stated that Russia was Venezuela's primary geopolitical ally.[270][271]
In 2022, both Cuba and Venezuela expressed support for the
In September 2007, Putin visited
Energy policy
The Russian economy is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas, and Russia has used these resources to its political advantage.[275][276] Meanwhile, the US and other Western countries have worked to lessen the dependency of Europe on Russia and its resources.[277]
Starting in the mid-2000s, Russia and Ukraine had several disputes in which Russia threatened to cut off the supply of gas. As a great deal of Russia's gas is exported to Europe through the pipelines crossing Ukraine, those disputes affected several other European countries. Under Putin, special efforts were made to gain control over the European energy sector.[277]
Russian influence played a major role in canceling the construction of the Nabucco pipeline, which would have supplied natural gas from Azerbaijan, in favor of South Stream (though South Stream itself was also later canceled).[61] Russia has also sought to create a Eurasian Economic Union consisting of itself and other post-Soviet countries.[278]
Like many other countries, Russia's
Notable foreign policy speeches by President Vladimir Putin
- Munich speech of Vladimir Putinon 10 February 2007
- Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin on 18 March 2014
- Valdai speech of Vladimir Putinon 24 October 2014
- Crimean speech on 4 December 2014[283]
- U.N. General Assembly speech on 28 September 2015[284]
See also
- List of international presidential trips made by Vladimir Putin
- Second Cold War
- Foreign relations of Russia
- Foundations of Geopolitics
- International relations since 1989
- Russia–United States relations
- China–Russia relations
- Brezhnev Doctrine
Further reading
- Bukkvoll, Tor. "Why Putin Went To War: Ideology, Interests and Decision-making in the Russian Use of Force in Crimea and Donbas." Contemporary Politics (2016). 22#3 pp. 267–282.
- Cohen, Stephen F. War with Russia?: From Putin & Ukraine to Trump & Russiagate (Simon and Schuster, 2018), sympathetic to Putin.
- Kanet, Roger E. and Dina Moulioukova, eds. Russia and the World in the Putin Era: From Theory to Reality in Russian Global Strategy (Routledge, 2021) excerpt
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- Michael McFaul. 2020. "Putin, Putinism, and the Domestic Determinants of Russian Foreign Policy." International Security.
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- Parker, David. US Foreign Policy Towards Russia in the Post-Cold War Era: Ideational Legacies and Institutionalised Conflict and Co-operation (Routledge, 2019).
- Reif, Kingston, and Shannon Bugos. "Putin invites US to extend New START." Arms Control Today 50.1 (2020): 25-27. online
- Rosefielde, Steven. Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy (2021) excerpt
- Sakwa, Richard. "One Europe or none? Monism, involution and relations with Russia." Europe-Asia Studies 70.10 (2018): 1656–1667. EU and Russia online
- Shen, Zhihua, ed. A Short History of Sino-Soviet Relations, 1917–1991 (Springer Singapore;Palgrave Macmillan, 2020)
- Stent, Angela E. The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton UP, 2014) 355 pages; excerpt and text search
- Stent, Angela. Putin's World: Russia Against the West and with the Rest (2019)
- Thorun, Christian. Explaining Change in Russian Foreign Policy: The Role of Ideas in Post-Soviet Russia's Conduct towards the West (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009)
Notes
- Ukrainian."[133]
- Timothy D. Snyder's estimate that at least 1.7 million Jews killed to Yad Vashem's estimate that between 1 and 1.1 million Jews were killed.[227]
- ^ It is likely that Putin meant to refer to Art. 112 of the Constitution of Ukraine that does mention "In the event of the pre-term termination of authority of the President of Ukraine... [his/her powers] shall be vested in the Chairperson of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine" (speaker of the parliament); Art. 111 does not mention the speaker of the parliament.[234]
- ^ On 14 June 2024 Russia was not holding all these territories Putin mentioned under its military control.[236]
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Further reading
- Ambrosio, Thomas, and Geoffrey Vandrovec. "Mapping the Geopolitics of the Russian Federation: The Federal Assembly Addresses of Putin and Medvedev." Geopolitics (2013) 18#2 pp 435–466.
- Bechev, Dimitar, et al. eds. Russia Rising: Putin's Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa (I.B. Tauris, 2021) excerpt
- Gvosdev, Nikolas K., and Christopher Marsh. Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors (Washington: CQ Press, 2013) excerpt and text search
- Kanet, Roger E. Russian foreign policy in the 21st century (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
- Larson, Deborah Welch, and Alexei Shevchenko. "Status seekers: Chinese and Russian responses to US primacy." International Security (2010) 34#4 pp. 63–95.
- Legvold, Robert, ed. Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century and the Shadow of the Past (2007).
- Mankoff, Jeffrey. Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics (2nd ed. 2011).
- Myers, Steven Lee. The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin (2015)
- Nation, R. Craig, and Dmitri Trenin. "Russian security strategy under Putin: US and Russian perspectives." (Army War College 2007). online
- Orlova, Victoria V. "US–Russia Relations in the Last 30 Years: From a Rapprochement to a Meltdown." in 30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020) pp. 117–138.
- Rosefielde, Steven. Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy (2021) excerpt
- Schoen, Douglas E. and Melik Kaylan. Return to Winter: Russia, China, and the New Cold War Against America (2015)
- Stent, Angela E. The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton UP, 2014) 355 pages; excerpt and text search
- Tsygankov, Andrei P. "The Russia-NATO mistrust: Ethnophobia and the double expansion to contain "the Russian Bear"." Communist and Post-Communist Studies (2013).
External links
- H. Ellyatt (2018-03-01). "Putin reveals new Russian missile that can 'reach any point in the world". Moscow: CNBC.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
Putin joked that the two new strategic nuclear weapons he described — the global cruise missile and the subsurface unmanned vehicle — did not have names yet,[...] and new system capable of destroying intercontinental targets with hypersonic speed and high-precision, able to maneuver both in terms of its course and altitude.