List of antibiotics

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division between

bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior. The development of antibiotics has had a profound effect on the health of people for many years. Also, both people and animals have used antibiotics to treat infections and diseases. In practice, both treat bacterial infections.[1]

By coverage

The following are lists of antibiotics for specific microbial coverage (not an exhaustive list):

MRSA

Antibiotics that cover methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Antibiotics that cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

Certain cephalosporins, cephalosporin-beta-lactamase-inhibitor combinations, and new siderophore cephalosporins.

Certain penicillins:

Certain carbapenems and carbapenem-beta-lactamase-inhibitors combinations:

Others:

  • Fluoroquinolones
    : particularly levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin
  • Polymyxins: Colistin, Polymyxin B
  • Aztreonam (monobactam)
  • Aminoglycosides - particularly tobramycin and amikacin

VRE

Antibiotics that usually have activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE):

Antibiotics with less reliable but occasional (depending on isolate and subspecies) activity:

  • occasionally
    penicillins
    including penicillin, ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulnate, and piperacillin-tazobactam (not all vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates are resistant to penicillin and ampicillin)
  • occasionally doxycycline and minocycline
  • occasionally
    fluoroquinolones
    such as moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin

By class

See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.

Antibiotics coverage diagram

Antibiotics by class
Generic name Brand names Common uses[4] Possible side effects[4] Mechanism of action
Aminoglycosides
Amikacin
Amikin
 Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. All aminoglycosides are ineffective when taken orally as the stomach will digest the drug before it goes into the bloodstream. However aminoglycosides are effective in Intravenous, intramuscular and topical forms. Binding to the bacterial
50S
subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
Gentamicin
Garamycin
Kanamycin
Kantrex
Neomycin Neo-Fradin[5]
Netilmicin
Netromycin
Tobramycin
Nebcin
Paromomycin
Humatin
Streptomycin Tuberculosis
Spectinomycin(Bs) Trobicin Gonorrhea
Ansamycins
Geldanamycin Experimental, as
antitumor antibiotics
 Block DNA transcription, either via inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by binding to the β-subunit
Herbimycin
Rifaximin Xifaxan
E. coli
Carbacephem
Loracarbef
Lorabid
 Discontinued Prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Carbapenems
Ertapenem
Invanz
 Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Notes: MRSA resistance to this class. All are active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa except ertapenem.)
  • Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Seizures
  • Headache
  • Rash and allergic reactions
 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Doripenem
Doribax
Imipenem/Cilastatin
Primaxin
Meropenem Merrem
First generation
)
Cefadroxil
Duricef
 Good coverage against Gram-positive infections.
  • Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
  • Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
  • Allergic reactions
 Same mode of action as other
beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
.
Cefazolin
Kefzol
Cephradine
Cephapirin
Cephalothin
Cefalexin
Keflex
Second generation
)
Cefaclor
Raniclor
 Less Gram-positive cover, improved Gram-negative cover.
  • Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
  • Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) - if contains methylthiotetrazole side group
  • Hypoprothrombinemia - if contains methylthiotetrazole side group
  • Allergic reactions
 Same mode of action as other
beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
.
Cefoxitin
Cefotetan
Cefotan
Cefamandole
Cefmetazole
Cefonicid
Loracarbef
Cefprozil
Cefzil
Cefuroxime
Zinacef
(UK)
Third generation
)
Cefixime (antagonistic with Chloramphenicol)[6] Cefspan (Fujisawa),
Suprax
 Improved coverage of Gram-negative organisms, except
Chlamydia
  • Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
  • Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
  • Allergic reactions
 Same mode of action as other
beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
.
Cefdinir
Omnicef
, Cefdiel
Cefditoren
Spectracef
, Meiact
Cefoperazone [Unlike most third-generation agents, cefoperazone is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa], combination Cefoperazone with Sulbactam makes more effective antibiotic, because Sulbactam avoid degeneration of Cefoperazone
Cefobid
(discontinued)
Cefotaxime
Claforan
Cefpodoxime
Vantin
, Banadoz
Ceftazidime (Unlike most third-generation agents, ceftazidime is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but less active against Staphylococci and Streptococci compare to other 3rd generation of cephalosporins)
Ceptaz
Ceftibuten
Cedax
Ceftizoxime
Moxalactam
Ceftriaxone (IV and IM, not orally, effective also for syphilis and uncomplicated gonorrhea)
Rocephin
Fourth generation
)
Cefepime
Maxipime

Covers pseudomonal infections.

  • Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
  • Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
  • Allergic reactions
 Same mode of action as other
beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
.
Fifth generation
)
Ceftaroline fosamil
Teflaro
 Used to treat MRSA
  • Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
  • Allergic reaction
 Same mode of action as other
beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
.
Ceftobiprole
Zeftera
 Used to treat MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci
  • Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
  • Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
  • Allergic reactions
 Same mode of action as other
beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
.
Glycopeptides
Teicoplanin Targocid (UK) Active against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of
C. difficile colitis
 Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis.
Vancomycin
Vancocin
Telavancin
Vibativ
Dalbavancin
Dalvance
Oritavancin
Orbactiv
Lincosamides(Bs)
Clindamycin
Cleocin
 Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne Possible
pseudomembranous enterocolitis
 Binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.
Lincomycin Lincocin
Lipopeptide
Daptomycin
Cubicin
Gram-positive organisms, but is inhibited by pulmonary surfactant
so less effective against pneumonias		 Binds to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis.
Macrolides(Bs)
Azithromycin
Sumamed, Xithrone
mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease
  • Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses)
  • Prolonged cardiac QT interval (especially erythromycin)
  • Hearing loss (especially at higher doses)
  • Jaundice
50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA
.
Clarithromycin
Biaxin
Erythromycin Erythocin, Erythroped
Roxithromycin
Telithromycin
Ketek
 Pneumonia Visual disturbance, liver toxicity.[7]
Spiramycin Rovamycine
Mouth infections
Fidaxomicin Dificid Treatment of
difficile infection.[8] May be more narrow-spectrum than vancomycin, resulting in less bowel microbiota alteration.[9]
 Nausea (11%), vomiting, and abdominal pain.[10] Bactericidal in susceptible organisms such as
C. difficile by inhibiting RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.[10]
Monobactams
Aztreonam
Azactam
 Gram-negative bacteria Same mode of action as other
beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
.
Nitrofurans
Furazolidone Furoxone Bacterial or
protozoal diarrhea or enteritis
Nitrofurantoin(Bs)
Macrobid
Urinary tract infections
Oxazolidinones(Bs)
Linezolid
Zyvox
 VRSA Protein synthesis inhibitor; prevents the initiation step
Posizolid Phase II clinical trials
Radezolid Phase II clinical trials
Tedizolid
 Sivextro
Penicillins
Amoxicillin
Amoxil
 Wide range of infections; penicillin used for
streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease
  • Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
  • Allergy with serious
    anaphylactic reactions
  • Brain and kidney damage (rare)
 Same mode of action as other
beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
.
Ampicillin Principen (discontinued)
Azlocillin
Dicloxacillin Dynapen (discontinued)
Flucloxacillin
Floxapen
(Sold to European generics Actavis Group)
Mezlocillin Mezlin (discontinued)
Methicillin Staphcillin (discontinued)
Nafcillin Unipen (discontinued)
Oxacillin Prostaphlin (discontinued)
Penicillin G
 Pentids (discontinued)
Penicillin V
 Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued)
Piperacillin Pipracil (discontinued)
Penicillin G
 Pfizerpen
Temocillin Negaban (UK) (discontinued)
Ticarcillin Ticar (discontinued)
Penicillin combinations
Amoxicillin/clavulanate
 Augmentin Both Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Ampicillin/sulbactam are effective against non-recurrent acute otitis media.[11] Amoxicillin/clavulanate is one of the few oral antibiotics effective against skin and soft tissue infections. Can be given to children less than 40 kilograms in weight; for children heavier, the dosage is same as adults, twice daily.[12] The second component reduces the effectiveness of some forms of bacterial
resistance
to the first component
Ampicillin/sulbactam Unasyn
Piperacillin/tazobactam Zosyn
Ticarcillin/clavulanate
 Timentin
Polypeptides
Bacitracin Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of
multi drug resistant
organisms.		 Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection) Inhibits
isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane[13]
Colistin Coly-Mycin-S Interact with the Gram-negative
cytoplasmic membrane
, displacing bacterial counterions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. Act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.
Polymyxin B
Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Ciproxin
, Ciprobay		 Urinary tract infections,
mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea
 Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare) Inhibits the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.
Enoxacin Penetrex
Gatifloxacin
Tequin
Gemifloxacin
Factive[14]
Levofloxacin
Levaquin
Lomefloxacin Maxaquin
Moxifloxacin
Avelox
Nadifloxacin
Nalidixic acid NegGram
Norfloxacin Noroxin
Ofloxacin Floxin (discontinued), Ocuflox
Trovafloxacin
Trovan
 Withdrawn
Grepafloxacin
Raxar
 Withdrawn
Sparfloxacin Zagam Withdrawn
Temafloxacin
Omniflox
 Withdrawn
Sulfonamides(Bs)
Mafenide Sulfamylon Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns)
  • Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
  • Allergy (including skin rashes)
  • Crystals in urine
  • Kidney failure
  • Decrease in white blood cell count
  • Sensitivity to sunlight
dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA
), and in its absence cells cannot divide.
Sulfacetamide Sulamyd, Bleph-10
Sulfadiazine Micro-Sulfon
Silver sulfadiazine Silvadene
Sulfadimethoxine Di-Methox, Albon
Sulfamethizole Thiosulfil Forte
Sulfamethoxazole Gantanol
Sulfanilimide
(archaic)
Sulfasalazine Azulfidine
Sulfisoxazole
 Gantrisin
TMP-SMX
)
Bactrim
, Septra
Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) Prontosil
Tetracyclines(Bs)
Demeclocycline Declomycin
mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, malaria[note 1]
  • Gastrointestinal upset
  • Sensitivity to sunlight
  • Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy
  • Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent)
  • Transient depression of bone growth
 Inhibits the binding of
mRNA translation
complex. But Tetracycline cannot be taken together with all dairy products, aluminium, iron and zinc minerals.
Doxycycline
Vibramycin
Metacycline
Minocycline
Minocin
Oxytetracycline
Terramycin
Tetracycline
Achromycin V, Steclin
Drugs against
mycobacteria
Clofazimine Lamprene Antileprotic
Dapsone Avlosulfon Antileprotic
Capreomycin Capastat
Antituberculosis
Cycloserine Seromycin
urinary tract infections
Ethambutol(Bs) Myambutol
Antituberculosis
Ethionamide Trecator
Antituberculosis
 Inhibits peptide synthesis
Isoniazid I.N.H.
Antituberculosis
Pyrazinamide Aldinamide
Antituberculosis
Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) Rifadin, Rimactane mostly
mycobacteria
 Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine Binds to the β subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription
Rifabutin Mycobutin Mycobacterium avium complex Rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms
Rifapentine Priftin
Antituberculosis
Streptomycin
Antituberculosis
 Neurotoxicity, ototoxicity As other
aminoglycosides
Others
Arsphenamine
Salvarsan
 Spirochaetal infections (obsolete)
Chloramphenicol(Bs)
Chloromycetin
anaerobes
 Rarely: aplastic anemia. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome
Fosfomycin Monurol, Monuril Acute
cystitis
in women		 This antibiotic is not recommended for children and 75 and up of age Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis
Fusidic acid
Fucidin
Metronidazole
Flagyl
 Infections caused by
anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis
 Discolored urine, headache, metallic taste, nausea; alcohol is contraindicated Produces toxic
free radicals
that disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa.
Mupirocin
Bactroban
cream
for infected cuts		 Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis
Platensimycin
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
Synercid
Thiamphenicol
anaerobes
. Widely used in veterinary medicine.		 Rash. Lacks known anemic side-effects. A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome
Tigecycline(Bs) Tigacyl Slowly Intravenous. Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure infections, soft tissue infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Effective for gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic, and against multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and Acinetobacter baumannii), but not effective for Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus spp. Teeth discoloration and same side effects as tetracycline. Not to be given for children and pregnant or lactate women. Relatively safe and no need dose adjusted when be given for mild to moderate liver function or renal patients Similar structure with tetracycline, but five times stronger, big volume distribution and long half-time in the body
Tinidazole Tindamax Fasigyn Protozoal infections Upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness
Trimethoprim(Bs) Proloprim, Trimpex Urinary tract infections
Generic Name Brand Names Common Uses[4] Possible Side Effects[4] Mechanism of action

Note: (Bs): Bacteriostatic

Antibiotic candidates

These are antibiotic candidates, and known antibiotics that are not yet mass-produced.

Antibiotic candidates
Generic name Origin Susceptible phyla Stage of development Mechanism of action
Unclassified
Teixobactin Eleftheria terrae Gram-positive, including antibiotic resistant S. aureus and M. tuberculosis No human trials scheduled Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall
Malacidins
 Uncultured Bacterium Gram-positive, including antibiotic resistant S. aureus No human trials scheduled Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall
Halicin Anti-diabetic drug
Clostridiodes difficile, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 No human trials scheduled Disrupts electrochemical gradient

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium.

References

  1. ^ Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S. and Krieg, N. R. (1999) "Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance", In: Microbiology Concepts and Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York pp. 478-479.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-4-260-02027-5
    .
  3. S2CID 24357533
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-671-02727-1
    .
  5. ^ "Neomycin Drug Information". uptodate. Retrieved November 2, 2012.(subscription required)
  6. ISBN 978-1-61755-839-9
    . Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  7. ^ Splete H, Kerri Wachter (March 2006). "Liver toxicity reported with Ketek". Internal Medicine News.
  8. PMID 29462280
    .
  9. PMID 20724385
    .
  10. ^ a b Dificid (fidaxomicin) [prescribing information] Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck; December 2015.
  11. PMID 16061111
    .
  12. ^ "APO-Amoxycillin and Clavulanic Acid 500mg/125 mg Tablets" (PDF). Retrieved November 27, 2014.
  13. ^ Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger
  14. ^ "List of Antibiotics". Retrieved February 7, 2014.
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