National parks in California
There are nine national parks located in the state of California managed by the National Park Service. National parks protect significant scenic areas and nature reserves, provide educational programs, community service opportunities, and are an important part of conservation efforts in the United States. There are several other locations inside of California managed by the National Park Service, but carry other designations such as National Monuments. Many of the national parks in California are also part of national forests and National Wildlife Refuges, and contain Native American Heritage Sites and National Monuments.
Parks
Channel Islands
The Channel Islands National Park was established on March 5, 1980 and is located on five of the eight
- Santa Cruz Island (Spanish: Isla Santa Cruz, Chumash: Limuw) is the largest island in California and largest of the eight islands in the Channel Islands archipelago. It forms part of the northern group of the Channel Islands.[6] Santa Cruz is 22 miles (35 km) long and 2 to 6 miles (3 to 10 km) wide with an area of over 61,000 acres (250 km2).[7][8][9]
- San Miguel Island (Island Chumash: Tuqan) is the farthest west of the Channel Islands; it is the sixth-largest of the eight Channel Islands covering over 9,000 acres (3,600 ha), including offshore islands and rocks. Prince Island, 700 m (2,300 ft) off the northeastern coast, measures 35 acres (14 ha) in area. The island, at its farthest extent, is 8 miles (13 km) long and 3.7 miles (6.0 km) wide.[10][11]
- Santa Rosa Island (Chumash: Wi'ma) is the second largest of the Channel Islands covering over 53,000 acres (210 km2). Santa Rosa island is located about 26 miles (42 km) off the coast of Santa Barbara, California. The terrain consists of rolling hills, canyons, and a coastal lagoon. The island's highest point is Vail Peak, at 1,589 feet (484 m).[12][13]
- feast day dedicated to Saint Barbara.[19]
The islands are home to an array of significant natural resources and cultural sites; all of the islands contain national archeological districts except Santa Rosa Island. In 1976 all eight of the islands became a biosphere reserve as part of the Man and the Biosphere Programme under UNESCO.[20][2]
The Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary is a protected area established May 5, 1980 encompassing the waters from mean high tide to 6 nautical miles (11 km) around Channel Islands National Park, covering an area of approximately 1,470 square miles (3,800 km2). The National Marine Sanctuary program is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and conducts educational programs, oversees conservation efforts, scientific research, and national resource stewardship. The sanctuary protects a wide range of marine species and more than 150 historic shipwrecks.[21][22]
The islands are a place of cultural significance for the Chumash people.[23][24][25][26]
Death Valley
Death Valley National Park straddles the
Death Valley is the largest national park in the
Despite its name, Death Valley National Park is home to a wide variety of plants and animals in its diverse ecosystem and microecosystems.[34] The Death Valley pupfish (Cyprinodon salinus), also known as Salt Creek pupfish, is a small species of fish found only in Death Valley National Park; the pupfish is endemic to two small, isolated locations and is currently classified as an endangered species.[35][36][37]
Notable locations inside the park are: Badwater Basin, Dante's View, Darwin Falls, Racetrack Playa, Rainbow Canyon, Telescope Peak, Titus Canyon, and Ubehebe Crater.
Joshua Tree
The Joshua Tree National Park is in southeastern California, east of Los Angeles and San Bernardino, near Palm Springs, California. It takes its name from the Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) native to the Mojave Desert.[38][39][40]
Minerva Hoyt led a campaign to convince the state and federal governments to protect the area; it was declared a national monument in 1936;[41] The monument was redesignated as a national park on October 31, 1994, by the Desert Protection Act.[42][38] [43] The park currently covers an area of over 790,000 acres (1,234.4 sq mi; 3,197.0 km2) – slightly larger than the state of Rhode Island; 429,690 acres (671.4 sq mi; 1,738.9 km2) of the park is a National Wilderness Preserve.[44][45] Straddling San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, the park includes parts of both the higher Mojave Desert and the lower Colorado Desert, each containing an ecosystem determined primarily by elevation. The Little San Bernardino Mountains run across the southwest edge of the park.[46]
Notable Joshua Tree scenic areas and trails in the park include:
Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
The Kings Canyon National Park and Sequoia National Park adjoin each other and are administered together by the National Park Service as Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.[47]
Kings Canyon
Kings Canyon National Park is located in the southern
Originally established in 1890 as General Grant National Park, created to protect a small area of giant sequoias from logging, the park was greatly expanded and renamed to Kings Canyon National Park on March 4, 1940. The park is also a national wilderness area. Kings Canyon is north of and contiguous with Sequoia National Park, and both parks are jointly administered by the National Park Service as the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.[47][50][51][52]
The park consists of two main areas:
Sequoia
Sequoia National Park is in the southern Sierra Nevada, northeast of Bakersfield, California. Because the parks are adjacent to each other, Kings Canyon National Park and Sequoia National Park are administered together as the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks by the National Park Service;.[47] In 1976, UNESCO designated the park as the Sequoia-Kings Canyon Biosphere Reserve.
The park was established on September 25, 1890 to protect over 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) of mountainous forest wilderness and became a national park at the same time the National Park Service was founded on August 25, 1916;
The park is known for the
Lassen Volcanic Park
Lassen Volcanic National Park is located in Lassen County in northeastern California and is known for its numerous volcanoes.[60] The namesake feature of the park is Lassen Peak, the largest plug dome volcano in the world and the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range.[61] The park is one of the few areas in the world where all four types of volcano can be found: plug dome, shield, cinder cone, and stratovolcano. From May 1914 until 1917, a series of eruptions occurred on Lassen.[62][63][64]
Lassen Volcanic National Park began in 1907 as two separate
The source of heat for the volcanism in the Lassen area is
Pinnacles
Pinnacles National Park is a mountainous area located east of the
The park's is named for the eroded rocky spires which are the remnants of an ancient volcanic field. The majority of the park is also protected as a national wilderness. The park is divided by rock formations into eastern and western areas, connected by hiking trails. The rock formations provide for extensive views that attract rock climbing enthusiasts.[75] The park features talus caves which are home to at least thirteen different species of bats;[76] the park is an excellent habitat for prairie falcons, and is a protected release site for California condors hatched in captivity.[77][78]
Pinnacles was established under the Antiquities Act as a national monument in 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt,[73] and was redesignated as a national park by Congressional legislation in 2012 that was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 10, 2013.[79] The legislation designates the Pinnacles Wilderness as the Hain Wilderness in commemoration of Schuyler Hain's efforts to establish the national monument.[80][81][78]
Redwoods
The Redwood National and State Parks are a network of three state and one national park located along the coast of northern
The park network includes:
- Redwoods National Park
- Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park[84]
- Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park[85]
- Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park[86]
Humboldt Redwoods State Park and Big Basin Redwoods State Park are California state Redwood parks which are part of the Northern California coastal forests, but are not a part of the Redwood National and State Parks complex.[87]
In 1850, old-growth redwood forest covered more than 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) of the California coast. Today the parks protect the remaining Redwood forest area, a combined 139,000 acres (560 km2) area of old-growth temperate rainforests. The four parks protect almost half of all remaining coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) old-growth forests, totaling an area of over 38,000 acres (150 km2) with 37 miles (60 km) of natural coastline. Coastal redwoods are among the tallest, oldest, and most massive tree species on Earth.[88]
After decades of unrestricted logging, efforts toward conservation of the Redwood forest started. The work of the Save the Redwoods League, founded in 1918 to protect the remaining old-growth redwoods, resulted in the creation of the several state parks. Efforts by the Save the Redwoods League, the Sierra Club, and the National Geographic Society to create a national park began in the early 1960s and Redwood National Park was created in 1968. The parks are currently managed jointly by the California Department of Parks and Recreation and the National Park Service.[89][90][91]
The Redwood National and State Parks are one of twenty–four
In addition to protecting the redwoods, the ecosystem of the parks protect a number of
Yosemite
Yosemite National Park is located in central California in the western Sierra Nevada; the park borders the Sierra National Forest to the southeast and Stanislaus National Forest to the northwest and extends Tuolumne, Mono, Madera, and Mariposa counties. Three wilderness areas adjoin the park: the Ansel Adams Wilderness to the southeast, the Hoover Wilderness to the northeast, and the Emigrant Wilderness to the north. The park protects an area of almost 750,000 acres (3,000 km2); The elevation of the park ranges from 2,127 feet (648 m) to 13,114 feet (3,997 m).[97][98] The name "Yosemite" means "killer" in Miwok, and originally referred a tribe that was forced out of the area by the Mariposa Battalion. Previously, the area had been called "Ahwahnee" ("big mouth") by indigenous people. The indigenous tribe that lived in the Valley were called Yosemites by other tribes because they were formed of renegades from the Paiutes. The term "Yosemite" in Miwok is easily confusable with a similar term for "grizzly bear".[99][100]
Almost the entire park is designated as a wilderness area;
Yosemite was at the heart of the development of the national park system. Galen Clark worked together with other conservationists to protect Yosemite Valley from development; this ultimately lead President Abraham Lincoln to sign the Yosemite Grant Act in 1864. The movement to have Congress declare Yosemite a national park began soon after the grant and the valley and surrounding mountains and wilderness became a national park in 1890.[103]
Notable areas protected inside Yosemite include: Tunnel View, El Capitan, Sentinel Dome and Half Dome, Tuolumne Meadows, Dana Meadows, Clark Range, Cathedral Range, and Kuna Crest.
About the National Park Service
The National Park Service (NPS) is the agency of the United States Government that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other historical properties with various designations. The agency was created on August 25, 1916 through the National Park Service Organic Act. The National Park Service is a part of the Department of the Interior. The agency is charged with both preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management and also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment.[104][105][106]
See also
- California Desert Protection Act of 1994[e]
- List of national parks of the United States
- List of National Historic Landmarks in California
- National Register of Historic Places listings in California
- U.S. Wilderness Area
- National Wilderness Preservation System
- Marine protected area
- National park
- United States Forest Service
- National forest (United States)
- Bureau of Land Management
- Antiquities Act
- Theodore Roosevelt
- John Muir
References
General references
- Barbour, M. G., Lydon, S., Borchert, M., Popper, M., Whitworth, V., & Evarts, J. (2001). Coast Redwood: A Natural and Cultural History. Cachuma Press.
- Chiles, F. (2015). California's Channel Islands. University of Oklahoma Press.
- Cunningham, B., & Cunningham, P. (2006). Hiking California's Desert Parks: A Guide to the Greatest Hiking Adventures in Anza-Borrego, Joshua Tree, Mojave, and Death Valley. Globe Pequot.
- Dilsaver, L. M., & Tweed, W. C. (1990). Challenge of the Big Trees. National Park Service.
- Dilsaver, L. M. (2015). Joshua Tree National Park: A History of Preserving the Desert. National Park Service.
- Dunning, J., & Thron, D. (1998). From the Redwood Forest: Ancient Trees and the Bottom Line: A Headwaters Journey. Chelsea Green Pub Co.
- Eggers, M. (2004). Mining History and Geology of Joshua Tree National Park. San Diego Association of Geologists.
- Harris, A. G., Tuttle, E., & Tuttle, S. D. (1997). Geology of National Parks (5th revised edition). Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.
- Harris, D. (1995). The Last Stand: The War Between Wall Street and Main Street over California’s Ancient Redwoods. Crown Publishing.
- Hewes, J. J. (1995). Redwoods: The World’s Largest Trees. Smithmark Pub.
- Johnstone, P., & Palmquist, P. E. (Eds.). (2001). Giants in the Earth: The California Redwoods. Heyday Books.
- Kaiser, J. (2010). Joshua Tree: The Complete Guide (4th edition). Destination Press.
- Kiver, E. P., Harris, D. V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands (5th edition). John Wiley & Sons.
- League, S. the R., & Hodder, S. (2019). The Once and Future Forest: California’s Iconic Redwoods. Heyday Books.
- Maloof, J. (2016). Nature’s Temples: The Complex World of Old-Growth Forests. Timber Press.
- Mihaly, C. (2018). California's Redwood Forest. Focus Readers.
- Morley, J. M. (1992). Muir Woods: The Ancient Redwood Forest Near San Francisco. Smith/Morley.
- Noss, R. F. (Ed.). (1999). The Redwood Forest: History, Ecology, and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods. Island Press.
- Rothman, H. K., & Miller, C. (2013). Death Valley National Park: A History. University of Nevada Press.
- Schaffer, J. P. (1999). Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails. Berkeley: Wilderness Press.
- Schoenherr, A. A., Feldmeth, C. R., & Emerson, M. J. (1999). Natural History of the Islands of California. University of California Press.
- Sharp, R. P., & Glazner, A. F. (1997). Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley. Mountain Press Publishing Company.
- Vieira, L. (1994). The Ever-Living Tree: The Life and Times of a Coast Redwood. Walker & Co.
- Wallace, W. J. (1978). Ancient peoples and cultures of Death Valley National Monument (1st edition). Acoma Books.
- Wuerthner, G. (1994). Yosemite: A Visitor's Companion. Stackpole Books.
- Zarki, J. W. (2015). Images of America: Joshua Tree National Park. Arcadia Publishing.
Notes
- ^ Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island are national monuments, both established before the park in 1938.
- ^ Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness encompasses over 468,000 acres (189,000 ha) in Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks.[48]
- ^ The Pacific Crest trail passes through 25 national forests and 7 national parks.
- ^ The John Muir trail passes through Yosemite, Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks.
- ^ The California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. §§ 410aaa through 410aaa-83, October 31, 1994): The Act establishes the Death Valley and Joshua Tree National Parks and the Mojave National Preserve.
Citations
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- ^ a b "Treasured Islands: Channel Islands National Park". National Park Foundation. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Science Explorer: Channel Islands National Park". United States Geological Survey. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ Cheri Carlson (September 2, 2016). "Bringing Channel Islands National Park to the people". Ventura County Star. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Channel Islands National Park". California Beaches. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Santa Cruz Island". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Santa Cruz Island - Island Packers Cruises". islandpackers.com. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
- ^ "Chumash Place Names". Archived from the original on April 1, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ "Santa Cruz Island in California". nature.org. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Chumash Place Names". Archived from the original on April 1, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ "San Miguel Island". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Chumash Place Names".
- ^ "Santa Rosa Island". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Anacapa Island Restoration Project" (PDF). Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ Harrington, John P. John P. Harrington's Notes, Reel 68.
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- ^ "Anacapa Island: Coast Guard Lighthouses". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Anacapa Island". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Santa Barbara Island". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary". Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
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- ^ "Death Valley National Park". Britannica. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ National Park Index (2001–2003), p. 26
- ^ "12 Things You Didn't Know About Death Valley". U.S. Department of the Interior. October 15, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "Death Valley National Park". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Death Valley". National Parks Conservation Association. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Rothman, H. K.; Miller, C. (2013). Death Valley National Park: A History. University of Nevada Press.
- ^ "Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve". California. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- . Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Cyprinodon salinus" in FishBase. 12 2015 version.
- ^ "Salt Creek pupfish". U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ "Death Valley National Park". National Geographic. November 3, 2015. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ a b "Joshua Tree National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ "Joshua trees may disappear with climate change—but scientists are working to save them". National Geographic. October 15, 2018. Archived from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ "Joshua Tree National Park". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ Netburn, Deborah (February 14, 2019). "How a South Pasadena matron used her wits and wealth to create Joshua Tree National Park". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
- ^ Wikisource. . August 10, 1936 – via
- ^ "Park History". Joshua Tree National Park, NPS. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
- ^ Land Resources Division (December 31, 2016). "National Park Service Listing of Acreage (summary)" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
- ^ "Wilderness area of Joshua Tree National Park". National Park Service. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ "A Desert Park". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness". Wilderness Connect. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "Kings Canyon National Park". Britannica. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks, California". Recreation.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
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- ^ Editors of Encyclopaedia, ed. (2019). "Kings Canyon National Park". Encyclopedia Britannica.
{{cite web}}
:|editor=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Best trails in Kings Canyon National Park". AllTrails.com. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ Kohn, B., Benson, S. (2016). Lonely Planet Yosemite, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks. Lonely Planet Publications.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ White, Mike (2012). Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks: Your Complete Hiking Guide. Wilderness Press.
- ^ Dilsaver, L. M.; Tweed, W. C. (1990). "Chapter 4: Parks and Forests: Protection Begins (1885-1916)". Challenge of the Big Trees. National Park Service.
- ^ Dilsaver, L. M.; Tweed, W. C. (1990). "Chapter 5: Selling Sequoia: The Early Park Service Years (1916-1931)". Challenge of the Big Trees. National Park Service.
- ^ "Wilderness - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
- ^ "Nature - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
- ^ "Lassen Volcanic National Park". Los Angeles Times. August 9, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ "HOTSPOT: California On The Edge: Cascade Range Volcanoes". California Academy of Sciencies. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "Lassen Volcanic Center". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "Lassen Volcanic National Park". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ a b "Lassen Volcanic National Park". Britannica. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "A Guide to California's Lassen Volcanic National Park". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "The Story of the Antiquities Act". National Park Service.
- ^ "Lassen Volcanic National Park". National Park Foundation. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ "California's Lassen Volcanic National Park". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Clynne, Michael A; Janik, Cathy J; Muffler, LJP. "Hot Water in Lassen Volcanic National Park: Fumaroles, Steaming Ground, and Boiling Mudpots" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "Spanish Missionaries and Early Settlers - Pinnacles National Park". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
- ^ "Pinnacles National Park". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ "Pinnacles becomes a national park — the closest to Bay Area". The Mercury News. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ a b Oberg, Reta R. (1979). "Administrative History of Pinnacles National Monument" (Document). National Park Service.
- ^ "Pinnacles National Monument". Britannica. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
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- ^ "California Condors at Pinnacles - Pinnacles National Park". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ a b Timothy Babalis (2009). "The Heart of the Gabilans: An Administrative History of Pinnacles National Monument" (PDF). National Park Service.
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- , enacted October 20, 1976
- ^ "Learn About the Park - Redwood National and State Parks". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "Basic Information - Redwood National and State Parks". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "Del Norte Coast Redwoods State Park". California State Parks. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park". California State Parks. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "Prairie Creek Redwoods SP". California State Parks. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
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- ^ "Redwood National and State Parks". Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ Willard E. Pratt. "Chronology: Establishment of the Redwood National Park" (PDF). Forest History Society.
- ^ Harris, D. (1995). The Last Stand: The War Between Wall Street and Main Street over California's Ancient Redwoods. Crown Publishing.
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Other sources
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
External links
General
- National Parks in California; Visit California.
- Map and list of national parks, monuments, and historic sites in California, National Park Service
- Map of Northern California; University of Texas
- Map of Southern California; University of Texas
Parks
- 1920s photographs of Death Valley and surrounding area; Digital History Collections, Utah State University.
- Historic Photos of Yosemite National Park, Brigham Young University.