Odisha
Odisha | ||
---|---|---|
Jagannath Temple, Deomali, Rourkela Steel Plant, Mahanadi, Simlipal National Park, Chilika Lake, Ratnagiri, Leaning Temple of Huma, Sisupalgarh | ||
Formation 1 April 1936 | Odisha Day | |
Odisha High Court | ||
Area | ||
• Total | 155,707 km2 (60,119 sq mi) | |
• Rank | Utkala Dibasa | |
Bird | Indian roller[12][13] | |
Fish | Mahanadi mahseer[14] | |
Flower | Asoka[11] | |
Mammal | Sambar[11] | |
Tree | Sacred Fig[11][15] | |
State highway mark | ||
State highway of Odisha OR SH1 – OR SH57 | ||
List of Indian state symbols |
Odisha (English:
The ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War, coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha.[22] The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the Indian government when Orissa Province was established on 1 April 1936, consisting of the Odia-speaking districts of Bihar and Orissa Province.[22] The 1st of April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (lit. 'Odisha Day').[23] Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135,[24] after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha.[25] The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹5.86 trillion (US$73 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹127,383 (US$1,600).[5] Odisha ranks 32nd among Indian states in Human Development Index.[26]
Etymology
The terms Odisha and Orissa (
In 2011, the English rendering of ଓଡ଼ିଶା was changed from "Orissa" to "Odisha", and the name of its language from "Oriya" to "Odia", by the passage of the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2010 and the Constitution (113th Amendment) Bill, 2010 in the
History
Prehistoric
According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga
By c. 150 BCE, Emperor
The city of
Later, the kings of the
The Eastern Ganga Dynasty was followed by the
In 1751, the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan ceded the region to the Maratha Empire.[22]
The
The
Geography
Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707 km2, which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450 km.
Three-quarters of the state is covered in mountain ranges. Deep and broad valleys have been made in them by rivers. These valleys have fertile soil and are densely populated. Odisha also has plateaus and rolling uplands, which have lower elevation than the plateaus.[62] The highest point in the state is Deomali at 1,672 metres in Koraput district. Some other high peaks are: Sinkaram (1,620 m), Golikoda (1,617 m), and Yendrika (1,582 metres).[65]
Climate
The state experiences four
Mean Temp and Precipitation of Selected Weather Stations[66] | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bhubaneswar (1952–2000) |
Balasore (1901–2000) |
Gopalpur (1901–2000) |
Sambalpur (1901–2000) | |||||||||
Max (°C) | Min (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Max (°C) | Min (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Max (°C) | Min (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Max (°C) | Min (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | |
January | 28.5 | 15.5 | 13.1 | 27.0 | 13.9 | 17.0 | 27.2 | 16.9 | 11.0 | 27.6 | 12.6 | 14.2 |
February | 31.6 | 18.6 | 25.5 | 29.5 | 16.7 | 36.3 | 28.9 | 19.5 | 23.6 | 30.1 | 15.1 | 28.0 |
March | 35.1 | 22.3 | 25.2 | 33.7 | 21.0 | 39.4 | 30.7 | 22.6 | 18.1 | 35.0 | 19.0 | 20.9 |
April | 37.2 | 25.1 | 30.8 | 36.0 | 24.4 | 54.8 | 31.2 | 25.0 | 20.3 | 39.3 | 23.5 | 14.2 |
May | 37.5 | 26.5 | 68.2 | 36.1 | 26.0 | 108.6 | 32.4 | 26.7 | 53.8 | 41.4 | 27.0 | 22.7 |
June | 35.2 | 26.1 | 204.9 | 34.2 | 26.2 | 233.4 | 32.3 | 26.8 | 138.1 | 36.9 | 26.7 | 218.9 |
July | 32.0 | 25.2 | 326.2 | 31.8 | 25.8 | 297.9 | 31.0 | 26.1 | 174.6 | 31.1 | 24.9 | 459.0 |
August | 31.6 | 25.1 | 366.8 | 31.4 | 25.8 | 318.3 | 31.2 | 25.9 | 195.9 | 30.7 | 24.8 | 487.5 |
September | 31.9 | 24.8 | 256.3 | 31.7 | 25.5 | 275.8 | 31.7 | 25.7 | 192.0 | 31.7 | 24.6 | 243.5 |
October | 31.7 | 23.0 | 190.7 | 31.3 | 23.0 | 184.0 | 31.4 | 23.8 | 237.8 | 31.7 | 21.8 | 56.6 |
November | 30.2 | 18.8 | 41.7 | 29.2 | 17.8 | 41.6 | 29.5 | 19.7 | 95.3 | 29.4 | 16.2 | 17.6 |
December | 28.3 | 15.2 | 4.9 | 26.9 | 13.7 | 6.5 | 27.4 | 16.4 | 11.4 | 27.2 | 12.1 | 4.8 |
Biodiversity
According to a
Due to the climate and good rainfall, Odisha's evergreen and moist forests are uniquely suitable habitats for wild orchids. Around 130 species have been reported from the state.[68] Around 97 of them are found in Mayurbhanj district alone. The Orchid House of the Nandankanan Zoological Park maintains some of these species.[69]
The Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary is a 190 km2 protected area near the capital city, Bhubaneswar. However, urban expansion and over-grazing have reduced the forests, driving the herds of elephants to migrate away, as well as increasing human-elephant conflicts—which sometimes results in injury and death (on both sides). Some elephants have died in conflicts with villagers, while some have died during migration after being accidentally electrocuted by power lines or even hit by trains. Outside the protected area, they are killed by ivory poachers. In 2002, there were about 80 elephants, but by 2012, their numbers had been reduced to 20. Many of the animals have migrated toward the Barbara Reserve forest, Chilika, Nayagarh district, and Athagad.[71][72] Besides elephants, the sanctuary also has leopards, jungle cats and herds of chital.[73]
The
In winter, Bhitarkanika is also visited by
Satapada is situated close to the northeast cape of Chilika Lake and Bay of Bengal. It is famous for dolphin watching in their natural habitat. There is a tiny island en route for watching dolphins, where tourists often take a short stop. Apart from that, this island is also home for tiny red crabs.
According to a census conducted in 2016, there are around 2000 elephants in the state. [88]
-
White tiger in theNandankanan Zoo
-
Chilika
-
Vanda tessellata, one of the orchids found in Odisha[89]
-
Migratory birds at Chilika Lake
-
Crocodile in Bhitarkanika National Park
Government and politics
All states in India are governed by a
The main parties active in the politics of Odisha are the Biju Janata Dal, the Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party. Following the Odisha State Assembly Election in 2019, the Naveen Patnaik-led Biju Janata Dal stayed in power for the sixth consecutive term, he is the 14th chief minister of Odisha since 2000.[92]
Legislative assembly
The Odisha state has a
The
Subdivisions
Odisha has been divided into 30 districts. These 30 districts have been placed under three different revenue divisions to streamline their governance. The divisions are North, Central and South, with their headquarters at
Northern Division (HQ – Sambalpur) | Central Division (HQ – Cuttack) | Southern Division (HQ – Berhampur) |
---|---|---|
|
|
Each district is governed by a collector and district magistrate, who is appointed from the
The capital and largest city of the state is
.Other municipalities of Odisha include
Largest cities or towns in Odisha
As of the 2011 Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank
|
Name
|
District | Pop.
|
||||||
Bhubaneswar Cuttack |
1 | Bhubaneswar | Khurda |
881,988 | Rourkela Brahmapur | ||||
2 | Cuttack | Cuttack | 658,986 | ||||||
3 | Rourkela | Sundargarh |
552,970 | ||||||
4 | Brahmapur | Ganjam | 355,823 | ||||||
5 | Sambalpur | Sambalpur | 270,331 | ||||||
6 | Puri | Puri | 201,026 | ||||||
7 | Balasore | Balasore | 144,373 | ||||||
8 | Bhadrak | Bhadrak | 121,338 | ||||||
9 | Baripada | Mayurbhanj | 116,874 | ||||||
10 | Balangir | Balangir | 98,238 |
Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs in rural areas.
Economy
Macro-economic trend
Odisha is experiencing a rapid economic growth post-Covid. The impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Odisha's growth rate is above the national average.
Industrial development
Odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. Odisha has emerged as the most preferred destination for overseas investors with investment proposals.[104] It contains a fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite.
Rourkela Steel Plant[105] was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India, built with collaboration of Germany.
Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $10 billion. Russian major
In 2009 Odisha was the second top domestic investment destination with Gujarat first and Andhra Pradesh in third place according to an analysis of ASSOCHAM Investment Meter (AIM) study on corporate investments. Odisha's share was 12.6 per cent in total investment in the country. It received an investment proposal worth ₹2.01 trillion (equivalent to ₹4.5 trillion or US$56 billion in 2023) in 2010. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.[108]
The recently concluded Make in Odisha Conclave 2022 saw the state generate investment proposals worth ₹10.5 trillion with an employment potential for 10,37,701 people. Out of the total investment proposals received, the metals, ancillary and downstream sectors fetched ₹5.50 lakhs crore (trillion), power, green energy, and renewable energy sector fetched ₹2.38 trillion, and chemicals-petrochemicals and logistics-infrastructure sector attracted ₹76,000 crores and ₹1.20 trillion, respectively. Odisha has the potential to become a trillion-dollar economy by 2030.
Transportation
Odisha has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports. Bhubaneswar is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes.[109][110] Odisha Government Plans Mega Metro Rail Project to Connect Puri and Bhubaneswar [111] The metro rail proposal was given to connect trains between Puri- Bhubaneswar – Cuttack.[112] The Odisha government has planned a new Expressway that will connect Biju Patnaik International Airport airport at Bhubaneswar with the proposed Shri Jagannath International Airport at Puri.[113]
Air
Odisha has a total of three operational airports, 16 airstrips and 16 helipads.
- Biju Patnaik International Airport
- Jeypore – Jeypore Airport
- Veer Surendra Sai Airport
- Rourkela – Rourkela Airport
- Berhampur – Rangeilunda Airport
- Bhawanipatna - Utkela Airport
Seaports
Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres (301 mi). It has one major port at Paradip and few minor ports. some of them are:[118][119]
- Port of Dhamara
- Port of Gopalpur
- Port of Paradip
- Port of Subarnarekha
Railways
Major cities of Odisha are well connected to all the major cities of India by direct daily trains and weekly trains. Most of the railway network in Odisha lies under the jurisdiction of the
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1901 | 10,302,917 | — |
1911 | 11,378,875 | +10.4% |
1921 | 11,158,586 | −1.9% |
1931 | 12,491,056 | +11.9% |
1941 | 13,767,988 | +10.2% |
1951 | 14,645,946 | +6.4% |
1961 | 17,548,846 | +19.8% |
1971 | 21,944,615 | +25.0% |
1981 | 26,370,271 | +20.2% |
1991 | 31,659,736 | +20.1% |
2001 | 36,804,660 | +16.3% |
2011 | 41,974,218 | +14.0% |
Source: Census of India[120] |
According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Odisha is 41,974,218, of which 21,212,136 (50.54%) are male and 20,762,082 (49.46%) are female, or 978 females per 1000 males. This represents a 13.97% increase over the population in 2001. The population density is 270 per km2.[3]
The literacy rate is 73%, with 82% of males and 64% of females being literate, according to the 2011 census.
The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2004–2005 was 57.15% which was nearly double the Indian average of 26.10%. Since 2005 the state has reduced poverty rate dramatically by 24.6 percentage points. According to current estimate proportion of people living under poverty line was 32.6%[121][122]
Data of 1996–2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has a birth rate of 23.2 per 1,000 people per year, a death rate of 9.1 per 1,000 people per year, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Odisha has a Human Development Index of 0.606 as of 2018.[123]
District | Headquarters | Population (2011) |
Males | Females | Percentage decadal growth 2001–2011 |
Sex ratio | Density (persons per km2) |
Child population 0–6 years |
Child sex ratio |
Literacy rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angul |
Angul | 1,271,703 | 654,898 | 616,805 | 11.55 | 942 | 199 | 145,690 | 884 | 78.96 |
Balangir |
Balangir | 1,648,574 | 831,349 | 817,225 | 23.29 | 983 | 251 | 206,964 | 951 | 65.50 |
Balasore |
Baleswar | 2,317,419 | 1,184,371 | 1,133,048 | 14.47 | 957 | 609 | 274,432 | 941 | 80.66 |
Bargarh |
Bargarh | 1,478,833 | 748,332 | 730,501 | 9.84 | 976 | 253 | 156,185 | 946 | 75.16 |
Bhadrak |
Bhadrak | 1,506,522 | 760,591 | 745,931 | 12.95 | 981 | 601 | 176,793 | 931 | 83.25 |
Boudh |
Boudh | 439,917 | 220,993 | 218,924 | 17.82 | 991 | 142 | 59,094 | 975 | 72.51 |
Cuttack |
Cuttack | 2,618,708 | 1,339,153 | 1,279,555 | 11.87 | 955 | 666 | 251,152 | 913 | 84.20 |
Debagarh |
Debagarh | 312,164 | 158,017 | 154,147 | 13.88 | 976 | 106 | 38,621 | 917 | 73.07 |
Dhenkanal |
Dhenkanal |
1,192,948 | 612,597 | 580,351 | 11.82 | 947 | 268 | 132,647 | 870 | 79.41 |
Gajapati |
Paralakhemundi | 575,880 | 282,041 | 293,839 | 10.99 | 1,042 | 133 | 82,777 | 964 | 54.29 |
Ganjam | Chhatrapur | 3,520,151 | 1,777,324 | 1,742,827 | 11.37 | 981 | 429 | 397,920 | 899 | 71.88 |
Jagatsinghpur |
Jagatsinghpur | 1,136,604 | 577,699 | 558,905 | 7.44 | 967 | 681 | 103,517 | 929 | 87.13 |
Jajpur |
Jajpur | 1,826,275 | 926,058 | 900,217 | 12.43 | 972 | 630 | 207,310 | 921 | 80.44 |
Jharsuguda |
Jharsuguda | 579,499 | 297,014 | 282,485 | 12.56 | 951 | 274 | 61,823 | 938 | 78.36 |
Kalahandi | Bhawanipatna | 1,573,054 | 785,179 | 787,875 | 17.79 | 1,003 | 199 | 214,111 | 947 | 60.22 |
Kandhamal |
Phulbani | 731,952 | 359,401 | 372,551 | 12.92 | 1,037 | 91 | 106,379 | 960 | 65.12 |
Kendrapara |
Kendrapara | 1,439,891 | 717,695 | 722,196 | 10.59 | 1,006 | 545 | 153,443 | 921 | 85.93 |
Kendujhar |
Kendujhar | 1,802,777 | 907,135 | 895,642 | 15.42 | 987 | 217 | 253,418 | 957 | 69.00 |
Khordha |
Khordha | 2,246,341 | 1,166,949 | 1,079,392 | 19.65 | 925 | 799 | 222,275 | 910 | 87.51 |
Koraput |
Koraput | 1,376,934 | 677,864 | 699,070 | 16.63 | 1,031 | 156 | 215,518 | 970 | 49.87 |
Malkangiri |
Malkangiri | 612,727 | 303,913 | 308,814 | 21.53 | 1,016 | 106 | 105,636 | 979 | 49.49 |
Mayurbhanj |
Baripada | 2,513,895 | 1,253,633 | 1,260,262 | 13.06 | 1,005 | 241 | 337,757 | 952 | 63.98 |
Nabarangapur |
Nabarangpur | 1,218,762 | 604,046 | 614,716 | 18.81 | 1,018 | 230 | 201,901 | 988 | 48.20 |
Nayagarh |
Nayagarh | 962,215 | 502,194 | 460,021 | 11.30 | 916 | 247 | 101,337 | 851 | 79.17 |
Nuapada |
Nuapada | 606,490 | 300,307 | 306,183 | 14.28 | 1,020 | 157 | 84,893 | 971 | 58.20 |
Puri |
Puri | 1,697,983 | 865,209 | 832,774 | 13.00 | 963 | 488 | 164,388 | 924 | 85.37 |
Rayagada |
Rayagada | 961,959 | 469,672 | 492,287 | 15.74 | 1,048 | 136 | 141,167 | 955 | 50.88 |
Sambalpur |
Sambalpur | 1,044,410 | 529,424 | 514,986 | 12.24 | 973 | 158 | 112,946 | 931 | 76.91 |
Subarnapur |
Sonepur |
652,107 | 332,897 | 319,210 | 20.35 | 959 | 279 | 76,536 | 947 | 74.42 |
Sundergarh |
Sundergarh | 2,080,664 | 1,055,723 | 1,024,941 | 13.66 | 971 | 214 | 249,020 | 937 | 74.13 |
Religion
The majority (almost 94%
The Odisha Temple Authorisation Act of 1948 empowered the government of Odisha to open temples for all Hindus, including Dalits.[125]
Perhaps the oldest scripture of Odisha is the Madala Panji from the Puri Temple believed from 1042 AD. Famous Hindu Odia scripture includes the 16th-century Bhagabata of Jagannatha Dasa.[126] In the modern times Madhusudan Rao was a major Odia writer, who was a Brahmo Samajist and shaped modern Odia literature at the start of the 20th century.[127]
Languages
The different tribal (Adivasi) communities who mostly reside in western and southern Odisha have their own languages belonging to Munda and Dravidian family of languages. Some of these major tribal languages are Santali, Kui, Mundari and Ho. Due to increasing contact with outsiders, migration and socioeconomic reasons many of these indigenous languages are slowly getting extinct or are on the verge of getting extinct.[131]
The Odisha Sahitya Academy Award was established in 1957 to actively develop Odia language and literature. The Odisha government launched a portal in 2018 to promote Odia language and literature.[132]
Education
Educational institutions
- AIPH University at Bhubaneswar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)at Bhubaneswar
- Berhampur University at Brahmapur
- Biju Patnaik University of Technology at Rourkela
- Central University of Odisha at Koraput
- Centurion Universityat Jatni, Bhubaneswar
- C. V. Raman Global University (CVRGU) at Bhubaneswar
- Dharanidhar University at Kendujhar
- DRIEMS University at Tangi, Cuttack
- Fakir Mohan University at Balasore
- Gangadhar Meher University at Sambalpur
- Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology (IIHT Bargarh) at Bargarh
- Indian Institute of Management (IIM-SB) at Sambalpur
- Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER BPR)at Brahmapur
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar(IIT BBS) at Bhubaneswar
- Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM BBSR) at Bhubaneswar
- International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) at Bhubaneswar
- Institute of Mathematics and Applications, Bhubaneswar
- Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) at Bhubaneswar
- Khallikote Unitary University at Brahmapur
- Maa Manikeshwari University at Bhawanipatna
- Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University at Baripada
- National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Researchat Cuttack
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) at Bhubaneswar
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela (NIT)at Rourkela
- National Law University at Cuttack
- Odia University at Satyabadi
- Odisha State Open University at Sambalpur
- Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) at Bhubaneswar
- Odisha University of Health Sciences (OUHS) at Bhubaneswar
- Odisha University of Technology and Research (OUTR) at Bhubaneswar
- Rajendra University at Balangir
- Rama Devi Women's University at Bhubaneswar
- Ravenshaw University at Cuttack
- Regional Institute of Education (RIE) at Bhubaneswar
- Sambalpur University at Sambalpur
- Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology Sambalpur
- Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (SOA) at Bhubaneswar
- Shree Jagannath Sanskrit University at Puri
- Sri Sri University at Cuttack
- Utkal University at Bhubaneswar
- Utkal University of Culture at Bhubaneswar
- Vikram Dev University at Jeypore, Koraput
- Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR) at Burla, Sambalpur
- Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT)at Burla
- XIM University at Bhubaneswar
Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralised Odisha Joint Entrance Examination, conducted by the Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, since 2003, where seats are provided according to order of merit.[133] Few of the engineering institutes enroll students by through Joint Entrance Examination. For medical courses, there is a corresponding National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test.
Culture
Cuisine
Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries. The kitchen of the Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with 1,000 chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called chulas, to feed over 10,000 people each day.[134][135]
The syrupy dessert
The "Odisha Rasagola" was awarded a GI tag 29 July 2019 after a long battle about the origin of the famous sweet with West Bengal.[138]
Dance
The variety of dances includes Ghumura dance, Chhau dance, Jhumair, Mahari dance, Dalkhai, Dhemsa and Gotipua.
Sports
The state of Odisha has hosted several international sporting events, including the
Sports stadiums in Odisha include:
- Kalinga Stadium
- Barabati Stadium
- Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
- East Coast Railway Stadium
- Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium
- KIIT Stadium
- Veer Surendra Sai Stadium
- Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium[140]
There are some High Performance Centres in the state as well which have been set up at Kalinga Stadium for the development of respective sports in Odisha. Some of the HPCs are as follows:
- Abhinav Bindra Targeting Performance (ABTP)
- Dalmia Bharat Gopichand Badminton Academy
- JSWSwimming HPC
- Khelo India State Centre of Excellence (KISCE) for Athletics, Hockey, and Weightlifting
- KJS Ahluwalia and Tenvic Sports HPC for Weightlifting
- Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre (ONTHHPC) [141]
- Odisha Aditya Birla and Gagan Narang Shooting HPC
- Reliance Foundation Odisha Athletics HPC
- SAI Regional Badminton Academy[142]
- Udaan Badminton Academy[143]
- AIFF High Performance Centre[144]
Tourism
The Lingaraja Temple at
Odisha's varying topography – from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin – has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems. This creates treasure troves of flora and fauna that are inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles.
In the western part of Odisha,
In the southern part of Odisha, The
The share of foreign tourists' arrival in the state is below one per cent of total foreign tourist arrivals at all India level.[147]
-
TheRath Yatra in Jagannath Temple, Puri
-
Gundichaghagi waterfall Keonjharduring monsoons
See also
- Cinema of Odisha
- Festivals of Odisha
- List of Odia writers
- List of schools in Odisha
- Odia literature
- List of schemes of the government of Odisha
- Odissi music
- Odia grammar
- Narmada Kar
References
- ISBN 978-81-8069-723-4. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ "Deomali Peak in Koraput India". www.india9.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Population, Size and Decadal Change" (PDF). Primary Census Abstract Data Highlights, Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 122–126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Odisha Budget analysis". PRS India. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Standard: ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions". Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "OD Vehicle Registration Mark, Amendment in the notification No. S.O. 444(E) dated 12th June, 1989". Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "State of Literacy" (PDF). Census of India. p. 110. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ^ "Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019–2021)". Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Blue Jay (PDF), Orissa Review, 2005, p. 87, archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2019, retrieved 7 October 2019
- ^ "Palapitta: How a mindless dasara ritual is killing our state bird palapitta – Hyderabad News". The Times of India. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^ Blue Jay (PDF), Orissa Review, 2005, archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2019, retrieved 7 October 2019
- ^ "State Fishes of India" (PDF). National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ^ Pipal(Ficus religiosa) – The State Tree of Odisha (PDF), RPRC, 2014, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2020, retrieved 29 November 2020
- ^ "Odisha". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021.
- ISBN 3-12-539683-2.
- ^ "ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department:: Government of Odisha". stscodisha.gov.in. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Coastal security". Odisha Police. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
- ^ "The National Anthem of India" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
- ^ "Cabinet approved Odia as Classical Language". 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Detail History of Orissa". Government of Odisha. Archived from the original on 12 November 2006.
- ^ "Utkala Dibasa hails colours, flavours of Odisha". The Times of India. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
- ^ Rabindra Nath Chakraborty (1985). National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. pp. 17–. GGKEY:CNFHULBK119. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-8093-1876-6. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database". Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
- ^ Patel, C.B (April 2010). Origin and Evolution of the Name ODISA (PDF). Bhubaneswar: I&PR Department, Government of Odisha. pp. 28, 29, 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-321-0001-0. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ "Amid clash, House passes Bills to rename Orissa, its language". The Hindu. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ "Parliament passes bill to change Orissa's name". NDTV. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ "Orissa wants to change its name to Odisha". Rediff.com. 10 June 2008. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ISBN 9004092641. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
- ISBN 9788177558814. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
Finally Srutayudha, a valiant hero, was son Varuna and of the river Parnasa.
- ISBN 9788120820852. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ Sudama Misra (1973). Janapada state in ancient India. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana. p. 78.
- ^ "Dance bow (1965.3.5)". Pitt Rivers Museum. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-7533-083-2. Archivedfrom the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ ISBN 9780415329194. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-208-0582-8. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-19-977507-1. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-07-063577-7. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-8424-568-4. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-231-50102-6. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-206-1194-8. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-8475-396-7. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-07-132923-1. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- ISBN 978-93-80607-34-4.
- ISBN 978-81-7199-574-5. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-7268-138-8. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-230-32885-3. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-7188-072-0. Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-59884-731-4. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-7017-322-9. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-203-4305-4. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-87879-07-7. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7188-072-0. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ "Hubback's memoirs: First Governor Of State Reserved Tone Of Mild Contempt For Indians". The Telegraph. 29 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-88569-14-4. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ "Merger of the Princely States of Odisha – History of Odisha". 5 April 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Geography of Odisha". Know India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ "Cuttack". Government of Odisha. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- doi:10.1038/nindia.2019.69 (inactive 31 January 2024). Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link - ISBN 978-81-8069-723-4. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ "Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901–2000 data" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^ "Study shows Odisha forest cover shrinking". The Times of India. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-89422-60-8. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Orchid House a haven for nature lovers". The Telegraph. 23 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Similipal Tiger Reserve". World Wide Fund for Nature, India. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- The Pioneer. 29 August 2012. Archived from the originalon 4 September 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Away from home, Chandaka elephants face a wipeout". The New Indian Express. 23 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-85182-88-9. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-92-5-105566-3. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Coast Guard launches 'Operation Oliver'". The Hindu. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "Olive Ridley turtles begin mass nesting". The Hindu. 12 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Mass nesting of Olive Ridleys begins at Rushikulya beach". The Hindu. 15 March 2004. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Observations (iNaturalist) Bhitarkanika". www.iNaturalist.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ "Bhitarkanika Park to be Closed for Crocodile Census". The New Indian Express. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Bird Count Rises in Bhitarkanika". The New Indian Express. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Concern over dwindling horseshoe crab population". The Hindu. 8 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-1-4020-5180-7. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Number of birds visiting Chilika falls but new species found". The Hindu. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Chilika registers sharp drop in winged visitors". The Hindu. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Two new species of migratory birds sighted in Chilika Lake". The Hindu. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Dolphin population on rise in Chilika Lake". The Hindu. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Maiden Dolphin Census in State's Multiple Places on Cards". The New Indian Express. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Wildlife Census – Odisha Wildlife Organisation". Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ P.K. Dash; Santilata Sahoo; Subhasisa Bal (2008). "Ethnobotanical Studies on Orchids of Niyamgiri Hill Ranges, Orissa, India". Ethnobotanical Leaflets (12): 70–78. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-1-136-19848-9. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Our Parliament" (PDF). Lok Sabha. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ CNN-IBN. 17 May 2014. Archived from the originalon 8 September 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-89597-13-9. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-93-5035-011-9. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-7328-068-9. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-7975-217-3. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ a b "About Department". Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Odisha. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-07-107466-7. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Administrative Unit". Revenue & Disaster Management Department, Government of Odisha. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-203-3979-8. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
- ISBN 978-1-259-00382-0. Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
- ^ "GDP growth: Most states grew faster than national rate in 2012–13". The Financial Express. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Bhubaneswar leads Govt's Smart City list, Rs 50,802 crore to be invested over five years". The Indian Express. 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
- ^ "Indian states that attracted highest FDI". Rediff. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ "Rourkela Steel Plant". Sail.co.in. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Nippon Steel Corporation to set up 30 MTPA plant in Odisha". The New Indian Express. 5 April 2023. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ "Reliance to invest Rs 60,000-cr for Orissa power plant". dna. 21 July 2006. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
- ^ "Gujarat, Odisha and Andhra top 3 Domestic Investment Destinations of 2009". Assocham. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ "NH 42". Odishalinks.com. 16 June 2004. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ "Odisha plans metro, signs contract for detailed project report preparation". The Times of India. 23 August 2014. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ^ "Puri-Bhubaneswar Mega Metro Rail Project Soon?". 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "Odisha Approves Metro Train Project Between Cuttack, Bhubaneswar and Puri". Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "Odisha plans new Expressway between Bhubaneswar & Puri – the New Indian Express". Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ "Ten-year roadmap for State's civil aviation". The Pioneer. India. 4 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
at present there are 17 airstrips and 16 helipads in Odisha
- ^ "10-year roadmap set up to boost Odisha civil aviation". Odisha Now.in. 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Odisha has 17 airstrips and 16 helipads.
- ^ "Odisha initiate steps for intra and inter state aviation facilities". news.webindia123.com. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Odisha has 17 airstrips and 16 helipads
- Times of India. Archivedfrom the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ISBN 978-81-230-3026-5. Archivedfrom the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha (2012). Parliamentary Debates: Official Report. Council of States Secretariat. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ "Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ "India States Briefs – Odisha". World Bank. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ "NITI Aayog report: Odisha tops in poverty reduction rate among other states". Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly. 30 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ a b c "Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha". Census of India, 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ P. 63 Case studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms: a world survey, Volume 4 By Willem Adriaan Veenhoven
- ^ P. 77 Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 30 By Scholastic Library Publishing
- ^ Madhusudan Rao By Jatindra Mohan Mohanty, Sahitya Akademi
- ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha". Census of India 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ ":: Law Department (Government of Odisha) ::". lawodisha.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- ^ Mahapatra, B. P. (2002). Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa (PDF). Kolkata, India: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. pp. 13–14. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- ^ "Odia vartual academy". Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- ^ "Biju Patnaik University of Technology". Bput.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ National Association on Indian Affairs; American Association on Indian Affairs (1949). Indian Affairs. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ISBN 978-81-223-0951-5. Archivedfrom the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ^ Mitra Bishwabijoy (6 July 2015). "Who invented the rasgulla?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ "Chhenapoda". Simply TADKA. 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^ "Odisha Rasagola receives geographical indication tag; here's what it means". www.businesstoday.in. 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- ^ "Odissi Kala Kendra". odissi.itgo.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ Suffian, Mohammad (16 February 2021). "Odisha CM Lays Foundation of India's Largest Hockey Stadium named after 'Birsa Munda' In Rourkela". India Today. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ "Naval Tata Hockey Academy Inaugurated In Odisha Capital". Kalinga TV. 13 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ Minati Singha (15 May 2017). "Odisha-SAI Regional Badminton Academy inaugurated in Bhubaneswar". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "Udaan Badminton Academy-HOME". www.theudaan.net. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "High Performance Centre deal a big boost for Odisha and AIFF | Goal.com". www.goal.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-4832-4. Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ "MTN 82:9–10 Olive ridley tagged in Odisha recovered in the coastal waters of eastern Sri Lanka". Seaturtle.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ "Odisha – Economic Survey 2014–15" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
External links
- Government
- General information
- Odisha web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- Odisha at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Wikimedia Atlas of Odisha
- Odisha at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Odisha at OpenStreetMap