Torah in Islam

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Islamic illustration of Musa receiving the Tawrat from the angel Jibril.

In

Islamic prophets and messengers, such as Moses. The Torah is held by Muslims in identification with other books of the Hebrew Bible and with Jewish writings and exegeses in the Talmud and Midrash.[1]

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Quran 5:44[2]

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The word Tawrat occurs eighteen times in the Quran and the name of Musa is mentioned 136 times in the Quran; nowhere in the Quran is it written that Moses alone was given the Tawrat, but on the contrary it is written in the Quran that the prophets governed with the Tawrat.[2] As per Quran, the governing ayats containing an order of God is the Tawrat.

But how do they come to you for decision while they have the Tawrat (Torah), in which is the (plain) Decision of Allah; yet even after that, they turn away. For they are not (really) believers.

— Quran, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayat 43[3]

The Law mentioned in the Quran (5:45):

And We ordained for them therein a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, and for wounds is legal retribution. But whoever gives [up his right as] charity, it is an expiation for him. And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the wrongdoers.

— Quran, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayat 45[4]

Similarly it is mentioned in Exodus:

And if [any] mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

— Bible, Book of Exodus, chapter 21, verses 23-25[5]

According to 7:157,

Injil (Gospel), revelations to Jesus (Isa
) and the Tawrat:

Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered prophet, whom they find written in what they have of the Torah and the Gospel, who enjoins upon them what is right and forbids them what is wrong and makes lawful for them the good things and prohibits for them the evil and relieves them of their burden and the shackles which were upon them. So they who have believed in him, honored him, supported him and followed the light which was sent down with him - it is those who will be the successful.

— Quran, sura 7 (Al-A'raf), ayah 157[6]

The Tawrat is mentioned as being known by Isa in 5:110.

[The Day] when Allah will say, "O Jesus, Son of Mary, remember My favor upon you and upon your mother when I supported you with the Pure Spirit and you spoke to the people in the cradle and in maturity; and [remember] when I taught you writing and wisdom and the Torah and the Gospel; and when you designed from clay [what was] like the form of a bird with My permission, then you breathed into it, and it became a bird with My permission; and you healed the blind and the leper with My permission; and when you brought forth the dead with My permission; and when I restrained the Children of Israel from [killing] you when you came to them with clear proofs and those who disbelieved among them said, "This is not but obvious magic."

— Quran, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayah 110[7]

Some quotations are repeated from other books of the Hebrew Bible. An example of this is 48:29:

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; and those with him are forceful against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and prostrating [in prayer], seeking bounty from Allah and [His] pleasure. Their mark is on their faces from the trace of prostration. That is their description in the Torah. And their description in the Gospel is as a plant which produces its offshoots and strengthens them so they grow firm and stand upon their stalks, delighting the sowers - so that Allah may enrage by them the disbelievers. Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds among them forgiveness and a great reward.

— Quran, sura 48 (Al-Fath), ayah 29[8]

This could be repeated from Psalms:

And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper.

— Bible, Psalm 1, verse 3[9]

There shall be an handful of corn in the earth upon the top of the mountains; the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon: and they of the city shall flourish like grass of the earth.

— Bible, Psalm 72, verse 16[10]

They shall still bring forth fruit in old age; they shall be fat and flourishing;

— Bible, Psalm 92, verse 14[11]

The Torah is also described as a work that supported the Qur'an, and a guide from Allah.[12]

But when the truth came to them from Us, they said, "If only he was given the like of what Moses had been given." Did they not deny what had been given to Moses earlier? They claimed, "Both ˹Scriptures˺ are works of magic, supporting each other!" Adding, "We truly deny both." Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Bring then a scripture from Allah which is a better guide than these two so I may follow it, if your claim is true."

— Qur'an, 28:48-49

Exegesis

The Islamic methodology of tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Kitab (

Arabic: تفسير القرآن بالكتاب) refers to interpreting the Qur'an with/through the Bible.[13] This approach adopts canonical Arabic versions of the Bible, including the Tawrat and the Injil, both to illuminate and to add exegetical depth to the reading of the Qur'an. Notable Muslim mufassirun (commentators) of the Bible and Qur'an who weaved biblical texts together with Qur'anic ones include Abu al-Hakam Abd al-Salam ibn al-Ishbili of al-Andalus and Ibrahim ibn Umar ibn Hasan al-Biqa'i.[13]

Hadith

Muhammad referenced the Torah considerably and said that Moses was one of the few

Abu Dawood
recorded:

Narrated

Sunan Abu Dawood[14]

Islamic view of Torah law

Usage in ancient Israel

The word Torah occurs eighteen times and the name of Moses is mentioned 136 times in the Quran. Nowhere in the Quran is it written that Moses alone taught by the Torah as all succeeding Hebrew prophets and seers, including Harun, used the Law for preaching. The Quran states that the Torah did have words of wisdom in it, and all subsequent prophets, priest, rabbis and sages in Israel used its Law for guidance for prophets in plural and not only for Moses alone.[2]

On Jesus and Judgement Day

The Quran mentions that the basic aspects of Islamic law are evident in the earliest scriptures, including that of Moses. It mentions that it contains the information about the

Last Day and about the concepts of Paradise (Jannah) and Hell (Jahannam).[15] The Torah is also mentioned as being known by Jesus.[16]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9783832541514
    p. 98 (German)
  2. ^ a b c Quran 5:44
  3. ^ Quran 5:43
  4. ^ Quran 5:45
  5. ^ Exodus 21:23–25
  6. ^ Quran 7:157
  7. ^ Quran 5:110
  8. ^ Quran 48:29
  9. ^ Psalms 1:3
  10. ^ Psalms 72:16
  11. ^ Psalms 92:14
  12. ^ "Qur'an 28:49".
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-46682-1
    .
  14. Sunan Abu Dawood, 38:4434
  15. ^ Quran 87:19
  16. ^ Quran 5:111
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