Sreevallabha Temple

Coordinates: 9°22′25″N 76°33′45″E / 9.37373°N 76.56244°E / 9.37373; 76.56244
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Sreevallabha Temple
ശ്രീവല്ലഭ മഹാക്ഷേത്രം
Sudarshanamoorthy, Kolapiran, ThiruVaazhmarban
  • Thayar:Selvathirukozhunthu Nachiyar, Vaatsalya Devi
  • Prathyaksham:Khandakarnan
  • Mangalasaashanam: Thirumangai Azhwar (1808-17, 2674, 11 PaaSurams), NammAzhwar(3205-15, 11 PaaSurams)
  • Theertham:Khandakarna Theertham, Pamba nadhi
    • FestivalsUthra Sree Bali
    Features
    • Tower: Chaturanga Kola Vimanam
    • Temple tank: Jalavanthi Theertham
    Location
    LocationThiruvalla
    StateKerala
    Country India
    Sreevallabha Temple is located in Kerala
    Sreevallabha Temple
    Sreevallabha Temple, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta
    Geographic coordinates9°22′25″N 76°33′45″E / 9.37373°N 76.56244°E / 9.37373; 76.56244
    Architecture
    TypeKerala style
    Specifications
    Direction of façadeSreevallabhan & Sudarshanamoorthy - Both in standing posture; Sreevallabhan facing east and Sudarshanamoorthy facing west
    Temple(s)One
    Elevation29.02 m (95 ft)
    Website
    www.srivallabhatemple.org
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    The Sreevallabha Temple is a highly orthodox[1] Hindu temple dedicated to Sreevallabha, a form of Vishnu.[2] It is located in the city of Thiruvalla, in India.

    Description

    It is one of the oldest and largest

    Saptarishi[7]are said to reach the temple every midnight for worshipping the Lord. The temple governed one of the biggest educational institutions in ancient times and heavily contributed to the cultural and educational developments of Kerala[8]

    Access

    Situated 750 meters south to Ramapuram[1] vegetable market and 500 metres south to Kavumbhagom[2] junction on Thiruvalla–Ambalappuzha state highway (SH-12), Sreevallabha temple is just 2.5 km away from Thiruvalla railway station and 2 km from KSRTC bus stand.[3] Both KSRTC and private bus services are available frequently. Auto-taxi services are also available.

    Temple administration

    The temple is under administration of Travancore Devaswom Board[3] and is a major temple under Thiruvalla group.[4]

    History

    Present Thiruvalla was once a village among 64

    Divya Prabhandham) and Thirumangai Alvar of the 9th century CE (paasurams 1806-1817 in Divya prabhandham) had praised glory of the temple.[3][8] Famous Sanskrit poet Daṇḍin (7th century CE) of Kanchi[4] mentioned the temple in his works. The first ever prose work in Malayalam is the Thiruvalla inscriptions dated to the first half of the 12th century CE,[4] which was obtained from the temple during 1915. The Unnuneeli Sandesam of the 13th century CE highlighted the grandeur, beauty, serenity, fame and status of the temple during its time.[1]
    Other works that glorified the temple are Sreevallabha Ksethra Mahathmyam of the 10th century CE, Sreevallabha Charitham kavyam, Thukalasura Vadham Kathakali, Sreevallabha Charitham Kathakali, Sreevallabha Vijayam Kathakali, Sreevallabha Suprabhatham, Sreevallabha Karnamritha Sthothram, Yajanavali Sangrham etc.

    From the date built, the temple was under control of thiruvalla pattillathil pottimar (

    medam
    till then. This custom is no longer in practice. These facts clearly show how popular and wealthy the temple was then.

    Architecture[10]

    View of the Garuda Mandapa and the main shrine

    Built in the silent and picturesque land on the banks of Manimala river, this icon of Kerala temple architecture, covers an area of 8.5 acres and ranks first among the temples of old

    naivedyam. The bahir bali vrutham or outer circle of sacrificial stones is built inner to bahir pradakshina veethi. The temple koothambalam (stage) was destroyed by fire in 1915.[8]
    The most highlighted construction of the temple is the Garuda dhvaja sthambam or flagstaff of Garuda,[4][11][12] the majestic eagle mount of lord Vishnu. This monolithic structure is completely built from black granite and elevated 53.5 feet above the ground with its lower end touching water table.[13] Constructed in 57 BC, this structure was also built in a single night along with the outer wall. And an amazing fact is that no black granites can be found in an area ten miles around the temple. A 3 feet massive idol of Garuda is placed on top of it, facing the main sanctum. Since this flagstaff started slanting and reached its current position, a three tiered copper roofed construction has been made all around it to prevent further slanting. West to this, the currently used golden flagstaff can be seen.[14]

    West to the third flagstaff, balikkalpura (room of the major sacrificial stone) is built around a ten feet tall

    ganapathy worshipped by Sreedevi Antherjanam.[2]
    Two namaskara mandapam (prostration building) are built against both doors of Sreekovil (sanctum-sanctorum) and only Brahmins are allowed there. The eastern mandapam is 24 feet long square building with copper sheeted roof and stand on 12 wooden and 4 stone pillars. All these are well known for their fine carvings. The western mandapam is small and also square shaped. The circular, copper roofed, golden domed sreekovil is adorned with finely etched murals of
    Dakshinamurthy, Varaha and Sreebali bimbam or procession idol of Sreevallabha are also there. Unlike usual yantra form, here Sudarsana is installed in eight handed human form bearing sankha (conch), chakra(disc), gada, padma(lotus), pasha(rope), ankusa (hook), musala(pole), and dhanu(bow).[9] No other temples are known to enshrine lord Vishnu and lord Sudarsana under same roof[8]

    Legends

    Second passage on the Western side

    Legends have their own space with the history of a temple, but they should never be mixed up. While going through the legends related to Sreevallabha temple it is clear that even though Sreevallabhan’s idol is older, it was the temple for sudarshana built first. These legends can be summarised as below.

    Appearance of Sreevallabhan’s idol

    Before creation, while being in deep meditation at the origin of the universe,

    Samudra Manthan) which happened during the Satya Yuga. This eventually gave Vishnu the name Sreevallabhan (Sree, being another name of Lakshmi, while vallabhan means husband) and the goddess incorporated her power into the idol. Later, Vishnu married Lakshmi
    as he promised.

    Penance of sage Durvasa

    After the churning of the milky ocean, sage

    Parabrahma. Brahma advised the same as he did to Sagara and asked him to worship Vishnu. Durvasa along with 63 disciples, reached the Earth and found a suitable place and named it Mallikavanam (jasmine forest). Durvasa meditated beneath two attached trees, a mango tree and a sacred fig tree. Later in the Treta Yuga, Vishnu appeared to the sage. As Vishnu appeared, water rushed out of the earth and Durvasa washed the Lord's feet with it. Pleased with the sage's devotion, Vishnu promised to be present at the spot forever on the condition that the sage should serve him whenever he appeared in a form that can be visualized by all. (The spot where Durvasa
    meditated is southwest of the temple and the water sprouts turned into the Jalavanthy tank).

    Khandakarnan and his bells

    Despite being the son of Shiva, Khandakarnan was a horrible demon who used to sacrifice animals to please his father Shiva and never missed any chance to humiliate Vishnu.[15] He had a pair of bells as earrings so that he can hear only the name of Shiva what he used to chant always. As he didn't get salvation even after a long time, he asked Shiva for his reason. Shiva decided to teach him. Since the power of both Shiva and Vishnu are the same, He advised him to worship Vishnu.[15] Directed by Durvasa, Khandakarnan reaches the jasmine forest. There, he took a bath in Jalavanthy and instantly, the holy water had cleansed him of his wrongdoings. Khandakarnan realized his mistake and threw away his Shaiva earrings and got a new pair of Vaishnava earrings so that he could hear only the name of Vishnu thereafter. During the Dvapara Yuga, Vishnu appeared in front of him and he was liberated.[16] By this, the Jalavanthy tank became famous by the name Khandakarna Theerthem.

    Journey of Sreevallabhan’s idol

    Soon after the construction of

    Vedavyasa installed the idol and Durvasa taught the priests the worship protocol. During the end of Dvapara Yuga, Satyaki handed over the idol to Garuda and asked him to keep it safe for the humans in the Kali Yuga. Garuda went to Ramanaka island and worshipped it there. Worshipping the idol made Garuda free from all his curses. When the time for Garuda's return to Vaikuntha reached, he had hidden the idol in the bed of the Netravati River (in present-day Dakshina Kannada dist., Karnataka)[11]

    Annihilation of Thokalasuran

    Image of the temple tank located outside the temple premises

    The Envious Brahmins

    The area around the jasmine forest became a human settlement thousands of years ago and emerged as a high-profile spiritual and educational center with enormous wealth and human power.

    Brahmins
    .

    Humiliation of Antharjanam and The Ekadashi Miracle

    As time passed, Bhattathiri died and Antherjanam was widowed. Since she regularly performed the Ekadashi fast, she became a good devotee of Vishnu. However, she was deeply troubled that she was unable to fast as she could not read a panchangam (astrological calendar) and that others would humiliate her illiteracy if she were to ask them. But she somehow found an Ekadashi day and to mark the days, she would keep a pebble in a pot each day to know when 15 days had passed.[6] But many times the actual Ekadashi day was either a day earlier or a day later than the one she thought due to the change in the appearance of the moon. This brought on more humiliation and people began associating all sorts of stubborn acts with her name. But one day, to everyone's shock, two astrologers confirmed the day to be Ekadashi at the Sankaramangalath House while it was Dashami (10th day) at every other place.[9] Astonished by this incident, people understood and accepted the unconditional devotion of Antherjanam and started calling her “Sankaramangalathamma” or “Chankrothamma” with respect. This led the whole village to perform the Ekadashi fast on the same day Antharjanam did.

    Thukalasuran and Yakshi

    After many years Mallikavanam was attacked by a dreadful demon called Thukalasuran who looted everyone and was fond of eating young human flesh.

    Shivalinga which was worshipped by Thukalasuran on a hilltop (In modern-day Thukalassery). Reaching the northern entrance of the village, he conquered and tied the hands of the yakshini and threw her into a well. The boy buried her with rocks and she suffocated to death. The boy installed a Durga idol on the rock mound and requested the goddess to protect the town from all directions. The goddess agreed by appearing in 3 temples around the area.[17]

    Installation of the Sudarshana Chakra

    Later the boy with five other boys reached the Sankaramangalath House. Antharjanam completed all the rituals and served food to them in areca nut leaves as the rakshasa had destroyed all the banana plantations. Since Antharjanam didn't have pickles at home and pickles were a customary food for brahmins, Goddess Lakshmi, disguised as a housewife entered the scene and served thrippuli (a kind of pickle) to the boy.[6] Knowing that Thukalasuran had been murdered by the boy, people came there to visit him and requested the boy show them his golden pole to prostrate in front of. The boy installed the temple in the Chakrathazhwar form facing west on the raised land east to them and called for its daily worship. Sreedevi Antharjanam decided to build a temple there and asked a man named Pathillathil Pottimar to be the administrator.[6] The gathered people paid their oblations to the idol and prostrated in front of it. Then the boy removed his shawl, showing his glowing chest adorned with the Srivatsa mark and goddess Lakshmi residing there, for Antharjanam shockingly confirming that he was none other than Vishnu and after Vishnu showed his universal form (Vishwarupa) to her family, Antharjanam, her servant and the servant's son got salvation by merging with Him. This incident happened in 2998 BC[5][8] and thereafter the forest was named Chakrapuram (the place of the Chakra). The five boys who came along with Vishnu were sage Durvasa and his disciples. The place where Thukalasuran lived is now known as Thukalassery, The place where he was killed is known as Konnakkulangara, and the place where Vishnu washed his Chakra was known as Chakrashaalanakadavu, The place where he killed the yakshini and installed the Durga idol is known as Thiruverankavu and the three Durga shrines around the area were known as Aalumthuruthy, Karunaattukaavu, and Padappaad. The Sankaramangalath House is still well preserved outside the temple near its western gate and is considered the place of origin of the temple. Hence any custom followed in the temple starts here only.[17] The place where the demon's head fell is called Talaiyaru, the arms fell at Muttaru and the legs fell at Kalaru. The place where the Chakra was installed is called Chakrakaalvu.[18]

    Installation of Sreevallabhan’s idol

    Around 3000 years after this incident, King Cheraman Perumal visited the temple and his wife Queen Cherumdevi expressed her wish to build a shrine for Vishnu attached to the Sudarshana shrine, having to rebuild the whole structure.

    Areca nut palm leaf in front of the idol. Two celestial sages came out of the sanctum-sanctorum and disappeared on the eastern bank of Jalavanthy and they were Durvasa and Vyasa.[17] Thereafter Chakrapuram had been renamed as Sreevallabhapuram. The idol that the King ordered had been installed at the Sree Krishna temple, Malayinkeezhu, Thiruvananthapuram. Sreevallabha Temple had been built by Uliyannoor Perumthachan, the architectural mastermind. The temple wall and the flagstaff were completed in a single day in 57 BC by the crew of the Lord.[9] Perumthachan had made a panchaloha idol of Garuda which is currently installed on the top of the flagstaff. Soon after the installation, Garuda tried to fly away, and Perumthachan
    stopped it by throwing his axe at him, causing an injury to his wings and Garuda fell. The present copper flagstaff is built there where Garuda had fallen during this incident.

    Ban for women

    After an incident of a woman getting salvation inside the shrine, women were more attracted to the temple. A series of inauspicious events happened after a lady who had been enchanted by the beauty of the handsome idol entered the sanctum-sanctorum to marry the Lord

    Medam month[11]
    when the deity will be dressed up with mud, ashes, torn clothes etc. to look ugly. The ban was removed in 1968.

    Vilwamangalam and Nammalvar

    One early morning, Vilwamangalam Swamiyar visited the temple while a dance troupe was performing Kathakali dance. Swamiyar was astonished for not feeling the presence of the deity inside. As he reached the outer enclosure, he saw a young Brahmin man watching the dance and recognised him as none other than the Lord. Suddenly, Vishnu disappeared into the temple saying Swamiyar disturbed him while He was enjoying the dance, his favourite. Thereafter, Kathakali became an important offering and is being performed regularly in the temple.[12] The famous Vaishnavite saint Nammalvar had visited the temple in the evening and he slept in the temple out of tiredness, In his dream, Vishnu appeared as Padmanabha, sleeping in the ocean of milk, Chakrapani, the infant Krishna showing the whole universe and solar system in his mouth and Vamana, who asked three huge strides land from the demon king Mahabali.[4][9]

    Customs of worship

    Vishnu at Sreevallabha Temple is being worshipped his cosmic, original and transcendental form Purusha which can be understood from (1) using different moola manthra/fundamental hymn for different aspects of Purusha contrary to the strict usage of only a single fundamental hymn in all temples,[19] (2) sanctum-sanctorum is built in such a way that the top and bottom of the deity can't be seen as Viratpurusha has no origin and end,[1] (3) Peetha pooja which is mandatory in all vaidika temples is not done here as Purusha is devoid of origin and end,[11] (4) dressing up the deity only with white or saffron clothes contrary to popular yellow clothing used for Vishnu temples of vaidika sampradaya which suggests the eternity of Purusha and (5) the rituals and customs followed in the temple includes all Shaiva, Vaishnava and Shakteya worshipping that are now in practise in vaidika sampradaya because Purusha being the ultimate and others being only aspects of Purusha.[19] Generally all kerala temples follow Vaidika School of worship based on the book Tantrasamuchayam. But Sreevallabha Temple doesn't follow Tantrasamuchayam and follows its own School called Pancharaathra Vidhaanam. No other temples are known to follow it but Thripunithura Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple follows a school of worship somewhat similar to that of Sreevallabha Temple.[8][20] The temple has never changed its worship protocols since 59 BC[4] and it is doubtful that any other temple follows such an ancient system.

    Pancharaathra Vidhaanam

    This should not be confused with

    Sanyasi in different forms during these pooja.[11] These customs are highly orthodox and can't be found anywhere else.[4] The base of every temple is the energy driven through Moola mantra/fundamental hymn (of the respective God), which should never be changed/misused and strictly used during every pooja. If not, it changes the chaitanya or energy of the temple and is believed to produce disastrous effects to both temple and the place where it is situated, which need to be rectified by expensive and complicated penitential procedures. So no temples have multiple moola manthram where as Sreevallabha temple uses different moola manthram for different occasions.[19]
    This is just an example to show how unique are the customs followed here and from basics, whole things are entirely different.

    Poojas performed

    Daily five main

    Namboothiri Brahmin families and ten Tulu Brahmin families appointed as melsanthi or chief priests along with 180 keezhsanthi or sub-ordinate priests. Another 108 brahmacharins were also needed for daily paala namaskaaram. Thanthram (power of conducting temple rituals) is for three families viz. Thukalasseri Tharayil Kuzhikkattu, Thekkedathu Kuzhikkattu[8] and Memena Kuzhikkattu families.[1]
    Now only two melsanthi are there instead of 15. Any kind of pooja performed here should be done after doing a token worship or starting it at Sankaramangalath Illam as it is considered to be the moola sthaana (place of origin) of Sreevallabha temple.

    Customs followed in the temple

    Sreevallabha Temple is well known for its highly orthodox natured rare customs. In 1997, famous poet and former head-priest Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri was removed from the post as he had crossed the sea in order to address the Millennium Conference on Integration on Science and Consciousness, in Britain which resulted in religious sacrilege evoking the wrath of his own community since it was against temple customs.[22][23][24] And only after a series of penance, he was allowed to continue in his post.[25][26] The priests strictly should take bath in Jalavanthy before entering the temple and they shall never use sacred ash or vibhoothi, only sandal paste is to be used. The chief priest should be of 50 years old, married and should never be the one whose family has got hereditary rights for worshipping any Shiva temple.[9] In every three years, priests can be changed. Also the priests entering Sreevallabhan’s shrine are restricted from entering even other shrines in the temple. There will be separate priests for that. Devotees also should never use sacred ash inside the temple wall.[11] even though it is the prasada given. They shall use it outside only. Male devotees are not allowed to wear shirt, T-shirts etc. A detailed description of such customs can be found in the book Sreevallabha Mahakshethra Charithram by historian P.Unnikrishnan Nair.

    Method of taking Darsanam

    Four circumambulations or pradakshina are advised in the temple out of which one should be done outside and three inside the naalambalam. Enter through eastern gate, turn left and worship

    Dakshinamurthy through eastern door and Sudarshana Chakra through western door.[4]

    Festivals and important days

    Sreevallabha Temple during Uthsavam

    There are two main festivals

    Karkidakam.[2]

    Temple timings

    Temple functions from morning 4 a.m. to noon and evening 5 p.m. to 8 p.m.[16][15] Timings of major events are as follows. Morning 4.00 a.m. is Palli unarthal[28]/awakening the deity. 04.30 a.m.= Nirmalya Darsanam/viewing the deity in the before day's gesture. 05.00 a.m.= Abhishekam/holy bath. 06.00 a.m= Malar nivedyam.[1] 06.30 a.m.= First pooja or Usha pooja followed by Nivedyam. 08.00 a.m.= First Sreebali (procession outside).[1] 09.00 a.m.= Pantheeradi pooja or fourth pooja.[28] 10.45 a.m. = Ucha pooja or third pooja with Nivedyam. 11.30 a.m.= Ucha Sreebali. 12.00 p.m.= Temple closes 05.00 p.m. = Temple opens[28] 06.30 p.m. = Deepa Araadhana 07.00 p.m. = Fourth pooja 07.30 p.m. = Athazha pooja or fifth pooja with Nivedyam 08.00 p.m. = Third Sreebali and temple closes[28]

    Offerings

    The main four offerings are Paala Namaskaaram,

    areca nut palm leaves as Sreedevi Antharjanam served the same to the Lord. Before doing 108 Paala Namaskaaram daily was a ritual in the Temple and now due to scarcity of Brahmins it is reduced to only one,[9] that too done by devotees as an offering. It needs to book for it at least a couple of years in advance to get the date. As told, Kathakali is daily played in the night as an offering[12] and main stories played are Duryodhana Vadham(annihilation of Duryodhana), Santhana Gopalam(story of Arjuna), Kuchela Vrutham(story of Kuchela) Sreevallabha Vijayam(glory of Sreevallabha) and Thokalaasura Vadham(annihilation of Thokalaasura). Santhana Gopalam is famous for getting children for those who don't have children, DuryodhanaVadham against enemies, Kuchela Vrutham to remove poverty and the two others to fulfil all wishes.[2] Pantheerayiram is offering 12,001 bananas through a special ritual[8] to the deity as banana was the first offering to the deity soon after installation. It is a heavily expensive one and usually done at Pantheeradi Pooja. Kesaadipaadam garland is a flower garland measuring approximately 15 feet and the deity will be adorned with it during third and fourth pooja.[4] And there are numerous other offerings which should be done during specific poojas only.[1]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n History of Sreevallabha Mahakshethram, Sreekumar.V (2010). ‘’Nivedyam’’, p. 24-33. Sreevallabheswara Annadaana Samithi, Thiruvalla.
    2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sreevallabhakshethram Oravalokanam, Sreekumar.V (2006). Sathradeepam, p. 39-47. Sathranirvahana Samithy, Thiruvalla.
    3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r ‘’Sreevallabha Mahakshethram’’, Nair, P.Unnikrishnan (2006). ‘’Sathradeepam’’, p. 13–18. Sathranirvahana Samithy, Thiruvalla.
    5. ^
      Thiruvalla inscriptions
      ", Nair., P.Unnikrishnan, M.G. University, Kottayam.
    6. ^ a b c d e f g h Sankunni, Kottarathil (1992). Eithihyamaala second edition, p. 487-489. Current Books, Kottayam
    7. ^ a b c "Gurukulams in Namboothiri Community". www.Namboothiri.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Thiruvalla Sree Vallabha Temple-Diya Desam in ancient Kerala". Vaikhari.org. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    9. ^ a b c d e f g h Nair, Unnikrishnan.P.(1987), “sreevallabha Mahakshethra Charithram”, Thiruvalla.
    10. ^ Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2017). "Vallavāḻ, the Abode of Viṣṇu: Formation and Transformation". Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien. 34: 215–46.
    11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gouri Lakshmi Bayi, Aswathi Thirunal (1998), ”Thulasi Garland”, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai. I.S.B.N: 81-7276-110-4
    12. ^ a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    13. ^ V., Meena (1974). Temples in South India (1st ed.). Kanniyakumari: Harikumar Arts. p. 56.
    14. ^ Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2017). "Vallavāḻ, the Abode of Viṣṇu: Formation and Transformation". Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien. Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien, Dr. Ute Hempen Verlag, Bremen, Germany.
    15. ^ a b c "Kerala Temples, Thiruvalvaazh, Sri Kolapira Perumal Temple, Sri Lakshmi, Thiruvalla, Hindu Temple, Indian Temples". www.divyadesam.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    16. ^ a b c S, Prabhu (14 October 2009). "Thiruvazh Marban Thiruvalla". prtraveller.blogspot.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    17. ^ a b c d e "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    18. ^ R., Dr. Vijayalakshmy (2001). An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam (1st ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies. pp. 547–8.
    19. ^ a b c Janmabhoomi, Sreevallabha Temple Festival Edition, 16.02.2011, Bhattathirippad, Kaalidaasan Akkeeraman, Sankethika Sannidhyangalude Vaisishtyam
    20. ^ a b "Vishnu Narayanan Namboodiri vs Travancore Devaswom Board on 9 November, 2001". IndianKanoon.org. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    21. ^ Pillai, P.K Narayana. , "Sreevallabhesa Suprabhatham" second edition(2005), Jayasree, Manjusree and Rajasree, Thiruvalla.
    22. ^ "An Ocean Of Orthodoxy". OutlookIndia.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    23. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Kerala temple tamasha leaves two jobless, many angry and a few laughing". www.Rediff.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    24. ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Kerala priest loses his job 'cos he went to London". www.Rediff.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
    25. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    26. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    27. ^ "Hundreds witness Uthrasreebali at Sreevallabha Temple". The Hindu. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via www.TheHindu.com.
    28. ^ a b c d "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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