Territorial evolution of Poland

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Border changes in history of Poland, years: 1000, 1569, 1939 and 1945

Territorial evolution of Poland
in the 20th century
Pre-World War II
World War II
Post World War II
Areas
Demarcation lines
Adjacent countries

69th largest country in the world and the ninth largest in Europe
.

From a nucleus between the

Dnieper and the Carpathians, while in periods of weakness it has shrunk drastically or even ceased to exist.[4]

Territorial history

In 1492, the territory of Poland-Lithuania – not counting the fiefs of Mazovia, Moldavia, and East Prussia – covered 1,115,000 km2 (431,000 sq mi), making it the largest territory in Europe; by 1793, it had fallen to 215,000 km2 (83,000 sq mi), the same size as Great Britain, and in 1795, it disappeared completely.[4] The first 20th-century incarnation of Poland, the Second Polish Republic, occupied 389,720 km2 (150,470 sq mi), while, since 1945, a more westerly Poland covered 312,677 km2 (120,725 sq mi).[5]

The Poles are the most numerous of the

kingdom. In 1569, Poland cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin, forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous countries in 16th- and 17th-century Europe.[8][9][10][11]

Territorial changes of Poland from 1635 to 2009

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had many characteristics that made it unique among states of that era. The Commonwealth's

religious tolerance unusual for its age,[16] although the degree of tolerance varied over time.[17]

In the late 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth began to collapse. Its neighbouring states were able to slowly dismember the Commonwealth. In 1795,

People's Republic of Poland within the Eastern Bloc
, under strong Soviet influence.

During the

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD).

Poland currently has a population of over 38 million people,

members of the European Union
.

Territorial timeline

In

internal fragmentation
eroded this initial structure in the 13th century, but consolidation in the 14th century laid the base for the Polish Kingdom.

Beginning with the Lithuanian Grand Duke

Jagiellon dynasty (1385–1569) ruled the Polish–Lithuanian union. The Lublin Union of 1569 established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
as an influential player in European politics and a vital cultural entity.

Duchy of Prussia

In 1525, during the

Teutonic Knights, Albert of Hohenzollern, secularized the order's Prussian territory, becoming Albert, Duke of Prussia. The Duchy of Prussia, which had its capital in Königsberg, was established as a fief of the Crown of Poland.[19]

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

The

Treaty of Vilnius, the southern part of Estonia and the northern part of Latvia were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
and formed into the Ducatus Ultradunensis (Pārdaugavas hercogiste).

Kingdom of Poland until 1385

Territorial changes before and during the

Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385), ending with the Union of Krewo
.

992

Poland (dark pink) and conquests under Mieszko's rule (ca. 960–992)

Christianity in Poland.[20] During his long reign most of the territories inhabited by Polish tribes and other West Slavs were temporarily added to his territory into a single Polish state, soon to be independent again. The last of his conquests were Silesia and Lesser Poland that were incorporated some time before 990.[21][22]

1025

Poland during the reign of Bolesław the Brave

During the reign of

king of Poland.[25][26]

1050

Casimir I of Poland

The first Piast monarchy collapsed after the death of Bolesław's son – king

Mieszko II in 1034. Deprived of a government, Poland was ravaged by an anti-feudal and pagan rebellion, and in 1039 by the forces of King Bretislav of Bohemia. The country suffered territorial losses, and the functioning of the Gniezno archdiocese was disrupted.[27][28]

After returning from exile in 1039,

Władysław Herman
.

1125

Poland during the rule of Bolesław III Wrymouth

After a power struggle,

Griffin dynasty.[30]

At this time, Christianization of the region was initiated in earnest, an effort crowned by the establishment of the Pomeranian Wolin Diocese after Bolesław's death in 1140.[30]

1145

Great Poland
  Sandomierz Province of Henry
  Łęczyca Province (Łęczyca Land and Sieradz Land
) the annuity of the widow – Salomea

The Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty was a political act by the

House of Piast. However, he failed; soon after his death his sons fought each other, and Poland entered a period of fragmentation lasting about 200 years.[32]

1238

Monarchy of the Silesian Henries.

In the first half of the 13th century Silesian duke

Kingdom of Poland
.

1248

Few years after the death of

Brandenburg. This had far reaching negative consequences for the integrity of the western border, leading to an expansion of Brandenburg possessions into the east of Odra river. As a result, a wide piece of land was annexed from Poland and Pomerania that together with Lubusz Land formed the newly established Brandenburgian province of Neumark.[35]

1295

Poland in the times of Przemysł

In 1295, Przemysł II of Greater Poland became the first, since Bolesław II, Piast duke crowned as King of Poland, but he ruled over only a part of the territory of Poland (including from 1294 Gdańsk Pomerania) and was assassinated soon after his coronation.

1300

Piast
dukes who accepted Wenceslaus sovereignty as king of Poland

A more extensive unification of Polish lands was accomplished by a foreign ruler,

Przemysł's daughter and became King of Poland in 1300. Václav's heavy-handed policies soon caused him to lose whatever support he had earlier in his reign; he died in 1305.[36]

1333–70

Poland during the reign of Casimir the Great

After the death of

Polish–Teutonic Wars
throughout 14th and 15th centuries.

During this time, all Silesian

Polonia Minor, but on his way back he enforced his supremacy over the Upper Silesian
Piasts.

In 1329 Władysław I the Elbow-high fought with the

Masovia and Lower Silesia
.

In 1335 John of Bohemia renounced his claim in favour of

Treaty of Namslau
.

King Casimir, being deprived of historically and ethnically Polish lands of Silesia and Pomerelia sought a compensation of this loses in the east. Through a series of military campaigns between 1340 and 1366 Casimir had annexed the

Lwów
quickly developed to become a main town of this new region.

Allied with Denmark and Western Pomerania, Casimir was able to impose some corrections on the western border as well. In 1365

fiefs, while Wałcz district was in 1368 taken outright, severing the land connection between Brandenburg and the Teutonic state and connecting Poland with Farther Pomerania.[40]

Kingdom of Poland 1385 to 1569

Territorial changes during the

Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), starting with the Union of Krewo and ending with the Union of Lublin
.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569 to 1795

Territorial changes during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, starting with the Union of Lublin and ending with the Third Partition of Poland.

1610 to 1612

During the

Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth controlled Moscow for two years, from 29 September 1610 to 6 November 1612.

1635

Blue and white stripes indicate Swedish control of Polish territory. Orange and white stripes represents the Duchy of Prussia

Sweden, weakened by involvement in the Thirty Years' War, agreed to sign the Armistice of Stuhmsdorf (also known as Treaty of Sztumska Wieś or Treaty of Stuhmsdorf) in 1635, favourable to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in terms of territorial concessions.[41]

1655

Blue represents the invasion by Sweden and green the invasion by Russia

In the history of Poland and Lithuania, the Deluge refers to a series of wars in the mid-to-late 17th century that left the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins.[42]

Foreign occupation of Poland during the Deluge

The Deluge refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the western half of Poland-Lithuania from 1655 to 1660 and the

Russo-Polish War.[42]

1657

Blue and white stripes indicate Swedish control of Polish territory. Light green represents Russian occupation

The

Treaty of Wehlau was a treaty signed on September 19, 1657, in the eastern Prussian town of Wehlau (Welawa, now Znamensk) between Poland and Brandenburg-Prussia during the Swedish Deluge. The treaty granted independence to Prussia in recognition of its help against the Swedish forces during the Deluge.[43]

1660

Light green represents Russian occupation

In the

John II Casimir, renounced his claims to the Swedish crown, which his father Sigismund III Vasa had lost in 1599. Poland formally ceded Swedish Livonia and the city of Riga, which had been under de facto Swedish control since the 1620s.[44]
The signing of the treaty ended Swedish involvement in the Deluge.

Map of Swedish Livonia

1667

Territorial changes of Poland 1667

The

Treaty of Andrusovo of January 13, 1667.[45] The peace settlement gave Moscow control over the so-called Left-bank Ukraine with the Polish Commonwealth retaining Right-bank Ukraine.[45] The signing of the Treaty ended Russian occupation of the Polish confederation and the Deluge war. Since the war started the population of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been nearly halved by war and disease. War had destroyed the economic base of the cities and raised a religious fervour that ended Poland's policy of religious tolerance.[42]

1672

Poland losing Podolia in 1672

As a result of the

Polish–Ottoman War the Polish commonwealth ceded Podolia in the 1672 Treaty of Buczacz.[46][47]

Region of Podolia

1686

Territorial changes of Poland 1686

The

Zaporozh'ye, Seversk lands, the cities of Chernihiv, Starodub, and Smolensk and its outskirts, while Poland retained Right-bank Ukraine.[48]

1699

Territorial changes of Poland 1699

The Treaty of Karlowitz, or Treaty of Karlovci, was signed on January 26, 1699, in Sremski Karlovci, a town in modern-day Serbia. The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed following a two-month congress between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League of 1684, a coalition of various European powers including the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice, and the Russia of Peter I Alekseyevich.[49] The treaty concluded the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683–1697, in which the Ottoman side had finally been defeated at the Battle of Senta. The Ottomans ceded most of Hungary, Transylvania, and Slavonia to Austria while Podolia returned to Poland. Most of Dalmatia passed to Venice, along with the Morea (the Peloponnesus peninsula) and Crete.[48]

1772

First partition of Poland in 1772

In February 1772, an agreement for the partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was signed in Vienna.[50] Early in August Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves.

By the first partition in 1772, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 211,000 square kilometres (81,000 sq mi) (30% of its territory, amounting at that time to about 733,000 square kilometres (283,000 sq mi)), with a population of over four to five million people (about a third of its population of 14 million before the partition).[51][52]

1793

2nd partition of Poland in 1793

By the 1790s the First Polish Republic had deteriorated into such a helpless condition that it was successfully forced into an alliance with its enemy, Prussia. The alliance was cemented with the

May Constitution of 1791 enfranchised the bourgeoisie, established the separation of the three branches of government, and eliminated the abuses of Repnin Sejm
.

Those reforms prompted aggressive actions on the part of Poland's neighbours, wary of a potential renaissance of the Commonwealth. In the second partition, Russia and Prussia took so much territory that only one-third of the 1772 population remained in Poland.[54]

1795

Third partition of Poland in 1795

Kosciuszko's insurgent armies, who fought to regain Polish territory, won some initial successes but they eventually fell before the forces of the Russian Empire.[55] The partitioning powers, seeing the increasing unrest in the remaining Commonwealth, decided to solve the problem by erasing any independent Polish state from the map. On 24 October 1795 their representatives signed a treaty dividing the remaining territories of the Commonwealth between their three countries.[56]

Partitioned Poland 1795 to 1918

Territorial changes during the time after the Partitions, starting with the Third Partition of Poland and ending with the creation of the Second Polish Republic.

1807

Duchy of Warsaw

Territorial changes of Poland 1807

Napoleon's attempts to build and expand his empire kept Europe at war for almost a decade and brought him into conflict with the same European powers that had beleaguered Poland in the last decades of the previous century. An alliance of convenience was the result of this situation. Volunteer Polish legions attached themselves to Bonaparte's armies, hoping that in return the emperor would allow an independent Poland to reappear out of his conquests.[57]

The Duchy of Warsaw was a Polish state established by Napoleon in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit. The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon's allies, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony.[57]

Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)

Prussia had acquired the City of Danzig in the course of the

free state was carved out from lands that made up part of the West Prussia
province.

1809

Territorial changes of Poland 1809

In 1809, a short war with Austria started. Although the Duchy of Warsaw won the Battle of Raszyn, Austrian troops entered Warsaw, but Duchy and French forces then outflanked their enemy and captured Kraków, Lwów and much of the areas annexed by Austria in the Partitions of Poland. After the Battle of Wagram, the ensuing Treaty of Schönbrunn allowed for a significant expansion of the Duchy's territory southwards with the regaining of once-Polish and Lithuanian lands.

1815

Territorial changes of Poland 1815

Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, the duchy was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when it was formally partitioned between the two countries at the Congress of Vienna.[58]

Congress Poland

Congress Poland was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European states reorganized Europe following the Napoleonic wars.[59]

Grand Duchy of Posen

The Grand Duchy of Posen was a region in the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as "Greater Poland" between the years 1815–1848. According to the Congress of Vienna, it was to have autonomy. In practice, it was subordinated to Prussia and the proclaimed rights for Poles were not respected. The name was unofficially used afterwards for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to describe different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Posen (Polish: Poznań).[59]

Free City of Cracow

The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory, more commonly known as either the Free City of Cracow or Republic of Cracow, was a city-state created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[60]

1831

Territorial changes of Poland 1831

After the

Sejm. This meant Poland was subject to rule by Russian military decree.[61]

1846

Territorial changes of Poland 1846

In the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków uprising, the Free City of Cracow was annexed by the Austrian Empire.[60]

1848

Territorial changes of Poland 1848

After the defeat of Congress Poland, many Prussian liberals sympathised with the demand for the restoration of the Polish state. In the spring of 1848 the new liberal Prussian government allowed some autonomy to the Grand Duchy of Posen in the hope of contributing to the cause of a new Polish homeland.[62] Due to a number of factors, including the outrage of the German-speaking minority in Posen, the Prussian government reversed course. By April 1848, the Prussian army had already suppressed the Polish militias and National Committees that emerged in March. By the end of the year the Duchy had lost the last vestiges of its formal autonomy, and was downgraded to a Province of the Prussian kingdom.[63]

Second Polish Republic and occupation 1918 to 1945

Territorial changes during the Second Polish Republic and the joint German-Soviet occupation of Poland, starting with the formation of the Republic and ending with the end of the occupation.

1918

The red and green stripes represent the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The West Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918, with Lviv (Lwów) as its capital. The Ukrainian Republic claimed sovereignty over Eastern Galicia, including the Carpathians up to the city of Nowy Sącz in the west (despite of Polish majority), as well as Volhynia, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina. Although the majority of the population of the Western-Ukrainian People's Republic were Ukrainians, Poles and Jews, large parts of the claimed territory were considered Polish by the Poles. In Lwów (Lviv) the Ukrainian minority supported the proclamation, the city's significant Jewish minority accepted, remained neutral or had a negative attitude towards the Ukrainian proclamation, and the Polish majority was shocked to find themselves in a proclaimed Ukrainian state.[64] Due to the fact that Poles constituted over 60% of Lviv's inhabitants, almost 30% Jews, and Ukrainians below 10%, the vast majority of the city's inhabitants were against the fact that Lviv belonged to Ukraine and they wanted it to belong to Poland again.

1919

Recreation of Poland

White and green stripes indicate the farthest the Russians were able to advance and the farthest the Poles were able to attack in Russia during the Polish–Soviet War. Blue and white stripes indicate fighting with the West Ukrainian People's Republic

In the aftermath of World War I, the Polish people rose up in the

Greater Poland Uprising on December 27, 1918, in Poznań after a patriotic speech by Ignacy Paderewski, a famous Polish pianist. The fighting continued until June 28, 1919, when the Treaty of Versailles
was signed, which recreated the nation of Poland. From the defeated German Empire, Poland received the following:

  • Most of the Prussian province of Posen was granted to Poland. This territory had already been taken over by local Polish insurgents during the Great Poland Uprising of 1918–1919.[65]
  • 70% of West Prussia was given to Poland to provide free access to the sea, along with a 10% German minority, creating the Polish corridor.[7]
  • The east part of Upper Silesia was awarded to Poland after a plebiscite. Sixty percent of residents voted for German citizenship, and 40 percent for Poland; as a result the area was divided.[7]
  • To provide a Polish railway line connecting Gdańsk and Warsaw, the area of Działdowo (Soldau) in East Prussia was granted to the new Polish state.[66]
  • From the eastern part of West Prussia and the southern part of East Prussia in the provinces of Warmia and Masuria, a small area was granted to Poland.[67]

Poland seizes West Ukrainian People's Republic

White and green stripes indicate the farthest the Russians were able to advance and the farthest the Poles were able to attack into Russia during the Polish–Soviet War

On July 17, 1919, a ceasefire was signed in the Polish–Ukrainian War with the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR). As part of the agreement Poland kept ZUNR territory. The West Ukrainian People's Republic then merged with the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR).[68] On June 25, 1919, Supreme Allies Council transferred East Galicia (ZUNR territory) to Poland.[67]

Polish–Soviet War

The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was an armed conflict between Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine on the one hand and the Second Polish Republic and the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic on the other. The war was the result of conflicting expansionist ambitions. Poland, whose statehood had just been re-established by the Treaty of Versailles following the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, sought to secure territories it had lost at the time of the partitions. The aim of the Soviet states was to control those same territories, which the Russian Empire had gained in the partitions of Poland.[69]

  • March 1919
    March 1919
  • December 1919
    December 1919
  • June 1920
    June 1920
  • August 1920
    August 1920
  • Treaty of Riga
    Treaty of Riga

1920

Free City of Danzig

The

Germany and from Poland, but it was not an independent state.[72] The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union
with Poland.

Poland was given full rights to develop and maintain transportation, communication, and port facilities in the city.[73] The Free City was created in order to give Poland access to a good-sized seaport.

Lithuanian land claims

Polish–Lithuanian War

Treaty of Riga not signed

The Polish–Lithuanian War was an armed conflict between Lithuania and the Second Polish Republic, lasting from August 1920 to October 7, 1920, in the aftermath of World War I, not long after both countries had regained their independence. It was part of a wider conflict over disputed territorial control of the cities of Vilnius (Polish: Wilno), Suwałki (Lithuanian: Suvalkai) and Augustów (Lithuanian

: Augustavas).

In the aftermath of the war the Republic of Central Lithuania was created in 1920 following the staged rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division of the Polish Army, supported by the Polish air force, cavalry and artillery.[74] Centered on the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius, Polish: Wilno), for eighteen months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area.[75]

Negotiations with Russia

Russian-Polish border agreed to on 18 October 1920.

Soon after the

Treaty of Riga being signed in March 1921. The assessment of relative advantage is not universally agreed. Outcome assessments vary, mostly between calling the result a Polish victory and being inconclusive, with the latter mostly by Soviet-era Russian historians. However, in his secret report to the 9th Conference of the Bolshevik Party on 20 September 1920, Lenin called the outcome of the war "In a word, a gigantic, unheard-of defeat",[77]
considering he wanted to reach the German communist revolutionaries to aid them and establish a socialist marxist republic there.

Negotiations with Czechoslovakia

Territory adjustments between Czechoslovakia (green) and Poland (red).

During the closing years of

armistice
was declared, most of the border was agreed except for three small politically and economically sensitive areas with both Polish and Czechoslovak residents: Cieszyn, Orawa, and Spisz.

The Duchy of Cieszyn

The Cieszyn Silesia or the Duchy of Cieszyn (German: Teschen and Czech: Tesin) was a small area that the pre-World War I census showed was predominantly Polish in three districts (Teschen, Bielsko and Frysztat) and mainly Czech in the fourth district of Frydek. The economic importance of Cieszyn Silesia lay in the rich coal basin around Karvina and in the valuable Košice–Bohumín Railway, which linked Bohemia with Slovakia. In northern Cieszyn Silesia, the railroad junction of Bohumín (German: Oderberg and Czech: Bohumin) served as a crossroads for international transport and communications.[78]

Claims over these regions turned violent in 1919 with a brief military conflict, the Seven-day war, between Polish and Czechoslovak units. The Allied governments pressed for a ceasefire and on 3 February 1919 a Polish–Czech border agreement was signed on the basis of the 5 November 1918 ethnic division agreement.[67] This was later changed at the Conference of Ambassadors in Spa, Belgium on 28 July 1920. Cieszyn (German: Teschen) was divided along the Olza river between the two newly created states of Poland and Czechoslovakia. The smaller western suburbs of Cieszyn were joined to Czechoslovakia as the new town of Český Těšín along with the railroad and the Karvina coal basin.[79][78] Poland received the portion of Cieszyn east of the Olza river.[78] The Conference of Ambassadors divided the region just as the Red Army was nearing Warsaw.[80]

Orawa and Spisz

The county of Orawa (Slovak: Orava) arose before the 15th century. The county's territory is situated along the Orava River between Zazriva and the Tatra Mountains. Spisz (Slovak: Spiš) is situated between the High Tatras and the Dunajec River in the north, the springs of the Váh River in the west, the Slovak Ore Mountains and the Hnilec River in the south, and a line running from the town of Stara Ľubovňa, via the Branisko Mountains, to the town of Margecany in the east. While the Orawa and Spisz border was in arbitration, many groups fought to be a part of Poland, including a number of Polish authors. They began to write about an alleged three hundred thousand Poles living in the Orawa territory.[81]

The Conference of Ambassadors decided that Czechoslovakia would cede to Poland a number of villages from the Orawa and Spisz regions, including the municipalities of Oravy Srnie, Podvlk, Harkabúz, Nižná Zubrica, Vyšná Zubrica, Oravka, Bukovina-Podsklie, Pekelník, Jablonka, Chyžné, Hladovka, Suchá Hora, Vyšná Lipnica, a part of Nižné Lipnice and 4.2% of the rather Belá new communities, with Fridman (Falštin settlement), Krempach, Tribš, Durštín, Čierna Hora, Jurgov, Repiská, Vyšné lapse, Nižné lapse, Nedeca, Kacvín and Lapšanka.[82]

1921

Upper Silesia plebiscite
in 1921

In late 1921 a border adjustment between the

plebiscite in Upper Silesia in 1921 to determine whether the territory should be a part of Germany or Poland.[83]

The plebiscite took place on March 20, 1921, two days after the signing of the

Treaty of Riga, which ended the Polish–Soviet War. In the plebiscite, 707,605 votes were cast for Germany, and 479,359 for Poland.[83] The Germans had a majority, by 228,246 votes. In late April 1921, rumours flew that Upper Silesia would stay in Germany. This led to the Third Polish Uprising in May–July 1921.[83] The question of the Upper Silesia problem was turned over to a council of the League of Nations. The commission, consisting of four representatives—one each from Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and China. The commission gathered its own data, interviewing Poles and Germans from the region. On the basis of the reports of this commission and those of its experts, in October 1921 the Council awarded the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district to Poland.[83]

1922

Territorial changes of Poland, 1922.

After a variety of delays, a disputed election to join Poland took place on January 8, 1922, and the Republic of Central Lithuania became part of Poland,[84] finalizing the geography of Poland's eastern Kresy region until the Invasion of Poland in 1939.

1924

Lipnica Wielka (red) went to Poland and Suchá Hora and Hladovka (green) went to Czechoslovakia.

The

Paris Peace Conference or from the Conference of Ambassadors. The conflict was only resolved by the Council of the League of Nations' Permanent Court of International Justice on March 12, 1924, which decided that Czechoslovakia should retain the territory of Javorzyna.[85] and which entailed (in June of the same year) an additional exchange of territories in Orava – the territory around Lipnica Wielka (Nižná Lipnica) went to Poland, the territory around Suchá Hora (Sucha Gora) and Hladovka (Glodowka) went to Czechoslovakia.[86]

1938

Territories in red seized by Poland

As Czechoslovakia was being

Czechoslovak government. It demanded the immediate evacuation of Czech troops and police from Trans-Olza and gave Prague until noon the following day. At 11:45 a.m. on October 1 the Czech foreign ministry called the Polish ambassador in Prague and told him that Poland could have what it wanted. Poland was accused of being an accomplice of Nazi Germany.[87]

The dismemberment of Czechoslovakia

Poland seized land from northern Spisz and northern Orawa, including territories around Suchá Hora and Hladovka, around Javorina, around Leśnica in the Pieniny Mountains, a small territory around Skalité, and some other very small border regions. They officially received the territories on 1 November 1938. Polish military groups began to carry out assimilation of the population. Polish was introduced as the only official language and the Slovak Intelligence were displaced from the territories.[88]

1939

Territorial changes of Poland 1939

World War II

In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland and partitioned it pursuant to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.[89]

After the invasion, Germany annexed the lands it lost to reformed Poland in 1919–1922 by the Treaty of Versailles: the Polish Corridor, West Prussia, the Province of Posen, and parts of eastern Upper Silesia. The council of the Free City of Danzig voted to become a part of Germany again, although Poles and Jews were deprived of their voting rights and all non-Nazi political parties were banned. Parts of Poland that had not been part of Wilhelmine Germany were also incorporated into the Reich.

Two decrees by Adolf Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939) provided for the division of the annexed areas of Poland into the following administrative units:

USSR and Nazi Germany carve up Poland

These territories had an area of 94,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) and a population of 10,000,000 people. The remaining Polish territory was annexed by the Soviet Union or made into the German-controlled

Baranowicze and Brest) or Soviet Ukraine (including Lwów, Tarnopol, Lutsk, Rowne and Stanisławów). The city of Vilnius (Polish: Wilno) with its adjacent area was seized by the Soviet Union and returned to Lithuania
.

After the

Distrikt Galizien
.

Communist and modern Poland since 1945

Territorial changes during the Polish People's Republic and modern Third Polish Republic, since the end of World War II.

1945

At the end of World War II, the Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. There were extensive changes to the territorial extent of Poland, following the decision taken at the Tehran Conference of 1943 at the insistence of the Soviet Union. The Polish territories east of the Curzon Line (known as the Kresy), which the Soviet Union had occupied in 1939 along with the Bialystok region were permanently annexed, resulting in Poland losing over 20% of its pre-war borders.[90] While a large portion of this area was predominately populated by Ukrainians and Belarusians, most of their Polish inhabitants were expelled.[91] Today these territories are part of Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania.

Poland received

German population was expelled and these territories were repopulated mainly with Poles from central Poland and those expelled from the eastern regions.[92] Early expulsions in Poland were undertaken by the occupying Soviet and Polish Communist military authorities[92] even before the Potsdam Conference ("wild expulsions"). The new borders between the two post-war German states and Poland were later reaffirmed in the Treaty of Zgorzelec with East Germany (1950) and in the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) with West Germany
.

  • USSR and Nazi Germany carve up Poland in 1939 approximately along the Curzon Line
    USSR and Nazi Germany carve up Poland in 1939 approximately along the Curzon Line
  • Poland's borders after World War II. Blue line: Curzon Line of 8 December 1919. Pink areas: Parts of Germany in 1937 borders. Grey area: Territory annexed by Poland between 1919 and 1923 and held until 1939, which after World War II was annexed by the Soviet Union.
    Poland's borders after World War II. Blue line: Curzon Line of 8 December 1919. Pink areas: Parts of Germany in 1937 borders. Grey area: Territory annexed by Poland between 1919 and 1923 and held until 1939, which after World War II was annexed by the Soviet Union.
  • Planned and actual divisions of Europe, according to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, with later adjustments
    Planned and actual divisions of Europe, according to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, with later adjustments
  • Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact showing the new German-Soviet border Sept 28 1939
    Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact showing the new German-Soviet border Sept 28 1939
  • Historical Western Borders of Poland. Polish poster from interwar period
    Historical Western Borders of Poland. Polish poster from interwar period

Polish-Soviet border changes

Border adjustment between Poland and the USSR on 16 August 1945.

On August 16, 1945, a

Białystok Voivodeship.[93]

As a result, Poland lost about 178,000 square kilometres (69,000 square miles) of its pre-war territory in the east, but gained some 101,000 square kilometres (39,000 square miles) in the west and north.[94]

  • Byelorussian SSR before adjustment
    Byelorussian SSR before adjustment
  • Byelorussian SSR after adjustment
    Byelorussian SSR after adjustment

Czechoslovakia

After the Second World War the Czechoslovak government wanted to return to the 1920 border between the two nations, while Polish inhabitants of Trans-Olza were in favour of the boundary of August 31, 1939. On May 20, 1945, in Trstena an agreement for a return to the 1938 borders of Poland was signed and the following day the Czechoslovak border guards moved to the old Czechoslovak border. At several places there were fights between Polish and Czechoslovak militias, but the situation calmed with the arrival of Polish troops on July 17, 1945.[95] The Polish government still did not want to give up Trans-Olza, and on June 16, 1945, Marshall Michał Rola-Żymierski issued directive number 00336, which ordered the 1st Armoured Corps of the Polish Army to concentrate in the area of Prudnik, Rybnik and Cieszyn, and to seize Trans-Olza.[96][97] However, the Soviets decided to hand the region to Czechoslovakia, and the Poles followed the Moscow directive. The Czechs demanded former German areas of Klodzko, Glubczyce, and Racibórz, but after Soviet mediation, all sides signed a treaty on September 21, 1945, which accepted the December 31, 1937, Polish – Czechoslovak and Czechoslovak – German borderline as the boundary between the two countries.[98]

1948

The village of Medyka near Przemyśl was transferred to Poland.

The Polish border underwent a minor correction in 1948, when the village of Medyka near Przemyśl was transferred to Poland.[99]

1949

In 1949, there was modest exchange of territory between the Polish People's Republic and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). What is now the B 104/B 113 road junction at Linken, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania to the immediate west of the Polish town of Lubieszyn was transferred from Poland to the GDR in return for a narrow strip of land lying directly on the west side of the road that connected the settlements of Linki and Buk. This move necessitated the creation of a new road linking Lubieszyn to Linki and Buk that mirrored the new shape of the border.[100]

1951

Territorial changes of Poland 1951

On February 15, 1951 Aleksander Zawadzki (acting in the name of the President of the Polish Republic) and Andrey Vyshinsky (acting in the name of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) signed Treaty No. 6222. Agreement between the Polish Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the exchange of sectors of their state territories. The treaty was a border adjustment, with Poland and the Soviet Union exchanging 480 square kilometres (190 sq mi).[101]

1951

In 1951, a small area of land on Usedom Island (Polish: Uznam) was ceded from the German Democratic Republic (Eastern Germany) to Poland. The water pumping station for Świnoujście (German: Swinemünde) lies on that land and was therefore handed over to Poland. In return, a similarly-sized area north of Mescherin, including the village of Staffelde (Polish: Staw), was transferred from Poland to the German Democratic Republic.[102]

1958

On June 13, 1958, the Agreement concerning the final demarcation of the state frontier between Czechoslovakia and Poland was signed in Warsaw. Adam Rapacki signed for Poland and Václav David signed for Czechoslovakia. The treaty confirmed the border at the line of January 1, 1938, the situation before the Nazi-imposed Munich Agreement transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Poland.[103]

1968

East Germany and Poland signed a treaty for the Baltic continental shelf delimitation.

1975

Territorial changes along the Dunajec river 1975

In March 1975 Czechoslovakia and Poland modified their border along the Dunajec to permit Poland to construct a dam in the Czorsztyn region, southeast of Krakow.[104]

1989

On May 22, 1989, East Germany and Poland completed the delimitation of their territorial waters in the Gulf of Szczecin.

2002

Territorial changes between Poland and Slovakia in 2002

In 2002, Poland and Slovakia made some further minor border adjustments:

Territory of the Republic of Poland with a total area of 2,969 m2 (31,958.05 sq ft), including:

a) in the area of a viewing tower on the surface of the saddle Dukielskie about 376 m2, according to documents limit referred to in Article 1, paragraph 2

b) on the nameless island with an area of 2,289m², according to documents limit referred to in Article 1, paragraph 3

c) in the Polish village Jaworzynka region with an area of 304 m2, according to documents limit referred to in Article 1, paragraph 4, including real estate, equipment and plants are transferred to the ownership of the Slovak Republic.

Territory of the Slovak Republic with an area of 2,969 m2, including:

a) in the area of a viewing tower on Dukielskie enters an area of 376 m2, according to documents limit referred to in Article 1, paragraph 2

b) Nokiel on the island with an area of 2,289 m2, according to documents limit referred to in Article 1, paragraph 3

c) in the Slovak village Skalité region with an area of 304 m2, according to documents limit referred to in Article 1, paragraph 4, including real estate, equipment and plants are transferred to the ownership of the Republic of Poland.

— Dziennik Ustaw z 2005 r. Nr 203 poz. 1686, .[105]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ UN Statistics Archived 2009-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ CIA Factbook
  3. ^
    Central Statistical Office (Poland)
    . 28 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  4. ^ a b Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground. A History of Poland. Volume I: The Origins to 1795. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 23.
  5. ^ Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground. A History of Poland. Volume I: The Origins to 1795. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 24.
  6. ISBN 0-7230-0624-5
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 0-8369-0050-2
    .
  8. ^ "Poland". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009. Established as a kingdom in 922 under Mieszko I, Poland was united with Lithuania in 1386 under the Jagiellon dynasty (1386–1572) to become the dominant power in east-central Europe, enjoying a prosperous golden age.
  9. ^ "Heritage: Interactive Atlas: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth". PBS. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009. At its apogee, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth comprised some 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 km2) and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million.
  10. ISBN 0-06-097468-0
    .
    Poland-Lithuania was another country that experienced its 'Golden Age' during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The realm of the last Jagiellons was absolutely the largest state in Europe.
  11. ISBN 1-877864-30-7
    .
    "the deluge," denoting the downfall of Poland, at that time the largest state in Europe, stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea and from the Oder to the Dnieper River.
  12. ISBN 963-9241-18-0
    .
  13. ISBN 0-19-820654-2
    .
    enabled them to push a new constitution through the Diet, transforming Poland from an anarchic republic ... into a reasonably modern constitutional monarchy
  14. ISBN 0-8223-1802-4
    .It was Poland more than any other Western European country that became the early symbol of a liberal and constitutional monarchy.
  15. ^ "Lublin, Union of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009. Formally, Poland and Lithuania were to be distinct, equal components of the federation… But Poland, which retained possession of the Lithuanian lands it had seized, had greater representation in the Diet and became the dominant partner.
  16. ISBN 90-420-1016-9.Quoting from Sarmatian Review
    academic journal mission statement: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was […] characterized by religious tolerance unusual in pre-modern Europe
  17. ISBN 0-313-30932-9
    .[Poland] secured for a time a rule of religious tolerance, particularly in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ... The situation changed, however, toward the end of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
  18. ^ NationMaster.com 2003–2007, Poland, Facts and figures
  19. ^ "Past and Present Regions of Poland". University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  20. ISBN 978-0-521-85332-3
    . Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  21. ^ Andrzej Buko, "Archeologia Polski wczesnośredniowiecznej", 2007, Ed. Trio.
  22. ^ Thietmari chronicon, vol. I p. 33; argument presented by G. Labuda, Mieszko I, p. 171.
  23. ISBN 963-04-2913-6
    .
  24. ISBN 83-08-02855-1
    .
  25. ISBN 83-01-03732-6
    , pp. 88–93
  26. ^ Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek, U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) (Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), p. 168–183, Andrzej Pleszczyński
  27. ISBN 83-01-03732-6
    , pp. 93–96
  28. ^ Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek, U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) (Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 182–187, Andrzej Pleszczyński
  29. ISBN 83-7000-016-9
    , PPWK Warszawa–Wrocław 1998, p. 5
  30. ^
    ISBN 83-01-03732-6
    , pp. 101–104
  31. ^ Norman Davies, God's Playground, pages: xxvii
  32. ^ Norman Davies, God's Playground, page: 60
  33. ISBN 3-486-56615-6
    .
  34. ^ Zientara 2002, pp. 317–320.
  35. ^ Wiktor Fenrych, Nowa Marchia w dziejach politycznych Polski w XIII i w XIV wiekuPoznań 1959, p. 5
  36. ISBN 83-01-03732-6
    , pp. 129–141, 154–155
  37. ISBN 978-83-932012-1-1
  38. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Silesia
  39. ISBN 83-240-0172-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  40. ISBN 83-01-03732-6
    , pp. 160–171
  41. ISBN 978-83-242-0873-9
    . 9788324208739.
  42. ^ a b c "The Deluge, 1648–67". USA.gov. 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  43. ^ "Treaty of Wehlau". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009. (Sept. 19, 1657), agreement in which John Casimir, king of Poland from 1648 to 1668, renounced the suzerainty of the Polish crown over ducal Prussia and made Frederick William, who was the duke of Prussia as well as the elector of Brandenburg (1640–88), the duchy's sovereign ruler.
  44. ^ Peace of Oliva. 2009. Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  45. ^ a b Rickard, J (July 26, 2007). "Truce of Andrusovo". historyofwar.org. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  46. ^ Dariusz Kolodziejczyk (2009). "The Ottoman Survey Register of Podolia (ca. 1681)". Harvard University. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  47. ^ "Polish–Ottoman War, 1672–1676". zum.de. November 19, 2004. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  48. ^ a b "Eternal Peace of 1686". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  49. ISBN 0-415-16111-8
    .
  50. ^ "Catherine the Great (1729–1796)". BBC News. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  51. ^ Poland, Partitions of. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 28, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060581
  52. ISBN 0-521-55917-0
    .
  53. ISBN 0-415-25490-6
    .pg 128 – The result was the March 1790 Polish–Prussian alliance ... Warsaw's viewpoint the alliance made sense, but the sejm's refusal to pay Prussia's price for it ... made it of problematic value.
  54. ISBN 0-521-55917-0
    .- the Prussians and the Russians signed a second treaty of Partition in St Petersburg on 23 January 1793. Catherine would take a slab of land ... William would acquire a triangle of territory between Silesia and East Prussia.
  55. ISBN 83-85576-10-X
    .
  56. ^ "The Three Partitions, 1764–95". USA.gov. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  57. ^ a b "Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw". poland.pl. 2009. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  58. ^ Bloy, Marjie (April 30, 2002). "The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 — 8 June 1815". victorianweb.org. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  59. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8204-7866-1
    .
  60. ^
    ISBN 0-8063-1378-1
    .
  61. ISBN 0-415-23110-8
    .
  62. ISBN 0-7190-3800-6
    .
    Many Prussian liberals sympathised with the demand for the restoration of the Polish state. Since the defeat of the uprising of the 1830–31 in Congress Poland ... In the spring of 1848 the new liberal Prussian government allowed some autonomy to Posen in the hope of contributing to the cause of restoration.
  63. ISBN 0-415-16111-8
    .
    April 1848 ... the Prussian army had already suppressed the [Grand Duchy of Posen] Polish militias and National Committee which had emerged in March. After 1848 [Grand Duchy of Posen] lost the last vestiges of its formal autonomy, and was downgraded to a mere Provinz of the Prussian kingdom...
  64. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0
    .
  65. ISBN 0-313-26007-9
    .
  66. ^ "Działdowo Years 1871–1920". The City Działdowo. 2006. Retrieved May 23, 2009. Zasadniczym i podstawowym powodem powyższej decyzji zapisanej w artykule 28 traktatu była konieczność włączenia do Polski obszaru linii kolejowej łączącej Gdańsk z Warszawą. – Translation – The primary and fundamental reason for this decision, enshrined in article 28 of the Treaty, was the need to integrate the Polish area of the railway line connecting Gdańsk and Warsaw.
  67. ^
    ISBN 0-87052-282-5.
    Dec3-5, 1918 Provincial Seym in Poznań of 1403 deputies from Gdańsk-Pomerania, Warmia, Mazuria, Silesia, Poznania, and German areas populated by Poles; appointing a Supreme People's Council
    ; demands that the Western Allies incorporate into Poland all of the lands annexed by Prussia in the partitions.
    Feb. 3, 1919 Signing in Paris of Polish–Czech border agreement on the basis o Nov. 5, 1918, ethnic division agreement.
    June 25, 1919, Supreme Allies Council transferring East Galicia to Poland... July 11, 1920, British anti-Polish decisions in the plebiscite in East Prussia (Powisle, Warmia, and Mazuria) during Soviet offensive towards Warsaw...
    July 28, 1920, Allied ambassadors decision partitioning Cieszyn, Silesia, and leaving in Czechoslovakia a quarter of a million Poles in the strategic Moravian Gate...(leading to Poland from south-west)
  68. ^ "Ukraine after the Russian Revolution". Government of Ukraine. mfa.gov.ua. 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009. A Western Ukrainian People's Republic was also declared in Lviv on October 19, 1918. The ZUNR formally (and largely symbolically) joined the UNR
  69. ISBN 0-312-29398-4
    .
  70. ISBN 978-3-406-60587-1
    .
  71. ISBN 3-8258-6284-4
    .
  72. ISBN 978-0-203-84847-0
    .
  73. The Avalon Project. Archived from the original
    on February 14, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  74. ISBN 5-89957-012-1
    .
  75. ISBN 0-903983-00-1
    .
  76. ^ "Wojna polsko-bolszewicka" (in Polish). Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. 2009. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  77. ISBN 0-300-07662-2
    .
  78. ^
    ISBN 0-8166-5886-2.
    Duchy of Cieszyn (German: Teschen and Czech: Tesin) was a small area ... on the eve of the First World War its population was predominantly Polish in three districts (Teschen, Bielsko and Frysztat) and mainly Czech in the fourth district of Frydek. The chief importance of Teschen lay in the rich coal basin around Karvina and in the ... valuable Bohumin-Kosice railroad, which linked Bohemia with Slovakia ... Furthermore the railroad junction of Bogumin (Czech: Bohumín, German
    : Oderberg) served as a crossroad for international transport and communications.
    p. 158 – According to it Teschen was divided along the Olza River, which left the railroad and the Karvina coal basin to Czechoslovakia ...
  79. ISBN 0-415-93921-6
    .
    Cieszyn – City on the border of Poland and Czechoslovakia , subject of a Polish–Czech conflict in 1919. The conflict was resolved by a decision of the Conference of Ambassadors (28 July 1920), which divided the city into a Polish part (Cieszyn) and a Czech part (Tesin). A treaty between Poland and Czechoslovakia on the community of Cieszyn was signed on 21 December 1920. The entire town was within the borders of Poland from 11 October 1938 to 1 September 1939 as a result of the Munich Agreement in 1938. After World War II the division of Cieszyn as of 1920 was restored.
  80. ISBN 0-7146-4995-3
    .
  81. ISBN 80-85491-43-5
    .
  82. ISBN 80-85491-43-5
    .
  83. ^ a b c d Anna M. Cienciala (Fall 2007). "The rebirth of Poland". web.ku.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  84. ISBN 9955-584-87-4
    .
  85. ISBN 0-415-93922-4
    .
    Javorzyna – The dispute was submitted to the Permanent Court of International Justice. On the basis of the court's decision, the League of Nations Council, on 12 March 1924, delimited the border, leaving Javorzyna within Czechoslovakia; this was recognized by both sides in a protocol signed on 6 May 1924 in Kraków and approved by the Conference of Ambassadors on 5 September 1924
  86. ISBN 83-89188-59-7
    .
  87. ISBN 0-7818-0673-9
    .
  88. ISBN 80-85491-43-5
    .
  89. ISBN 0-472-10806-9
    .
  90. ISBN 978-0-7425-5542-6
    .
  91. ISBN 966-7060-15-2
    .
  92. ^
    ISBN 3-525-35790-7.
    "From June until mid-July, Polish military and militia expelled nearly all of the residents of the districts immediately east of the rivers Oder-Neisse line"
    "From June until mid July, Polish military and militia expelled nearly all people from the districts immediately east of the rivers Oder–Neisse line
    "
  93. ^ Poland and the USSR: Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku on Wikisource
  94. ^ John B. Allcock. Border and territorial disputes. Longman Current Affairs. 1992. p. 148.
  95. ISBN 80-85491-43-5
    .
  96. ^ Andrzej Garlicki; Skrawek Ziemi (2009). "Scrap of land". slaskiesprawy. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  97. ^ Nowik, Mariusz (2015-06-10). "Rocznica dziwnej wojny: 70 lat temu czeskie wojska weszły do Polski". www.polityka.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-06-09.
  98. ISBN 83-87251-71-2
    .
  99. ISBN 978-83-89188-66-3
    .
    warto dodac, ze w 1948 r. prezeprowadzono inna, mniej znana regulacje granicy, dzieki ktorej w polsce znalazla sie medyka, pierwotnie pozostawiona po stronie radzieckiej, oraz kilka wsi no pogorzu przemyskim – translation – In addition in 1948 there was a less well-known border adjustment, medyka and a few villages, which were originally left on the Soviet side.
  100. ISBN 83-7241-272-3
    (in Polish).
  101. ^ "Treaty No. 6222. Agreement between the Polish Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the exchange of sectors of their state territories" (PDF). United Nations. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  102. ^ "Marking of borders/Oznakowanie granic". Museum of Polish Border Formation/Muzeum Polskich Formacji Granicznych. 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  103. ^ "No 5064 – Agreement concerning the final demarcation of the state frontier" (PDF). United Nations. June 13, 1958. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  104. ^ "Dunajec". Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  105. ^ "Official text of the treaty" (Rich Text Format). Retrieved July 16, 2009. Dziennik Ustaw z 2005 r. Nr 203 poz. 1686 (in Polish)

Bibliography

  • Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground. A History of Poland. Volume I: The Origins to 1795. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 23.
  • Grzegorz Rąkowski (2007). Ziemia lwowska (in Polish). Opublikowana przez Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz". p. 577.
    ISBN 978-83-89188-66-3
    .

External links