Lesser Poland

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

Lesser Poland
Małopolska
Historical region
Wawel Castle in Kraków
Lublin Old Town
Mannerist townhouses at the Market Square in Tarnów
Sandomierz Town Hall
Wieliczka Salt Mine
Radom City Hall
UTC+2 (CEST
)
Lesser Poland (Małopolska) and other historical lands of Poland against the background of modern administrative borders (names in Polish)
Wawel Castle in Kraków
Old Town in Lublin

Lesser Poland, often known by its

UNESCO World Heritage Sites
.

The region should not be confused with the modern Lesser Poland Voivodeship, which covers only the southwestern part of Lesser Poland.[1] Historical Lesser Poland was much larger than the current voivodeship that bears its name. It reached from Bielsko-Biała in the southwest as far as to Siedlce in the northeast.[2] It consisted of the three voivodeships of Kraków, Sandomierz and Lublin.

It comprised almost 60,000 km2 in area; today's population in this area is about 9,000,000 inhabitants. Its landscape is mainly hilly, with the

magnateria) and wealthy nobility (szlachta).[3]

Between the 14th and 18th century, the

Austrian control until Poland regained its independence in 1918. As a result of this long-lasting division, many inhabitants of the northern part of Lesser Poland (including those in such cities as Lublin, Radom, Kielce and Częstochowa) do not recognize their Lesser Polish identity.[4]
However, while
Lesser Polish dialect
.

Across history, many ethnic and religious minorities existed in Lesser Poland as they fled persecution from other areas or countries. Poland's once tolerant policy towards these minorities allowed them to flourish and create separate self-governing communities. Some minorities still remain, but are on the verge of extinction, most notably

Polish Jews and Walddeutsche Germans
.

Geography and boundaries

Kiev

Lesser Poland lies in the area of the upper confluence of the

Kujawy, Mazovia, Podlachia, Pomerania, or Greater Poland, Lesser Poland is mainly hilly, with Poland's highest peak, Rysy, located within the borders of the province. Flat are northern and central areas of the province – around Tarnobrzeg, Stalowa Wola, Radom and Siedlce, also valleys of the main rivers – the Vistula, the Pilica, and the San. Apart from Rysy, there are several other peaks located in the province – Pilsko, Babia Góra, Turbacz, as well as Łysica in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. The southern part of the province is covered by the Carpathian Mountains, which are made of smaller ranges, such as Pieniny, Tatry, and Beskidy
.

Palm Sunday in Lipnica Murowana.
The 1507 Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia Map (Polonia Minor, Russia) by Martin Waldseemüller[6]

Almost the whole area is located in the Vistula Basin, with the exception of the western and southern parts, belonging to the Odra and Dunaj Basins. The main rivers of the province are the Vistula, upper Warta, Soła, Skawa, Raba, Dunajec, Wisłok, Wisłoka, San, Wieprz, Przemsza, Nida, Kamienna, Radomka, and Pilica. The major lakes of the province are Lake Rożnów, Lake Czchów, Lake Dobczyce, Lake Czorsztyn, Lake Czaniec, Lake Międzybrodzie, Lake Klimkówka and Żywiec Lake. Most of them are man-made reservoirs.

Lesser Poland stretches from the

Podkarpackie Voivodeship (western part), Masovian Voivodeship (southern part), Łódź Voivodeship (southeastern corner), and Lublin Voivodeship
(western part).

In Silesian Voivodeship, the border between

Miedzyrzec Podlaski being part of the historical Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Radzyń Podlaski[15] as well as Parczew
left in Lesser Poland.

Between the

Krzeszów nad Sanem.[18] The border towns of Lesser Poland were: Rudnik, Kolbuszowa,[19] Ropczyce,[20] Sędziszów Małopolski, Strzyżów,[21] Jasło, Gorlice, and Biecz. The southern border of Lesser Poland goes along the Carpathian Mountains, and, except in a few cases, it has not changed for centuries. The cities of Leżajsk, Rzeszów, Sanok, Brzozów, and Krosno do not belong to historical Lesser Poland, as they are part of Red Ruthenia/Cherven Cities (Lwów Voivodeship, around today's Lviv
, Ukraine).

Kazimierz Dolny on the right bank of the Vistula river.

Historically, Lesser Poland was divided into two lands - Kraków Land and Sandomierz Land, both of which emerged after the

Zagłębie Dąbrowskie
.

Etymology

Jan Olbracht,[24]
to distinguish this province from Greater Poland (Polonia Maior).

History

Niepołomice Castle
Pieniny National Park

Early period and Kingdom of Poland

In the first years of Polish statehood, southern Lesser Poland was inhabited by the

Mieszko I of Poland some time in the late 10th century. Cosmas of Prague in his Chronicle of Bohemians wrote: "Polish prince Mieszko, a cunning man, seized by ruse the city of Kraków, killing with sword all Czechs he found there".[26] Northern part of Lesser Poland (Lublin and Sandomierz) was probably inhabited by another tribe, the Lendians,[27] and Dr Antoni Podraza, historian of the Jagiellonian University claims that ancient division of Lesser Poland into two major parts – Land (Duchy) of Kraków, and Land (Duchy) of Sandomierz, is based on the existence of two Slavic tribes in the area.[28] However, exact location of the Lendians has not been determined to this day. Some historians speculate that they occupied Cherven Cities, and their center was in Przemyśl.[29]
Around the year 1000, the
Fragmentation of Poland). Bolesław III Wrymouth created the Seniorate Province, which, among others, consisted of Kraków. At the same time, Lesser Poland was divided into two parts, when its eastern part formed the Duchy of Sandomierz,[31] carved by the ruler for his son Henry of Sandomierz
.

During the

Rusyns, Yotvingians, and Old Prussians. The city of Lublin suffered most frequently – among others, it was burnt by the Rusyns in 1244, the Lithuanians 1255, the Prussians in 1266, and the Yotvingians in 1282.[33] Another center of the province, Sandomierz, was destroyed by the Tartars in 1260,[34] and burnt by the Lithuanians in 1349.[35]

Będzin Castle, which guarded the western border of Lesser Poland

Unlike other Polish provinces, especially

Szydlow, Chęciny, Wiślica, Radom, Niedzica, Opoczno, Lublin, Sandomierz, as well as the Wawel Castle. Also, during his reign (1333–1370), Casimir the Great founded on Magdeburg rights several cities, urbanizing hitherto rural province.[38]
Among major Lesser Poland's cities founded by the King, there are:

# City Founded Current voivodeship
1. Kazimierz 1334 now a district of Kraków
2. Kłobuck 1339 Silesian Voivodeship
3. Dobczyce 1340 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
4. Grybów 1340 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
5. Tuchów 1340 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
6. Lelów 1340 Silesian Voivodeship
7. Myślenice 1342 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
8. Nowy Targ 1346 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
9. Biecz 1348 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
10. Krościenko nad Dunajcem 1348 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
11. Piwniczna-Zdrój 1348 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
12. Opoczno 1350 Łódź Voivodeship
13. Radom 1350 Masovian Voivodeship
14. Tymbark 1354 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
15. Pilzno 1354 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
16. Chęciny 1354 Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
17. Proszowice 1358 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
18. Będzin 1358 Silesian Voivodeship
19. Dębica 1358 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
20. Stopnica 1362 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
21. Ropczyce 1362 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
22. Skawina 1364 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
23. Muszyna 1364 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
24. Jasło 1366 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
25. Brzostek 1366 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
26. Wojnicz 1369 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Kozłówka Palace
Palatial residence in Kurozwęki
Neogothic façade of Lublin Castle
Castle courtyard with a fortified keep

In the

Rebellion of wójt Albert
).

In the late Middle Ages, Lesser Poland gradually became the center of Polish statehood,[41] with Kraków being the capital of the country from the mid-11th century until 1596. Its nobility ruled Poland when Queen Jadwiga was too young to control the state, and the Union of Krewo with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the brainchild of Lesser Poland's szlachta.[42]

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Lesser Poland remained the most important part of the country. After the death of Casimir the Great, Lesser Poland's nobility promoted

Poniatowski family
.

Since Lesser Poland was the most important province of

Mikołaj Radomski
.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

In the 16th century, Lesser Poland retained its position as the most important province of the country. As no major conflicts took place on its territory, it was the center of Renaissance in Poland. The province was home to numerous scholars, writers and statesmen, and it was here where Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was created in 1569 (see Union of Lublin). In the Commonwealth, Lesser Poland proper was the base of the Lesser Poland Province, which covered southern lands of the vast country. The province was made of Lesser Poland itself, also Podlachia, Red Ruthenia/Cherven Cities, Volhynia, Podolia, and Ukrainian voivodeships of Kijów (Kyiv) and Czernihów (Chernihiv), which, until 1569, had been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The period in Polish history known as the

Baranow Sandomierski, and Niepołomice
.

Pieskowa Skała

In the early 16th century,

Calvinism, and according to one estimate, some 20% of local szlachta converted from Roman Catholicism.[47] They were attracted by Calvinism's democratic character, and Lesser Poland's center of the movement was set in the town of Pińczów, which came to be known as Sarmatian Athens. It was in Pińczów, where a local nobleman converted a Roman Catholic parish into a Protestant one, opened a Calvinist Academy, and published its Antitrinitarian confession in 1560 and in 1561.[48] Several Calvinist synods took place in Lesser Poland – the first one in Słomniki (1554), Pińczów (the first united Synod of Poland and Lithuania – 1556[49] 1561), and Kraków (1562). In 1563, also in Pińczów, the so-called Brest Bible was translated into Polish. In 1570, the Sandomierz Agreement was signed by a number of Protestant groups, with the exception of the Polish Brethren, another religious group very influential in Lesser Poland. The Brethren had their center in Lesser Poland's village of Raków, where a main Arian printing press, as well as a college, known as Akademia Rakowska (Gymnasium Bonarum Artium) founded in 1602 were located. Among distinguished European scholars associated with the school, there were Johannes Crellius, Corderius, and Valentinus Smalcius (who translated into German the Racovian Catechism
).

In 1572, the Jagiellon dynasty died out, and next year,

Stephen Báthory of Poland, who died in 1586. The ruler from Transylvania was followed by Sigismund III Vasa of Sweden, whose election marked gradual decline of the province. Sigismund's eyes were set on Sweden, and for many years he concentrated his efforts on a futile attempt to regain his former Swedish throne (see Polish–Swedish union, War against Sigismund). Therefore, Lesser Poland, located in southwestern corner of the Commonwealth, began to lose its importance, which was marked in 1596, when Sigismund moved his permanent residence, court and the crown headquarters to centrally-located Warsaw.[50]

Members of the regional Folk Group of Wilamowice "Cepelia Fil Wilamowice"[51]
Lachy Sądeckie
are a group of ethnic Poles who live in southern Lesser Poland

Even though first half of the 17th century was filled with wars, all major conflicts did not reach Lesser Poland, and the province continued to prosper, which was reflected in its castles and palaces, such as the enormous

False Dmitriy II. Furthermore, Lesser Poland's lands, especially its northeastern part, became a base for Polish troops, fighting the Cossacks, and King John II Casimir Vasa often stayed in Lublin with his court, preparing military campaigns in Ukraine.[52] The situation changed with the outbreak of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). In October 1655, the Russo-Cossack armies under Ivan Vyhovsky entered eastern Lesser Poland, reaching the Vistula, and pillaging Lublin, Puławy, and Kazimierz Dolny. The invaders quickly retreated, but a few months later, Lesser Poland was flooded by the Swedes
.

Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line

Swedish invasion of Poland had catastrophic consequences for the hitherto prosperous province. The attackers, supported by their allies from

Battle of Golab. In those years, one of the most important and symbolic events in the history of the nation took place in Lesser Poland. It was the Siege of Jasna Góra, which, according to some accounts, turned the course of the war. Furthermore, following the Treaty of Radnot, Lesser Poland was invaded in January 1657 by George II Rákóczi, whose troops caused more destruction. Foreign armies were not chased out of Lesser Poland until 1657, Kraków itself was recaptured on 18 August 1657. After these invasions, the province was ruined, with hundreds of villages, towns and cities burned. The population decreased (the urban population by nearly half[65]), the peasantry starved, and like other parts of the Commonwealth, Lesser Poland was devastated. The period of peace lasted for about forty years, when in 1700, another major conflict, the Great Northern War began. Lesser Poland once again became a battleground, with Battle of Kliszów taking place there in 1702, and the Sandomierz Confederation
formed in 1704.

After the conflict, Lesser Poland began a recovery, which was hampered by several other factors. Province's cities frequently burned (Lublin 1719, Nowy Targ 1784, Nowy Sącz, Dukla 1758, Wieliczka 1718, Miechów 1745, Drzewica), there also were numerous outbreaks of plagues and typhus (in 1707–1708, some 20,000 died in Kraków and its area[66])

Lesser Poland was one of main centers of the

Kazimierz Pulaski for almost two years (1770–1772).[68]

Czarny Staw (Black Pond) in the High Tatras

Partitions of Poland (1772–1918)

The

Galicia
, and which included southwestern corner of Lesser Poland (south of the Vistula river), with Żywiec, Tarnów, and Biecz, but without major urban centers of the province, such as Kraków, Sandomierz, Radom, Lublin, Częstochowa, and Kielce.

Nowy Wiśnicz
Baranów Sandomierski
Vistula in Sandomierz

Second Partition of Poland (1793) did not result in significant changes of boundaries in the area, as the Austrian Empire did not participate in it. However, the Prussians moved on, and in 1793 they annexed northwestern corner of the province, together with the city of Częstochowa,[8][70] and its vicinity, which became part of the newly created province of South Prussia. Therefore, in late 1793, Lesser Poland was already divided between three countries – Austrian Empire (south of the Vistula), Kingdom of Prussia (Częstochowa and northwestern corner), and still existing Commonwealth. After the Third Partition (1795), most of Lesser Poland was annexed by Austria, with all major cities. Prussia managed to seize a small, western part of the province, with the towns of Siewierz, Zawiercie, Będzin, and Myszków, calling this land New Silesia, while the Austrians decided to name newly acquired lands of northern Lesser Poland West Galicia. In 1803, West Galicia was merged with Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, but retained some autonomy. Lesser Poland was one of major centers of Polish resistance against the occupiers. On 24 March 1794 in Kraków, Tadeusz Kościuszko announced the general insurrection (see Kościuszko Uprising), mobilising all able males of Lesser Poland. Two weeks later, Battle of Racławice took place, ending with a Polish victory. The uprising was suppressed by combined Prusso – Russian forces, and among battles fought in Lesser Poland, there is Battle of Szczekociny.

During

Zagłębie Dąbrowskie
). Borders of these administrative units did not reflect historical boundaries of the province.

"Peasant war" by Jan Lewicki (1795–1871)

Most of the

Galician slaughter. The peasants, led by Jakub Szela, murdered about 1000 nobles, and destroyed about 500 manors.[71] These events took place in three counties – Sanok, Jasło and Tarnów
.

Northern and central Lesser Poland (the part of the province which was taken by the Russian Empire) was one of the main centers of the January Uprising (1863–1864). In the first days of the insurrection, skirmishes with the Russian Army took place in such towns, as Łuków, Kraśnik, Szydłowiec, Bodzentyn, and Suchedniów. Since the Poles were poorly armed, the Russians did not have major problems with them, and soon afterwards, the insurrectionists decided to organize military camps. Among biggest camps in Lesser Poland, there were Ojców (3000 soldiers), and Wąchock, where Marian Langiewicz gathered up to 1500 people. The uprising died out by early spring of 1864, and among counties where it continued for the longest time, was the extreme northeastern corner of Lesser Poland, around Łuków, where reverend Stanisław Brzóska was active. Since Russian military supremacy was crushing, the Poles were forced to limit their actions to guerrilla warfare. Among the biggest battles which took place in Lesser Poland there are: Battle of Szydłowiec (23 January 1863); Battle of Miechów (17 February 1863); Battle of Małogoszcz (24 February 1863); Battle of Staszów (17 February 1863); Battle of Pieskowa Skała (4 March 1863); two Battles of Opatów (25 November 1863, 21 February 1864).

As a result of their support of the failed insurrection, several Lesser Poland's towns lost their charters and were turned into villages. Among them were

Nowe Miasto Korczyn, Włoszczowa, Przysucha, Opole Lubelskie
.

In the 19th century, Kraków's Jagiellonian University was a major center of Polish science and culture

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lesser Poland remained one of the centers of Polish culture, especially the city of Kraków, where Jagiellonian University was one of only two Polish-language colleges of that period (the other one was

Positivism was born in Lesser Poland, including Wincenty Pol (born in Lublin), Stefan Żeromski (born near Kielce), Aleksander Świętochowski (born near Łuków in extreme northeast corner of Lesser Poland), Walery Przyborowski (born near Kielce), Piotr Michałowski, Helena Modjeska, Henryk Wieniawski (born in Lublin), Leon Wyczółkowski (born near Siedlce), Juliusz Kossak (born in Nowy Wiśnicz), Józef Szujski (born in Tarnów). In the early 20th century, Lesser Poland, especially its part which belonged to Austria-Hungary, was a center of a cultural movement called Young Poland. Many artists associated with the movement were born in Lesser Poland, with the most prominent including Władysław Orkan, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Xawery Dunikowski, Jacek Malczewski, Józef Mehoffer, and Stanisław Wyspiański
.

Since Austrian part of Poland enjoyed a wide autonomy, the province of Galicia, whose western part was made of Lesser Poland, became a hotbed of Polish conspirational activities. In anticipation of a future war, Galician Poles, with help of their brethren from other parts of the divided country, created several paramilitary organizations, such as Polish Rifle Squads, and Riflemen's Association. The capital of Lesser Poland, Kraków, was a key center of pro-independence movements, with such individuals, as Józef Piłsudski, being actively involved in those activities. In August 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, Pilsudski's Legions crossed the Austrian – Russian border north of Kraków, and entered Congress Poland. However, the Pilsudski and his soldiers were disappointed to see that the inhabitants of Kielce did not welcome them with joy.[80] The division of Lesser Poland was more visible than ever.

Beskidy

During World War I, Lesser Poland became one of main theaters of the

Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918). In later stages of the conflict, the divided province once again became a center of Polish independence movement. An independent Polish government was re-proclaimed in northern Lesser Poland's city of Lublin, on 7 November 1918. Soon afterwards, it formed the basis of the new government of the country.[81] In other parts of the province, other governments were formed – Polish Liquidation Commission in Kraków, also the short-lived Republic of Tarnobrzeg
.

The division of Lesser Poland along the Vistula river, which lasted from 1772 until 1918, is visible even today. For more than 100 years, southern Lesser Poland (Kraków, Tarnów, Biala Krakowska, and Nowy Sącz) was administered by Austria, while northern, larger part of the province (Częstochowa, Sosnowiec, Kielce, Radom, Lublin, Sandomierz) was forcibly part of the Russian Empire. Inhabitants of Austrian part of Poland enjoyed limited autonomy,[82] with Polish language institutions, such as Jagiellonian University. At the same time, Russian-controlled Poland was subject to Russification. As a result of decades of this division, most inhabitants of the areas stolen by Russia are not aware of their Lesser Poland's heritage. Furthermore, current administrative boundaries of the country still reflect the defunct border between the former Russian and Austria–Hungarian Empires.

Castle of Bobolice

Interwar Poland (1918–1939)

In 1918, when

Galicia.[39] Therefore, Western Galicia to the San river, was called Western Lesser Poland, while Eastern Galicia, east of the San, with the city of Lwów (Lviv), was called Eastern Lesser Poland (voivodeships of Tarnopol, Stanisławów, and Lwów). According to a Polish historian Jan Pisuliński, using the term Eastern Lesser Poland to denomine Eastern Galicia is incorrect, as it has no historical justification, being only a designation of nationalist and propaganda significance (similarly to analogous term Western Ukraine used at the same time by the Ukrainian side), which served in the 1920s and 1930s to make a stronger connection of the area between rivers of San and Zbruch with the Polish state and to emphasize the allegedly indigenously Polish nature of that region.[83]

In late 1918, Lesser Poland emerged as one of main centers of fledgling Polish administration and independence movement. According to historian Kazimierz Banburski of Tarnów's District Museum,

the legislative election
took place in Lesser Poland without major problems.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

At that time Lesser Poland, like other provinces of the country, faced several problems. Even though major post-World War I conflicts (such as

Tunel was opened, all travelers had to go via Sosnowiec – Maczki. Lack of rail communication between former Austrian and former Russian parts of Lesser Poland is visible even today. Between Kraków and Dęblin, there are only two rail bridges along the Vistula. Residents of the province tried to improve their conditions using legal means, but when it turned out to be impossible, they took to fighting (1923 Kraków riot, 1937 peasant strike in Poland). As if to exacerbate the desperate situation, Lesser Poland witnessed a catastrophic flood
in 1934, after which the government decided to construct dams on local rivers.

Even though Lesser Poland's countryside was almost exclusively Polish, its towns and cities were inhabited by numerous Jews, whose communities were very vibrant. In Kraków, Jews made 25% of the population, in Lublin – 31%, in Kielce – 30%, and in Radom – 32%. Apart from the Jews, and Gypsies scattered in the south, there were no other significant national minorities in interbellum Lesser Poland.

Since Lesser Poland was safely located in the middle of the country, away from both German and Soviet border, in the mid-1930s Polish government initiated one of the most ambitious project of the Second Polish Republic –

Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, Zawiercie, and Częstochowa). The government of Poland planned further investments, such as a major East – West rail line, linking Volhynia, and Upper Silesia, but they never materialized. Desperate situation and lack of jobs caused thousands of inhabitants of Lesser Poland (especially from its southern part) to leave their land, mostly for the United States of America,[85]
but also Brazil, and Canada.

Pope John Paul II was born in Wadowice, Lesser Poland, in 1920

Lesser Poland remained a center of Polish culture, with Kraków's

Karol Wojtyla
, the future Pope John Paul II, was born.

World War II

On 1 September 1939, armed forces of Nazi Germany attacked Poland (see: Invasion of Poland). Lesser Poland, due to its proximity to the then-border with Germany, became a battleground on the first day of the invasion. The Germans attacked the province both in its northwest (area west of Częstochowa), and in the south (Podhale), along the border with Slovakia, which also participated in the invasion.

Lesser Poland was defended by the following Polish armies:

  • Karpaty Army
    , which covered southern, mountainous border of the province,
  • Kraków Army, guarding western part of the province, together with adjacent Polish part of Upper Silesia. Later in the course of war it joined the Karpaty Army, forming the Lesser Poland Army (Armia Małopolska),
  • Łódź Army, which protected extreme northwestern corner of the province, north of Częstochowa,
  • Prusy Army
    , which was main reserve of the Commander in Chief, and was concentrated in central and northern Lesser Poland (between Radom and Kielce),
  • Lublin Army, improvised after 4 September, and concentrated in the area of Lublin and Sandomierz in northeastern Lesser Poland.
Soldiers of Holy Cross Mountains Brigade in parade 1945

After a few days the Battle of the Border was lost, and forces of German Army Group South advanced deep into Lesser Poland's territory. Polish troops resisted fiercely, and among major battles in initial stages of the war, which took place in Lesser Poland, there are Battle of Mokra, Battle of Jordanów, and Battle of Węgierska Górka. By 6 September, Polish forces were in general retreat and Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered all troops to fall back to the secondary lines of defences at the Vistula and San Rivers. German units entered Częstochowa on 3 September (where on the next day they murdered hundreds of civilians), Kielce on 5 September, Kraków on 6 September, and Radom on 8 September (see also Battle of Radom). Within a week, almost whole Lesser Poland was under Nazi occupation. Northeastern part of the province, the area of Lublin, was held by the Poles until 17 September, but eventually, and after fierce battles (see Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski), all Lesser Poland was firmly under Nazi control. First draft of Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact stipulated that northeastern Lesser Poland (east of the Vistula river) was to be occupied by the Soviet Union, and forces of the Red Army reached the area of Lublin after 20 September, but withdrew east on 28 September.

On 12 October 1939, upon a decree of

Upper Silesia Province (Będzin, Sosnowiec, Zawiercie, Biała, Żywiec, Chrzanów, Olkusz
).

Further information:
Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II

In Lesser Poland, like in all provinces of the occupied country, the Nazis ruled with savage brutality, killing hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, both Polish and Jewish (see:

Gestapo–NKVD Conferences
took place, during which the mutual cooperation between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union was discussed.

Anti-Nazi resistance was particularly strong in Lesser Poland, and it was in the extreme northwestern corner of the province (around Opoczno), that armed struggle against the occupiers began in late 1939 and early 1940 (see

Bataliony Chłopskie, and right-wing National Armed Forces, with its Holy Cross Mountains Brigade
.

In all major Lesser Poland's cities, Jewish ghettos were opened, with the biggest ones in

Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising), but their efforts failed. As a result of The Holocaust in Poland
, once thriving and numerous Jewish population of Lesser Poland was decimated.

Germany operated several prisoner-of-war camps, including Stalag 301, Stalag 307, Stalag 359, Stalag 367, Stalag 369, Stalag 380, Stalag XII-C, Oflag 77, and multiple forced labour subcamps of Stalag VIII-B/344, for Polish, French, Belgian, Italian, Soviet, Dutch, Senegalese and other Allied POWs in the region.[86][87][88]

In the summer of 1944, after

Vistula–Oder Offensive began, which pushed Germans to the gates of Berlin. The Soviets entered Kielce on 15 January, Częstochowa – on 17 January, and Kraków on 19 January. On 27 January, the Red Army entered Sosnowiec. In took the Soviets much longer to clear the areas in the mountains – they did not enter Żywiec until 5 April 1945.[89]

Post-World War II

Together with the Red Army,

Freedom and Independence. Another well-known anti-Communist fighter from Lesser Poland is Józef Kuraś, who was active in the southern region of Podhale
.

In early 1945, the lands of Lesser Poland were divided between three voivodeships – those of Kraków, Lublin, and Kielce. Since summer 1945, several counties were transferred to neighboring voivodeships – eastern Lesser Poland (Dębica, Jasło, Mielec) became part of

Voivodeships of Poland (1975–1988)
). Counties were abolished, and several small voivodeships were created, in such Lesser Poland's towns and cities, as Tarnobrzeg, Tarnów, Nowy Sącz, Bielsko-Biała, Radom, Częstochowa, and Siedlce.

The government of Communist Poland invested in heavy industry, following the pre-1939 idea of Central Industrial Area. In Kraków, a new district of

Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line
was opened, which crossed Lesser Poland from west to east. Among other major factories, opened in Lesser Poland during Communist rule, there are:

A fire engine made by FSC Star in Lesser Poland's Starachowice

Other Lesser Poland's major plants were significantly expanded after 1945, including

Piaski Coal Mine
were opened.

Between 1971 and 1977,

Central Trunk Line was opened, which goes along western boundary of the province, and which connects Kraków and Katowice, with Warsaw. In the early 1980s, construction of a highway between Kraków and Katowice began. The 61-kilometer road is now run by Stalexport Autostrada Małopolska, and is part of A4 highway
.

Residents of Lesser Poland frequently protested against Communist government. Major centers of anti-Communist resistance were in Kraków, Nowa Huta, Radom, and Lublin. Among major protests that took place in the province were

Emil August Fieldorf, Leopold Okulicki, Ryszard Siwiec, Stanisław Pyjas, Hieronim Dekutowski, Andrzej Gwiazda, Andrzej Czuma
.

A number of key personalities of Communist government were born in Lesser Poland, including Józef Cyrankiewicz, Bolesław Bierut, Edward Gierek, Wojciech Jaruzelski, Czesław Kiszczak, Stanisław Kania, Hilary Minc, Edward Ochab, Michał Rola-Żymierski, Józef Oleksy.

Among prominent personalities of Polish cultural life of the 20th century, who were born in Lesser Poland, there are: Xawery Dunikowski, Witold Gombrowicz, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Sławomir Mrożek, Tadeusz Kantor, Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz, Marek Kondrat, Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, Krzysztof Penderecki, Zbigniew Preisner, Leon Schiller, Jerzy Stuhr, Jan Sztaudynger, Grzegorz Turnau, Jerzy Turowicz.

Local Government Reorganization Act (1998)

Boundary between Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia (red line) on the territory of current Silesian Voivodeship
Kraków is the capital of Lesser Poland
Lublin, the second-largest city of Lesser Poland
Częstochowa, the third-largest city of Lesser Poland
Kielce, the sixth-largest city of Lesser Poland
City hall of Bielsko-Biała, the seventh-largest city of Lesser Poland
Tarnów, the ninth-largest city of Lesser Poland

In 1998, the government of Poland carried out administrative reform of the country. For the first time in history, Lesser Poland Voivodeship was created, with its capital in Kraków, and an area of 15,108 square kilometers. The new province covers only a small, southwestern part of historical Lesser Poland.

Today, Lesser Poland is divided between several voivodeships: whole Lesser Poland Voivodeship, whole

Mazovian Voivodeship and southeastern corner of Łódź Voivodeship (around Opoczno
).

There were suggestions that Lesser Poland Voivodeship should stretch from Bielsko-Biała to Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski and Sandomierz. Furthermore, creation of an Old Poland Voivodeship was proposed, on the historical lands of northern Lesser Poland. Also, since about half of territory of current Silesian Voivodeship belongs to historical Lesser Poland, there are suggestions to rename it into Silesian – Lesser Poland Voivodeship.[90]

Major cities and towns (by size)

L.p. City Population (2023) Area
(km2.) 		Current voivodeship
1. Kraków 803,282 326,80 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
2. Lublin 331,243 147,45 Lublin Voivodeship
3. Częstochowa 208,282 159,71 Silesian Voivodeship
4. Radom 197,848 111,80 Masovian Voivodeship
5. Sosnowiec 189,178 91,06 Silesian Voivodeship
6. Kielce 183,885 109,65 Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
7. Bielsko-Biała* 166,765 124,51 Silesian Voivodeship
8. Dąbrowa Górnicza 114,765 188,73 Silesian Voivodeship
9. Tarnów 103,960 72,38 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
10. Jaworzno 87,552 152,67 Silesian Voivodeship
11. Nowy Sącz 80,587 57,58 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
12. Siedlce** 75,623 32,00 Masovian Voivodeship
13. Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski 62,980 46,43 Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
14. Mielec 57,363 46,89 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
15. Stalowa Wola 55,846 82,52 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
16. Będzin 54,322 37,37 Silesian Voivodeship
17. Zawiercie 46,727 85,25 Silesian Voivodeship
18. Starachowice 44,992 31,82 Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
19. Puławy 44,397 50,49 Lublin Voivodeship
20. Tarnobrzeg 44,156 85,39 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
21. Dębica 43,301 34,02 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
22. Skarżysko-Kamienna 41,793 64,39 Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
23. Świdnik 36,992 20 Lublin Voivodeship
24. Oświęcim 36,048 30 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
25. Chrzanów 34,387 38 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
26. Nowy Targ 33,103 26 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
27. Jasło 33,100 37 Subcarpathian Voivodeship
28. Olkusz 32,670 26 Lesser Poland Voivodeship
29. Żywiec 29,878 50 Silesian Voivodeship
30. Bochnia 28,692 30 Lesser Poland Voivodeship

* Only part in Lesser Poland; ** Historically part of Lesser Poland, since the creation of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in 1816 the area is often referred to as Southern Podlachia.

In the

Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, several other locations used to be important urban centers of Lesser Poland, but in the course of the time, their significance declined. The main example is Sandomierz, which for hundreds of years was one of the most important cities of Poland,[91]
but now is a town of 25,000. Other examples of historically important places, which are now little towns or villages are:

  • Biecz, a town of 5,000, once the seat of a county, incorporated in 1257,
  • Chęciny, a village now, once the seat of a county, with a royal castle,
  • Czchów, a town of 2,000, incorporated before 1333, once the seat of a county,
  • Goraj, a village now, which used to be one of urban centers of Lublin Voivodeship,
  • Iłża, a town of 5,000, incorporated before 1294, with a royal castle,
  • Kazimierz Dolny, which enjoyed its greatest prosperity in the 16th and the first half of the 17th century,
  • Koprzywnica, a village now, a town in 1268–1869,
  • Książ Wielki, a town in 1385–1875, once the seat of a county,
  • Lelów, a village now, which used to be the seat of a county. Incorporated in 1314, with a royal castle,
  • Nowe Miasto Korczyn, a town in 1258–1869, with a royal castle, where general sejmiks of Lesser Poland took place,
  • Opatów, a town of 7,000, incorporated in 1282, once the seat of sejmiks,
  • Parczew, now a town of 10,000, once a major urban center of northeast Lesser Poland,
  • Pilzno, now a town of 4,000, once the seat of a county,
  • Sieciechów, a village now, once an important town, incorporated in 1232,
  • Stężyca, a village now. Once the seat of a county, which used to be a town in 1330–1869,
  • Szczyrzyc, a village now, which used to be the seat of a county,
  • Szydłowiec, a town of 12,000, with a royal castle, which in the Renaissance period was an important urban center of northern Lesser Poland,
  • Szydłów, a village now, which used to be a major urban center of Sandomierz Voivodeship,
  • Urzędów, a village now, which in 1405–1869 used to be a town and the seat of a county,
  • Wiślica, a village now, which was probably the capital of the Vistulans, and the seat of a county,
  • Wojnicz, now a town of 3,500, incorporated in 1278, used to be the seat of a county,
  • Zawichost, a town of 2,000, once a royal town with a castle, incorporated before 1255.

Economy and industry

History of industry in Lesser Poland goes back to prehistoric times, when in

Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, where in the 16th century, lead, silver, and zinc were found. As early as in the 15th century, coal was extracted in Trzebinia – Siersza, and in the following centuries, especially in the 19th century, several coal mines and steel mills were opened in Zagłębie and in Zagłębie Krakowskie (first coal mine in Jaworzno was opened in 1792). In nearby Olkusz, the history of zinc mining dates to the 12th century when Casimir II the Just set up a mining settlement. Also, in the towns of Wieliczka and Bochnia, salt mines were established in the 12th and 13th centuries (see Bochnia Salt Mine, Wieliczka Salt Mine
).

In the 20th century, natural resources were also discovered in central and eastern counties Lesser Poland. In 1964, the world's largest open-pit sulfur mine was opened in Machów near Tarnobrzeg.[92] Other sulfur deposits in the area of Tarnobrzeg are Jeziorko, Grzybów-Gacki, and Grębów-Wydza. The mine at Machów is now closed. In the late 1960s, eastern Lesser Poland became one of three coal basins of the country, when Lublin Basin was created.[93] Major coal mine in the area is KWK Bogdanka near Łęczna, which is the only coal mine in Poland which has continuously generated a profit. Other Polish coal mines located in Lesser Poland are those found in western part of the province, along the boundary with Upper Silesia – KWK Janina in Jaworzno, KWK Sobieski, and also in Jaworzno. Copper and silver are extracted in Myszków (see Myszków mine).

In the late 1930s, the government of the

industrial regions
:

In 2009,

Łucznik Arms Factory, Nowiny Cement Plant near Kielce, Połaniec Power Station, PZL Mielec, PZL-Świdnik, Sobieski Coal Mine, Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks
.

Since the lands of historical Lesser Poland belong now to different voivodeships, unemployment rate differs from one region to another. In January 2010, in Poland the unemployment rate was 12,7%.[95] In Silesian Voivodeship, eastern half of which is Lesser Poland, it was 9,9%, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship – 10,5%, in Subcarpathian Voivodeship – 16,3%, in Holy Cross Voivodeship – 15,5%, in Lublin Voivodeship – 13,6%, and in Mazovian Voivodeship (southern part of which is Lesser Poland) – 9,6%. In Lesser Poland's cities, the best situation was in Kraków (as for November 2009[96]), where 4,1% had no job. In Bielsko-Biała, the rate was 5,7%, in Lublin – 8,8%, in Siedlce – 9,1%, in Tarnów – 9,2%, in Nowy Sącz – 10%, in Kielce and Częstochowa – 10,1%, in Jaworzno – 10,2%, in Dąbrowa Górnicza – 10,3%, in Sosnowiec – 12,2%, and in Tarnobrzeg – 14,3%. The worst situation on the job market (as for November 2009) was in Radom, where unemployment rate was 20,9% (it made Radom second worst city county of the nation, only after Grudziądz).

Transport

Roads

Several European roads (see International E-road network) cross Lesser Poland. The most important one is the European route E40, which goes from west to east, across whole Europe. In Lesser Poland, the E40 goes from Jaworzno, via Kraków and Tarnów, towards eastern border of the country. Another main European road in Lesser Poland is the E77, which goes from north to south, via Radom, Kielce and Kraków, to southern border of Poland at Chyżne. Third major European road in Lesser Poland is the E30, which crosses the territory of the province in its extreme northeast corner, in Siedlce. Apart from these roads, Lesser Poland is crossed by the following European routes:

  • Barwinek
    ,
  • E372, which begins in Warsaw, and via northeastern Lesser Poland (Lublin, Świdnik), goes to Ukrainian border at Hrebenne,
  • John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice
    ,
  • E75, which crosses western counties of Lesser Poland – from Częstochowa, through Dąbrowa Górnicza and Jaworzno, to Bielsko-Biała and Polish – Czech border.

Airports

Kraków John Paul II International Airport, the busiest airport in Lesser Poland

Within borders of historical Lesser Poland, there are four airports –

Katowice International Airport, which is located in the village of Pyrzowice, on the border between Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia. Pyrzowice is part of Gmina Ożarowice, which after Partitions of Poland, and Congress of Vienna belonged to Będzin County of the Russian Empire. In the interbellum, the area of future airport belonged to Lesser Poland's Kielce Voivodeship, and in 1945, was transferred to Katowice Voivodeship (initially Silesian-Dąbrowa Voivodeship). In 1998, Ożarowice, together with the airport, was attached to Tarnowskie Góry County, despite the fact that it is not located in Upper Silesia[97]

Further airports in Lesser Poland will be opened in the future – Kielce – Obice.

Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport
is located on eastern border of the province.

Railroads

Railroad network of Lesser Poland is very unevenly distributed. It is very dense in the west, along the border with Upper Silesia, and sparse in the east, especially along the Vistula, and around Lublin. All major cities of the province are connected with each other, however traveling from Kraków to Lublin is time-consuming, as trains have to take an extended route, via Kielce, Radom, and Dęblin. Also, there is no direct connection between Tarnów and Kielce, as these cities belonged to different countries before 1918. Underdevelopment of the railroads in northern and eastern Lesser Poland is the result of the policy of the Russian Empire. For military reasons, the Russians were not interested in construction of a dense network of lines along the border with Germany and Austria-Hungary, allowing only the construction of narrow-gauge connections.

Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line[103]
). In Kraków itself, there are three rail bridges over the Vistula.

Among rail hubs of Lesser Poland, there are Bielsko-Biała,

Tunel, Zawiercie, and Żywiec
.

In the late 1970s, the Communist government built the broad-gauge

Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line
, which crosses Lesser Poland from west to east along the Vistula.

Tourism and nature

Kraków Old Town, UNESCO World Heritage Site

The historical capital of Lesser Poland –

Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice, Jacek Malczewski Museum in Radom, Lublin Museum, Museum of Częstochowa, Museum of Sandomierz Diocese, Museum of Żywiec Brewery, Museum of Zagłębie in Będzin, Przypkowscy Clock Museum, Regional Museum in Wiślica, Regional Museum in Siedlce, Tytus Chałubiński
Tatra Museum in Zakopane.

Lady with an Ermine by Leonardo da Vinci, Czartoryski Museum, Kraków

Among other major places of interest of the province are:

Wooden Churches of Southern Lesser Poland (UNESCO World Heritage Sites List[107]). Furthermore, thousands of tourists come to Radom in northern Lesser Poland, to watch the popular, biannual Radom Air Show. Lesser Poland has a number of open-air museums – Góra Birów in Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Museum of Kielce Village in Kielce, Museum of Lublin Village in Lublin, Museum of Folk Culture in Kolbuszowa, Museum of Radom Village in Radom, Vistula River Etnographic Park in Babice, Nowy Sącz Etnographic Park in Nowy Sącz, Orawa Etnographic Park in Zubrzyca Górna, Chabówka Rolling-Stock Heritage Park in Chabówka. The Małopolska Institute of Culture
, located in Kraków, promotes the activities of regional museums and smaller sites of interest.

Lesser Poland is famous for its underground waters and spas, such as

Piwniczna, Wysowa-Zdrój, Rabka, Swoszowice, Żegiestów, Krzeszowice, Wieliczka, and Krynica-Zdrój.[108] Mountains and resorts of the province make it a major center of Polish tourism – Tatra National Park is visited by around 3 million tourists every year.[109]

The following

National Parks
are located in Lesser Poland:

Education

Collegium Maius, oldest building of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in continuous operation in the world

Universities

Lesser Poland is home to Poland's oldest university – Kraków's Jagiellonian University, which was established in 1364. For centuries, it was the only college of the province, and of the whole country. In December 1918, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin was opened, becoming second university of Lesser Poland. In 1944, also in Lublin, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University was established.

Technical universities

There are several technical universities in Lesser Poland – Kraków's

Kazimierz Pułaski Technical University of Radom, and Kielce University of Technology
.

Other colleges

Future teachers may study at

Polish Air Force Academy, located in Dęblin. Among private colleges of Lesser Poland, there is Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu – National-Louis University
in Nowy Sącz.

Regional identity and culture

Since Lesser Poland ceased to exist as a unified region in the late 18th century, during the

Voivodeships of Poland (1975–98)), are not familiar with their Lesser Polish roots. In a poll in April 2011, 57% of Jaworzno's inhabitants stated that their city is historically tied with Lesser Poland, but as many as 36% said their city is tied with Upper Silesia.[110] Polish linguist Jan Miodek emphasizes the fact that linguistically, Będzin is closer to Myślenice than to Tarnowskie Góry, only 20 km away. Miodek wrote that even though Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland's Zagłębie Dąbrowskie are industrially and administratively tied, both regions are culturally and linguistically different from each other.[111] Residents of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie are known for their dislike of Upper Silesians, whom they call hanysy, while the Silesians call them gorole. In recent years, more inhabitants of Zagłębie become aware of their Lesser Poland's heritage,[112] Also, after Partitions of Poland, when Austrian province of Galicia was created, the cities of Rzeszów and Przemyśl, which are part of historical Red Ruthenia/Cherven Cities, became associated with Lesser Poland. Therefore, currently the notion of Lesser Poland most commonly applies to the two voivodeships which in the past belonged to Austrian Empire – Lesser Poland Voivodeship, and Subcarpathian Voivodeship[113]

Among several Lesser Poland's regional organizations, one of the most important is Stowarzyszenie Gmin i Powiatów Małopolski (The Association of Villages and Counties of Lesser Poland). It publishes a magazine called Wspólnota Małopolska (Lesser Polish Community), and every year it chooses a Lesser Polish Person of the Year (among winners are

John Paul II, Anna Dymna, and Stanisław Dziwisz). The Association of Villages and Counties of Lesser Poland has over 120 members from four Polish voivodeships. Among members are cities of Kraków, Częstochowa, Bielsko-Biała, Tarnów, and Przemyśl.[114]

Arguably, the most famous product of Lesser Polish cuisine is the

Wawel Factory, juices from Tymbark, vodka Żołądkowa Gorzka produced in Lublin, and Chopin
produced in Siedlce.

Folklore group in Podhale costume, Bukowina Tatrzańska, Lesser Poland, 2016

Folk costumes from Lesser Poland are widely known across the country – a dancing couple, dressed in traditional Kraków costume (Krakowiacy), is presented on the logo of renowned Żywiec beer,[116] and Podhale is one of few Polish regions, where people regularly wear their traditional costumes.[117] Both Kraków and Podhale folk costumes are among most popular garbs in Poland.[118] Other folk costumes from the region are those of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, Sandomierz, Rzeszów, Częstochowa, Kielce, Radom (regarded as the most traditional of all Polish costumes[119]), Opoczno, Holy Cross Mountains, Nowy Sącz, and Lublin. There are several folk festivals in Lesser Poland, such as On the frontier of Lesser Poland and Mazovia (in Opoczno[120]), Folk Festival of Józef Myszka (in Museum of Radom Village in Iłża[121]), annual Days of Lesser Poland's Cultural Heritage,[122] Week of the Beskidy Culture (in several locations), Wianki in Kraków, Festival of Old Music and Culture in Niepołomice, Festival of Folk Bands and Folk Singers in Kazimierz Dolny, International Folklore Meetings of Ignacy Wachowiak in Lublin, International Festival of Folklore of Mountain Lands in Zakopane, Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków. Krakowiak is one of Polish national dances, other popular Lesser Poland's folk dances are Zbójnicki from Podhale and dances from Lublin. Among Lesser Poland's customs are Lajkonik, and Kraków szopka.

Polish flat soda bread (known as Proziaki in podkarpacie)

Sports and entertainment

KS Cracovia
on Independence Day 2019

Several renowned sportspeople and entertainers come from Lesser Poland. Among them are some of the most famous personalities of contemporary Polish sports – boxer

Wimbledon finalist Jadwiga Jędrzejowska, skier Józef Łuszczek, ski jumper Stanisław Marusarz, and driver Sobiesław Zasada
.

Kraków's major association football teams –

Górnik Łęczna, Korona Kielce, Motor Lublin, Radomiak Radom, Stal Stalowa Wola, and Sandecja Nowy Sącz
.

Besides association football, Lesser Poland's teams were multiple national champions in other sports:

Major sports venues of the province are

Miejski Stadion Sportowy "KSZO" w Ostrowcu Sw., Zagłębiowski Park Sportowy in Sosnowiec, Dębowiec Sports Arena in Bielsko-Biała, Arena Częstochowa, Hala Sportowa MOSiR in Radom, Wielka Krokiew
in Zakopane.

Among popular rock music bands from Lesser Poland, there are Budka Suflera, Golec uOrkiestra, Maanam, and Zakopower. From Lesser Poland hail composers Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz, and Krzysztof Penderecki, as well as singers Basia, Ewa Demarczyk, Justyna Steczkowska, Grzegorz Turnau, Maciej Zembaty. Major music festivals in the province are: Coke Live Music Festival in Kraków, Celtic Music Festival ZAMEK in Będzin, Film Music Festival in Kraków, Gaude Mater in Częstochowa, Boyscout's Festival of School Music in Kielce, Summer with Chopin in Busko-Zdrój, Festiwal of Shanties in Kraków, and Festival of Student Song in Kraków.

Lesser Polish dialect of Polish

Further information:
Lesser Polish dialect
A map of Polish dialects. The area where Lesser Poland's dialect is spoken is marked in orange.

Lesser Polish dialect is spoken in southeastern corner of Poland, both in lands which belong to historical Lesser Poland, and in areas which are not part of the province (around Sieradz and Łęczyca). On the other hand, as seen on the map, the Lesser Polish dialect is not spoken in the extreme northeast of Lesser Poland, in Siedlce and vicinity, where people rather speak Masovian dialect. Descending from the language of the Vistulans, it is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland. According to Wincenty Pol, it is divided into three subdivisions: Sandomierz dialect, Lublin dialect, and Sanok dialect.[123]

In the

Kresy Wschodnie. Later on, however, its importance diminished and was replaced by Masovian dialect, which became the leading dialect of Polish. After Partitions of Poland
, when Lesser Poland was divided between Austria and Russia, northern areas of the province took over many features of the Masovian dialect, while Lesser Polish dialect in Austrian province of Galicia was heavily influenced by German.

According to Multimedia Guide to Polish Dialects, a webpage maintained by University of Warsaw, Lesser Polish dialect is divided into the following subdialects:

  • Mazowsze Borderland (Pogranicze Mazowsza – around Radom and Dęblin),
  • Łęczyca (around Łódź, Kutno, Tomaszów Mazowiecki – this part of the country is not historical Lesser Poland),
  • Kielce (around Kielce),
  • Lasowiacy (north of Rzeszów),
  • East Kraków,
  • West Lublin,
  • East Lublin (this area historically belongs to Chełm Land),
  • Przemyśl (historical part of Red Ruthenia/Cherven Cities),
  • Biecz,
  • Nowy Sącz,
  • Podhale,
  • Spisz,
  • Orawa,
  • Żywiec,
  • Sieradz,
  • Sanok region, or Red-Ruthenian[124]
  • Kraków, together with Zagłebie Dąbrowskie.[125]

See also

  • Gorals, a group of indigenous people, found in southern Lesser Poland
  • Holy Cross Sermons, the oldest existing manuscripts of fine prose in Polish, which come from Lesser Poland
  • Lasowiacy
    , one of subethnic groups, which inhabits eastern Lesser Poland
  • Lesser Polish Gorge of the Vistula
  • Malopolski – Polish breed of horse, developed in Lesser Poland
  • Wymysorys, a West Germanic micro-language actively spoken in the small town of Wilamowice near Bielsko-Biała, on the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland

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Bibliography

Main article: Bibliography of the history of Poland

External links

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