Timeline of environmental history
This timeline lists events in the external environment that have influenced events in human history. This timeline is for use with the article on environmental determinism. For the history of humanity's influence on the environment, and humanity's perspective on this influence, see timeline of history of environmentalism. See List of periods and events in climate history for a timeline list focused on climate.
Pre-Holocene (1.5 Ma)
The time from roughly 15,000 to 5,000
Quaternary extinction event, which was continued into the modern era by humans. The time around 11,700 years ago (9,700 BC) is widely considered to be the end of the old age (Pleistocene, Paleolithic, Stone Age, Wisconsin Ice Age
), and the beginning of the modern world as we know it.
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 2,588,000 BC | c. 12,000 BC | Pleistocene era |
c. 21,000 BC | Recent evidence indicates that humans processed (gathered) and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago.[1] | |
c. 20,000 BC | Antarctica sees a very rapid and abrupt 6 °C increase in temperatures[2] | |
c. 19,000 BC | Last Glacial Maximum/sea-level minimum | |
c. 20,000 BC | c. 12,150 BC | Mesolithic 1 period |
c. 17,000 BC | c. 13,000 BC | glaciation in Europe .
|
c. 13,000 BC | Beginning of the warfare .
Meltwater pulse 1A raises sea level 20 meters. Missoula floods occur. | |
c. 12,670 BC | c. 12,000 BC | Last glacial period. In places where the Older Dryas was not seen, it is known as the Bølling–Allerød warming .
|
c.12,340 BC | c.11,140 BC | Cemetery 117 : site of the world's first known battle/war.
|
c.12,500 BC | c.10,800 BC | Natufian culture begins minor agriculture |
c. 12,150 BC | c. 11,140 BC | Mesolithic 2 (Natufian culture), some sources have Mesolithic 2 ending at 9500 BC |
c. 12,000 BC | c. 11,700 BC | Older Dryas stadial (cool period) |
c. 11,700 BC | c. 10,800 BC | Allerød oscillation |
c.13,000 BC | c.11,000 BC | Lake Agassiz forms from glacial meltwater. It bursts and floods out through the Mackenzie River into the Arctic Ocean at 11,000 BC, possibly causing the Younger Dryas cold period. |
c. 12,000 BC | c. 8,000 BC | Göbekli Tepe, world's earliest known temple-like structure, is created. |
c. 10,800 BC | Younger Dryas impact event is proposed to have occurred, causing the onset of the Younger Dryas.
| |
c. 10,800 BC | Younger Dryas cold period begins. | |
c. 10,000 BC |
|
10th millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 9700 BC |
| |
c. 9660 to c. 9600 BC | Jet Stream ), due to flooding from Lake Agassiz as it reformed.
| |
c. 9500 BC |
| |
c. 9270 BC | Greenland sees an abrupt and rapid 4 °C rise in temperatures[5] | |
c. 9000 BC | First stone structures at Jericho built. |
9th millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 8500 BC to 7370 | Jericho is established as one of the oldest cities in the world sometime between 8500 BC and 7370 BC | |
c. 8000 BC |
|
8th millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 7900 BC | c. 7700 BC | Lake Agassiz refills from glacial melt-water around 7900 BC as Glaciers retreat north |
c. 7640 BC | Date theorized for impact of Tollmann's hypothetical bolide with Earth and associated global cataclysm. | |
c. 7500 BC |
| |
7500–7000 BC | 3500–3000 BC | savannah as part of the African humid period .
|
7th millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 6600 BC | Jiahu symbols, carved on tortoise shells in Jiahu, Northern China | |
c. 6500 BC |
| |
c.6440±25 BC | VEI 7 eruption. It is one of the largest of the Holocene epoch
| |
c. 6400 BC | Lake Agassiz drains into oceans for the final time, leaving Lakes Manitoba, Winnipeg, Winnipegosis, and Lake of the Woods, among others in the region, as its remnants. The draining may have caused the 8.2 kiloyear event, 200 years later | |
c. 6200 BC | 8.2-kiloyear event, a sudden significant cooling episode | |
c. 6100 BC | The Storegga Slide, causing a megatsunami in the Norwegian Sea | |
c. 6000 BC |
|
6th millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 5600 BC | According to the Black Sea deluge theory, the Black Sea floods with salt water. Some 3000 cubic miles (12,500 km3) of salt water is added, significantly expanding it and transforming it from a fresh-water landlocked lake into a salt water sea.
| |
c. 5500 BC | Beginning of the savannah, though it remains wetter than today. It's possible this process pushed people in the area into migrating to the region of the Nile in the east, thereby laying the groundwork for the rise of Egyptian civilization .
| |
c. 5300 BC |
| |
c. 5000 BC |
| |
5000 BC | 700 BC | Megalithic Temples of Malta were created |
5th millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 4570 BC | c. 4250 BC | Nile River
|
4400 BC | 3500 BC | Predynastic Egypt
|
4000 BC | 3100 BC | Uruk period begins in Mesopotamia |
4th millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
3900 BC |
| |
3600 BC | 2800 BC |
|
3500 BC to 3000 BC | The end of the 5.9 kiloyear event and the Piora Oscillation .
| |
3500 BC | 3200 BC | Gerzeh/Naqada II culture in Egypt |
3200 BC | 3000 BC | Protodynastic Period of Egypt
|
3100 BC | 2686 BC | Early Dynastic Period of Egypt. The hallmarks of Ancient Egypt (art, architecture, religion) all formed during this period. This is widely assumed to be the time and place of the first writing system, the Egyptian hieroglyphs (date is disputed, some claim they were used as far back as 3200 BC, while others believe they weren't invented until the 28th century BC). |
between 3000 BC and 2800 BC | 30 km/19 mi-wide Burckle Crater is formed in Indian Ocean from a possible meteor or comet impact. |
3rd millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 30th century BC |
| |
c. 2880 BC | Germination of Prometheus (a bristlecone pine of the species Pinus longaeva), formerly the world's oldest known non-clonal organism. | |
c. 2832 BC | Germination of Methuselah (a bristlecone pine of the species Pinus longaeva), currently the world's oldest known non-clonal organism. | |
2807 BC | Suggested date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on an analysis of flood stories. Possibly causing the | |
2650 BC |
| |
c. 2630 BC | 1815 BC | Construction of the Egyptian pyramids. |
2500 BC | Sahara becomes fully desiccated, and conditions become largely identical to those of today. . | |
2300 BC | Neolithic period ends in China. | |
2200 BC | Beginning of subatlantic period .
|
2nd millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 2000 BC | c. 1000 BC | Continued mountain formation in the Himalayas contributes to the drying up of the Harappan civilization .
|
1900 BC | The consequences of human overpopulation .
| |
Around 1600 BC | Minoan eruption destroys much of Santorini island, but does not destroy (contrary to what was previously believed) the Minoan civilization on Crete.[9] This may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. | |
1450 BC | volcanic eruption was the source of the catastrophe (see Minoan eruption). On the other hand, gradual deforestation may have led to materials shortages in manufacturing and shipping. Loss of timber and subsequent deterioration of its land was probably a factor in the decline of Minoan power in the late Bronze Age , according to John Perlin in A Forest Journey.
| |
1206 BC | 1187 BC | Evidence of major droughts in the Eastern Mediterranean. Hittite and Ugarit records show requests for grain were sent to Egypt, probably during the reign of Pharaoh Bronze Age collapse . The cause may have been a temporary diversion of winter storms north of the Pyrenees and Alps. Central Europe experienced generally wetter conditions, while those in the Eastern Mediterranean were substantially drier. There seems to have been a general abandonment of peasant subsistence agriculture in favour of nomadic pastoralism in Central Anatolia, Syria and northern Mesopotamia, Palestine, the Sinai and NW Arabia.
|
1st millennium BC
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
800 BC | 500 BC |
|
200 BC | Axial Age, a revolution in thinking that we know as Philosophy, begins in China, India, and Europe, with people such as Socrates, Plato, Homer, Laozi, Confucius, among others, alive at this time. | |
753 BC | Ancient Rome begins, with the founding of Rome. This marks the beginning of Classical antiquity. | |
771-221 BC | The Eastern Zhou period of China is characterized by the formation of larger and more powerful political systems, whose ability to transform their environment is much greater than earlier states. They establish parks to protect wildlife for hunting purposes. [10] | |
508 BC | Democracy created in Athens, Ancient Greece | |
356 BC | 323 BC | Alexander the Great |
269 BC | 232 BC | Reign of Ashoka the Great, and the beginning of propagation of Buddhism
|
221 BC | The Qin dynasty founds China's first empire period of China, conquers large areas of the East Asian mainland, and soon collapses, but is soon rebuilt by the Han dynasty, whose population and environmental impact is similar to that of the Roman Empire. Qin established some of the world's first environmental protection laws. [11] | |
c. 225 BC | The Sub-Atlantic period began about 225 BC (estimated on the basis of radiocarbon dating) and has been characterized by increased rainfall, cooler and more humid climates, and the dominance of beech forests. The fauna of the Sub-Atlantic is essentially modern although severely depleted by human activities. The Sub-Atlantic is correlated with pollen zone IX; sea levels have been generally regressive during this time interval, though North America is an exception. | |
c. 200 BC | Sri Lanka becomes the first country in the world to have a nature reserve when King Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura established a wildlife sanctuary. |
1st millennium AD
1st century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
79 AD | Mount Vesuvius erupts, burying Pompeii and Herculaneum |
2nd century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
114 | 117 | . |
186 | Hatepe eruption in New Zealand turns the skies red over Rome and China.[12] |
3rd century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
235 | 284 | Crisis of the Third Century affects Ancient Rome |
4th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 300 | fall of Rome .
| |
301 | San Marino founded, claims to be the world's oldest republic |
5th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 400 | c. 800 | Migration Period |
c. 450 | Malaria epidemic in Italy.[13] | |
476 | Fall of Rome , end of the Western Roman Empire
|
6th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
535 | 536 | 535–536: global climate abnormalities affecting several civilizations. |
7th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
650 | Muslim conquests of the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe | |
600 | Mount Edziza volcanic complex in British Columbia, Canada erupts |
8th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
Dates unknown | Classical Maya civilization begins to decline; Beowulf saga is probably written in Europe sometime in this century | |
750 | Muslim Caliphate is moved to Baghdad, ushering in its golden age as a cultural crossroads | |
774 | 775 | Unusually-high levels of cosmic rays or abnormally strong solar flares
|
772 | 804 | rebellion, incorporating Old Saxony into Francia and the Christian world.
|
9th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 850 | Severe drought exacerbated by soil collapse of Central American city states and the end of the Classic Maya civilization .
| |
874 | According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland begins. |
10th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
930 | Althing, oldest parliamentary institution in the world that is still in existence, is founded | |
980s | Viking colonists from Iceland
|
2nd millennium
11th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
985 | 1080 | Norse Colony at L'Anse aux Meadows |
1006 | visual magnitude )
| |
1054 | SN 1054 supernova, created the Crab Nebula | |
1099 | The |
12th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
1104 | assembly lines, hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution
| |
1150 | Renaissance of the 12th century in Europe, blast furnace for the smelting of cast iron is imported from China | |
1185 | First record of windmills in Europe | |
Dates unknown | Nan Madol is constructed on Pohnpei in Micronesia |
13th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 1250 | c. 1850 | Start of the Little Ice Age, a stadial period within our interglacial warm period |
1257 | Catastrophic eruption of Samalas in Indonesia, with climate effects comparable to that of the 1815 Tambora eruption. This contributed to the cooling seen in the Little Ice Age. | |
end of the 13th century | beginning of the Renaissance era in Italy, gradually spreads throughout Europe. |
14th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
1315 | 1317 | Great Famine of 1315–1317 (Europe) |
1347 | 1350s | Bubonic plague decimates Europe, creating the first attempts to enforce public health and quarantine laws. |
1350 | Greenland abandoned, possibly due to the deteriorating climate caused by the onset of the Little Ice Age
|
15th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
1408 | Last known recording (a wedding) of Norse settlers in Greenland | |
1453 | 1452/1453 mystery eruption contributes to fall of Constantinople. | |
1492 | Christopher Columbus lands in Caribbean islands, starting the Columbian exchange, causing the Aztec Empire and Inca Empire to fall to the Spanish in the next century, as well as bringing various species of animals and plants across the Atlantic Ocean. |
16th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
1585 | 1587 | Roanoke Colony, now in North Carolina |
End of the 16th century | End of the Renaissance era, gradual transition towards the Modern eras.
|
17th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
1600 | Huaynaputina erupts in South America. The explosion had effects on climate around the Northern Hemisphere (Southern hemispheric records are less complete), where 1601 was the coldest year in six centuries, leading to a famine in Russia; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[16] | |
1610 | It has been posited that 1610 marks the beginning of the Anthropocene, or the 'Age of Man', marking a fundamental change in the relationship between humans and the Earth system.[17][18] |
18th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
c. 1750 | Beginning of Industrial Revolution, which eventually turns to use of coal and other fossil fuels to drive steam engines and other devices. Anthropogenic carbon pollution presumably increases. | |
1755 | Great Lisbon earthquake occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on Saturday, 1 November, the holiday of All Saints' Day, at around 09:40 local time; subsequent fires and a tsunami almost totally destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas, accentuating political tensions in the kingdom and profoundly disrupting Portugal's colonial ambitions. | |
1770 | Failure of the monsoons in the late 1760s contribute to the American War of Independence .
| |
1783 | The volcano Laki erupts, emitting sufficient sulfur dioxide gas and sulphate particles to kill a majority of Iceland's livestock and cause an unusually cold winter in Europe and Western Asia. | |
1789 | 1793 | A recent study of El Niño patterns suggests that the French Revolution was caused in part by the poor crop yields of 1788–89 in Europe, resulting from an unusually strong El-Niño effect between 1789 and 1793.[19]
|
1798 | Thomas Robert Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population, thus beginning Malthusian economics. |
19th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
1804 | World population reaches 1 billion. | |
1815 | Eruption of Mt. Tambora in what is now Indonesia, largest in the 2nd millennium AD. Leads to the... | |
1816 | ... "Year Without a Summer" across North America and Europe. | |
1845 | 1857 | Unusually wet weather in Northern Europe causes potato on which both Ireland (the Great Famine) and Scotland (the Highland Potato Famine) were heavily dependent. Elsewhere in Europe, the food shortages lead to civil unrest and the revolutions of 1848. Counting the Irish diaspora and the forty-eighters , millions of Europeans emigrate to North America, South America, and Australia.
|
1859 | infrared radiation. He suggests that changes in the concentration of these gases could bring climate change.[20]
| |
1883 | Eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia. The sound of the explosion is heard as far as Australia and China, the altered air waves causes strange colours on the sky and the volcanic gases reduce global temperatures during the following years. A disputed but vivid sunset was captured in Edvard Munch's The Scream. | |
1896 | fossil fuels .
|
20th century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
1900 | The 1900 Galveston hurricane hits Galveston, Texas and reverses the city's previously rapid growth. | |
1906 | San Francisco earthquake causes collapse of insurance markets and the Panic of 1907.[21] | |
1908 | Tunguska event decimates a remote part of Siberia. | |
1914 | 1918 | World War I, which involves heavy bombardment, explosions, and poison gas warfare. |
1918 | Spanish flu kills between 20 and 50 million people worldwide shortly after World War I. | |
1927 | World population reached 2 billion. | |
1932 | 1937 | Exceptional precipitation absence in northern hemisphere exacerbated by human activities [ Soviet famine of 1932–1933 (harsh economic damage in US and widespread death in USSR).
|
1939 | 1945 | explosions. Towards the end of the war, nuclear warfare occurs for the first and only time when Hiroshima and Nagasaki are bombed .
|
post-1945
|
fallout and spreading radiation around the explosion sites.
| |
1955 | Gilbert Plass submits his seminal article "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change".[22] | |
1957 | Sputnik is launched, becomes first man-made object to orbit the Earth, and begins the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union, culminating with the first man in space in 1961, and the Moon landing , humanity's first ventures to the Moon in 1969.
| |
1960 | World population reached 3 billion.[23] | |
1963 | The Clean Air Act is passed in the United States, with subsequent amendments in 1970, 1977 and 1990. | |
1974 | World population reached 4 billion.[23] | |
1970s | 2010s | Deindustrialization occurs in the Midwest and then much of the United States, as manufacturing industries (and their pollution) move to China and other Asian countries. |
1980 | Mount St. Helens erupts explosively in Washington state. | |
1984 | Bhopal disaster. | |
1986 | Chernobyl meltdown and explosion, contaminating surrounding area, including Pripyat. | |
1987 | World population reached 5 billion.[23] | |
1989 | The Montreal Protocol comes into effect, phasing out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other substances responsible for ozone depletion. | |
1992 | The Earth Summit is held in Rio, attended by 192 nations. | |
1997 | The Kyoto Protocol is signed, committing nations to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | |
1999 | World population reached 6 billion. |
3rd millennium
21st century
Year(s) | Event(s) | |
---|---|---|
Start | End | |
2004 |
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2005 | ||
2008 |
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2010 |
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2011 |
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2012 |
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2013 |
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2015 |
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2016 |
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See also
- Behavioral modernity
- Chronology of the universe
- Civilization
- Cradle of civilization
- Culture
- History of life
- Formation and evolution of the Solar System
- Geologic time scale
- Global temperature record
- Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death
- Graphical timeline of the universe
- History of Earth
- Human evolution
- Human evolutionary genetics
- Human history
- Kardashev scale
- Paleoclimatology
- Paleotempestology
- Recorded history
- Snowball Earth
- Technological singularity
- Timeline of human evolution
- Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
- World history
References
- PMID 15295598. Archived from the original(PDF) on May 4, 2011.
- .
- ^ Creosote Bush: Long-Lived Clones in the Mojave Desert, Frank C. Vasek, American Journal of Botany, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Feb, 1980), pp. 246–255
- ^ a b http://www.hcn.org/servlets/hcn.Article?article_id=11165 Larrea tridentata – King Clone
- .
- ^ Science Daily: World's Oldest Living clonal tree, 9550 years old, Discovered In Sweden
- ^ Cambridge Conference Correspondence
- ^ Blakeslee, Sandra (November 14, 2006). "Ancient Crash, Epic Wave". The New York Times.
- ^ Jeremy B. Rutter, JoAnn Gonzalez-Major. "Akrotiri on Thera, the Santorini Volcano and the Middle and Late Cycladic Periods in the Central Aegean Islands". Dartmouth College. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
- ^ Lander, Brian (2021). The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- ^ Lander, Brian (2021). The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- doi:10.1038/288252a0.
- ^ "BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Malaria and the Fall of Rome".
- ^ "Space Explosion to Blame for Tree Ring Mystery, Astronomers Say".
- ^ "Mauritania".
- ^ "The volcano that changed the world". Nature. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
- ^ "Anthropocene: New dates proposed for the 'Age of Man'". BBC. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- .
- ^ Richard H. Grove, “Global Impact of the 1789–93 El Niño,” Nature393 (1998), 318–319.
- ^ "The Discovery of Global Warming". American Institute of Physics. February 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
- ^ Kerry A. Odell and Marc D. Weidenmier, Real Shock, Monetary Aftershock: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and the Panic of 1907, The Journal of Economic History, 2005, vol. 64, issue 04, p. 1002-1027.
- .
- ^ a b c "United Nations Population Fund moves Day of 6 Billion based on new population estimates". Population Connection. 1998-10-28. Archived from the original on 2006-02-20. Retrieved 2006-03-11.
- ^ "COP21 climate change summit reaches deal in Paris". BBC. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ "Climate change: 'Monumental' deal to cut HFCs, fastest growing greenhouse gases". BBC News. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.