Ubadah ibn al-Samit
'Ubadah ibn al-Samit Al Khazraji "Al-Aqabi" "Al-Ansari" "Al-Badri" "Al-Uhudi" | |
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Qadi of Homs and Jerusalem Mufti of Rashidun Caliphate | |
Governor | Mu'awiya I |
Personal details | |
Born | c. 583 (38 B.H) Arabia |
Died | c. 655 (aged 72) Palestine |
Resting place | Bab al-Rahma, Jerusalem |
Spouses | |
Relations |
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Children |
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Parents | |
Known for | Companion of Muhammad |
Military service | |
Allegiance | Muhammad (623–632) Rashidun Caliphate (632–655) |
Branch/service | Rashidun army |
Years of service | 623–655 |
Battles/wars |
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'Ubadah ibn al-Samit (
The conquest of
'Ubadah served as the Qur'anic teacher of
Islamic scholars regard 'Ubadah as an influential companion of Muhammad who passed down many Hadiths that became the basis of Fiqh ruling in various matters.[6][4]
Early life
'Ubadah was a descendant from
I was among those who were present at Aqabah. We were twelve men who took an oath of allegiance to the Messenger of Allah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam in the Pledge of Aqabah, which was called Bai'at An-Nisa'[Notes 1] This was before the fighting was enjoined, so we pledged not to associate anything with Allah, not to steal, not to commit adultery, not to kill our children, not to intentionally forge falsehood,[Notes 2] and not to disobey him in any just matter. "If you fulfil that then Paradise will be yours, but if you commit any of these sins, it is for Allah to forgive or punish as He wills'[11] "
When the
Battles under Muhammad
During Muhammad's stay in Yathrib, 'Ubadah participated at the battle of Badr, which elevated his status as a patron of Islam in the view of Muslim scholars and earned him the title of al-Badri, which is bestowed to Muslims who attended the battle.[5][4] 'Ubadah gave his testimony in regards to the aftermath of the battle when the Muslim army discussed their prisoners of war.[5]
'Ubadah also participated in the battle of Uhud.[13]
After the ancident between the
'Ubadah participated in virtually all military expeditions personally led by Muhammad before his death.[14]
Rashidun caliphate
After the selection of the first caliph, rebellion broke out across the caliphate. 'Ubadah was commanded by Caliph Abu Bakr to quell the
During the time of Caliph
During the
Oh Jabla. Don't you know how we faced your advanced forces at Ajnadain and other places and how Allah Subhanahu Wa ta 'Ala granted us victory over you and how your tyrant ran away? We know who remains from your forces and they are easy for us. We are not afraid of these forces that have come. We have tasted blood and we haven't found blood sweeter than the blood of the Romans! Jabla, I call you to the religion of Islam and to enter our religion with your people and keep your honor in this life and the next life. do not be a servant of these uncouth Romans and put your life on the line to save them from destruction. You are from the chiefs of the Arabs and a king. Verily our religion has appeared. Follow the path of those who have repented and returned to Allah and believe in Him and say: "There is no God but Allah and Mohamed is the Messenger of Allah…"[23] |
'Ubadah ibn al-Samit taunt to Jabalah ibn al-Aiham before the Battle of Yarmuk
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'Ubadah participated in the
After they defeated the Byzantine coalitions in Yarmouk, 'Ubadah, along with the army of Abu Ubaydah and Khalid, continued their conquest until they reached Northern Syria, where they turned south to pacify the shore areas of Levant. 'Ubadah was instructed to lead a detachment to subdue Tartus, a coastal fortress city.[24] While 'Ubadah occupied Tartus in 636, Mu'awiya came to the city, and built an Amsar complex, while also delegating fiefs to the garrison commanders.[25][26]
'Ubadah was commanded by Abu Ubaydah to march towards
After settling matters in Latakia, 'Ubadah marched into other Byzantine controlled cities, and subdued them one by one from Salamiyah to Baniyas port city.[26]
Circa 630s, 'Ubadah subdued the city of Paltus, which would become an Arab settlement called Arab al-Mulk during later era, as recorded by Yaqut al-Hamawi.[31]
Transfer to Egypt
In July 640, during the
Truly there are 1000 of my comrades behind me. They are peoples who have darker skin than me and more sinister than me. if you saw them you would be more scared than you see me. I was appointed (as the leader) and my youth had passed. and praise be to Allah. You know, I'm not afraid if 100 of your people face me alone at once. so are my comrades behind me[4]
'Ubadah gave him three options: accept Islam, pay
Return to Levant
'Ubadah was dispatched by
First Conquest of Cyprus
At sometimes during the
'Ubadah, along with veteran companions of Muhammad such as Miqdad Ibn al-Aswad,
Muawiyah and 'Ubadah forces pacified almost every Byzantine garrison. This is evidenced by two Greek inscriptions in the Cypriot village of Solois that note those two offensives.[49] The entire island of Cyprus surrendered after their capital, Salamis, was surrounded and besieged.[43] At least 50 military operations occurred in Cyprus between this first campaign in 648 until the last one in 650.[43]
Hadith of the prophecy of Cyprus conquest
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Sahih Bukhari '[Notes 3] |
One of the most famous Hadiths related to 'Ubadah and Umm Haram relate to the prophecy that the Islamic caliphate would dominate the sea on two occasions. This was taught by Muslim scholars as a prophecy of the conquest of Cyprus.[48] 'Ubadah participated in both the initial conquest and the second campaign years later. Umm Haram narrated the prophecy, which she believed related to this campaign. Anas ibn Malik, her nephew, reminded them about the Hadith of the promise of incoming naval conquests by Islam.[48]
Second conquest
In 652, Cyprus rebelled against the caliphate and caused Muawiyah and 'Ubadah to mount a second campaign.[43] This time Muawiyah and 'Ubadah split their forces: one led by Muawiyah and the other by Abd Allah ibn Sa'd. This punitive campaign was described in Tarikh fi Asr al-Khulafa ar-Rashidin as particularly brutal. Many died in the campaign and many were taken captive.[43]
After they pacified Cyprus once more, 'Ubadah told Muawiyah to share the spoils according to the Teaching of Muhammad, which must be divided in fifths.[43] Muawiyah agreed with 'Ubadah's counsel and gave him the task. Afterwards, Muawiyah consulted with one of his officers, Ismail ibn al-Ayyash, as to how to prevent another uprising. Then Muawiyah decided to post a garrison of 12,000 soldiers. Muawiyah also transferred Muslim settlers from Baalbek, to Cyprus and constructed mosques on there.[43]
Later life and death
At the end of his military career, 'Ubadah retired to Palestine. When
'Ubadah passed in Ramla at the age of seventy two (72) years.[51][52][53] 'Ubadah said on his deathbed:
By Allah, every Hadith (from the Prophet) which I heard from Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam. I will tell you because not long time before i leave this world, i will tell one Hadith. I have heard that Rasulullah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam has said: "Whoever testifies to that there is no God besides Allah and Prophet Muhammad is messenger of Allah, then Allah will forbid the hellfire to (burn) him" [55]
Personal information
Appearance
Ibn Hajar in his Siyar A'lam Nubala in the chapter of 'Ubadah describes him as physically attractive.[56] Several historians said his enemies were awed by his appearance.[4]
Family
'Ubadah's sister was named Nusaybah.[7] His father was Samit Ibn Qais Ibn Asram Ibn Fahr while his mother was Qarat al-Ain Bint 'Ubadah bin Nidhal al-Khazrajiyya. His brother, 'Aws bin al-Samit, was married to Khawla bint Tha'labah, a female companion of Muhammad who was mentioned in Surah al Mujadalah.
Records from Bukhari and Muslim texts included a statement from Anas Ibn Malik that 'Ubadah was married to Umm Haram bint Milhan during the first conquest of the Island of Cyprus with Mu'awiya where Umm Haram died during the campaign. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani translated this to mean 'Ubadah married Umm Haram during the campaign. However, Ibn Ishaq disagreed and translated the words of Anas to mean Umm Haram had married 'Ubadah before the campaign. Ibn Hajar argued further that another record from Ibn Hibban that stated that Umm Haram had just married 'Ubadah, which caused Ibrahim al Quraibi, author of Tarikh ul-Khulafa, to support the opinion of Ibn Hajar.[57]
'Ubadah was also married to Jamilah bint Abi Sa'sa' and they had a son named Walid ibn 'Ubadah.[1]
His son, Ubaydah ibn Ubadah ibn Ubadah, was buried in Egypt.[58]
Character
During his lifetime, 'Ubadah held influence within caliphate administration. He was asked to pass judgements, which only a handful of Muhammad's companions were allowed during their life. No one truly understands who gave them such privileges.[59][60]
Regarding his battlefield achievements, 'Ubadah was known as a fearless warrior. Caliph Umar himself has praised him as an equal of 1,000 warriors.[61] He was once recorded for displaying his personal military prowess when the Muslims had besieged a Byzantine fort. 'Ubadah was found alone praying in a field by Byzantine soldiers. Before they could approach, he jumped to his horse and advanced towards them. The Byzantine soldiers fled and were chased by 'Ubadah until they reached their fort.[35]
He was known as a clever commander who deployed successful strategies, such as the use of ambush trenches which allowed him to conquer strongholds such as Latakia in Syria and Alexandria in Egypt.
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Caliph Umar praised 'Ubadah ibn al-Samit |
Islam historians described 'Ubadah as a proud man who could not be easily intimidated during negotiation. He is known as a solemn personality who detested sycophants, which he showed at one Friday prayer in Damascus. The khatib lauded him with praise when 'Ubadah was a chief judge. He threw mud in the Khatib's face and quoted Hadith about the instruction from Muhammad to throw mud in the face of flatterers. [62] Caliph Umar held 'Ubadah in high regard. The caliph respected him to the extent that he gave 'Ubadah important tasks.[4] Caliph Umar supported 'Ubadah when the latter came into dispute with Mu'awiya. The caliph appointed 'Ubadah as a judge while giving him autonomy so that Mu'awiya, who was the governor of Syria, could not interfere with his verdicts. [4] The source of the dispute was recorded by a Hadith that was graded highly by Sunan ibn Majah. The Hadith explained the difference between 'Ubadah and Mu'awiya regarding the permissibility of transactions using gold to exchange with coin of Dinar and silver with coin of Dirham.[63]
Legacy
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Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn records of 'Ubadah narration regarding the pledge of Aqaba |
Sunni scholars classified 'Ubadah as among the higher-ranked companions of Muhammad, due to his heritage as an Ansari and his attendance at the First and Second Pledges in Aqaba, the Battle of Badr, and the Pledge of the Tree.[65][4] At least five reasons are stated by scholars that ranked 'Ubadah in such saintly venerable status according to the traditions of Islamic scholars:
- His attendance at the Aqaba pledge of allegiance, which inaugurated an honorific title of Al-Aqabi.[13]
- His status as Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani recorded and gave commentary in his book, Fath al-Bari, regarding the Hadith that loving and caring the Ansaris are required Muslims, while bearing ill will towards the Ansaris and their families were sign of hypocrisy.[68]
- His attendance at the Battle of Badr, which inaugurated a honorific title of "Al-Badri".[13] His status as a veteran is special in the eyes of scholars as Muhammad regarded those of his companions who attended Badr as among the most important in Islam.[5]
- His attendance at the Battle of Uhud, which inaugurated a honorific title of "Al-Uhudi".[13]
- His attendance in the Pledge of the Tree.[69] Rashid Rida explained that for everyone who pledged were regarded by Islam teaching as special.[70] This explanation is in line with Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's explanation of the Hadith Bukhari regarding pledge attendance, which resulted to the revelation of Hadith Qudse regarding the God's will towards them.[71]
Early Muslim scholars supported scholarly knowledge of 'Ubadah's status as evidenced from Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[72] Al-Dhahabi listed a specific chapter of his biography in his Siyar a'lam Nubala.[56]
Quran
Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi narrated that during the time of Muhammad, 'Ubadah was among those who collected and wrote down the Qur'an along with
Hadith & Legals
The fact that 'Ubadah was among the few ompanions of Muhammad who are allowed to give Fatwa verdicts and passed down the knowledge of so many
Numerous Hadith for observances of Islamic faith were transmitted by 'Ubadah, such as the Hadith about
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Ubadah ibn al-Samit admonished someone who fawning to him excessively by quoting a Hadith |
On the field of Mysticism regarding teaching of Islam, Hadith from 'Ubadah were compiled by
In the school of
Modern contemporary scholars such as
Jihad and laws of war
'Ubadah passed down Hadith that ruled the administration of Spoils of War such as the one after they pacified Cyprus for the second time. 'Ubadah told Mu'awiya to share the spoils that were acquired through military campaigns according to the Sunnah, which must be divided in fifths.[43] In response Mu'awiya tasked 'Ubadah to manage the spoils.[43]
On smaller scale operations, such as limited military raids, a hadith says 'Ubadah said that Muhammad "awarded one quarter of the spoils to those who attacked the enemy at the beginning and one third to those who attacked at the end...".[90][91] Hanafite scholar Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi preserved the exegesis from Ali ibn Muhammad al-Shaddad, that this Hadith rules that those involved in the start of the fight have right of one quarter of the spoils, while those who participated later acquired one third of the spoils.[91]
Hadith of the usury
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Perhaps the most impactful Hadith narrated by 'Ubadah were Hadiths that focus on
Historical usage of this Hadith from 'Ubadah was found, as 'Ubadah tried to implemented the Hadith during the campaign of Cyprus.[93] However, Sunan ibn Majah recorded that during his tenure as judge in Homs, this effort of 'Ubadah to implement the rule became the source of a dispute between 'Ubadah and city governor Mu'awiya.[63] 'Ubadah argued by basing his argument from this Hadith of usury that Islam forbid the unequal exchanging of goods unless they were of similar quality, in this case the exchange of gold to with dinar and dirham. 'Ubadah viewed that it falls under a practice of Riba, while Mu'awiya argued that there was no element of usury, except given delays in a transaction.[63][Notes 4] This Hadith was enough to overrule the early verdict regarding Riba by Ibn Abbas, another companion of the Muhammad with similarly high rank. previously Ibn Abbas gave a less strict verdict regarding Riba, thus in the end Ubadah ruling regarding Riba or Usury prevailed in opinions from majority of their peers, and causing Ibn Abbas relenting his previous rulings.[99]
Architecture
'Ubadah demonstrated his skill as an architect after the conquest of Latakia. While he administered the city, he built the Great Mosque of al-Bazaar. The mosque has two western entrances. South of the mosque, leading to its courtyard is an open space recently roofed with raspberry boards. From the eastern side, two spaces open in front of the mosque, a rectangle covered with six stone arches, and a medium-sized minaret stands on its highest base. The mosque does not contain artistic touches except for some decorations on the entrance and the minaret. On the western side of the mosque is an old bathroom.[100]
Another example of his architecture is when he ended the conquest in Egypt with al-Aas. He was involved in planning and developing
Descendants and social developments
'Ubadah is revered by many
'Ubadah influenced the Ansari descendants of later generations, who held elite positions in various areas, particularly Hejaz.[106]
Regarding 'Ubadah legacy of
See also
- Second pledge at al-Aqabah
- Muslim conquest of Egypt
- Rashidun Caliphate
- Muslim conquest of the Levant
- Jund Filastin
- 7th century in Lebanon § Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon
References
Notes
- ^ It was called Baiat an Nisa, or Pledge of the Women, because of the presence of 'Afra bint 'Ubaid ibn Tha'labah, who was the first women to swear an oath of allegiance[10]
- ^ Referencing Al-Mumtahanah verse 12
- Awza'i Madhhab. Imam Awza'i saying that Ubadah was the first Wali or Caliphate Governor in Palestine.[1]
- ^ This report of dispute between Ubadah with Mu'awiyah were supported by record of Al-Nasa'i[98]
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Gold for gold, silver for silver, whet for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates, salt for salt, like foe like, in equal weight, and from hand to hand. If these species are differ, then you sell as you like, as long as it is from hand to hand".Ibid. 30: 39 13)Ibid. 30: 130 salt, like foe like, in equal weight, and from hand to hand. If these species are differ, then you sell as you like, as long as it is from hand to hand
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It was narrated that 'Ubadah bin As-Samit said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah say: 'Gold, equal amount."' (One of the narrators) Yaqub did not mention: "Equal amount." Muawiyah said: "This does not mean anything." 'Ubadah said; "By Allah I do not care if I am in a land where Muawiyah is not present. I bear witness that I heard the Messenger of Allah say that."
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