User:Cristiano Tomás/Sandbox 3

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The architecture of California reflects the diverse

American architecture, since the Conquest of California
.

Various

California Churrigueresque
revival style became particularly influential in religious and civic architecture.

In the 20th century, California was heavily marked by the prominence of its own modernist styles, such as

Paul Williams, and Bertram Goodhue
.

History

Indigenous Californians

The historical building techniques and architectural styles of the indigenous peoples of the Californias, who have lived in California for over 19,000 years, varied by region, ethnic group, and time period. The subjugation of indigenous peoples in the Spanish missions of Caifornia largely stripped most indigenous communities of their traditional practices, including building practices. Within several generations of the large relocation of indigenous populations to Spanish missions, most indigenous building techniques were largely abandoned, with the integration of indigenous peoples into larger Californian society.

The

Redwood or Cedar.[1]

The Plains and Sierra Miwok traditionally built large rounded houses made of brush and mud, as well as umuucha, rounded bark huts.[2]

The Tongva of Southern California traditionally built willow houses, known as kiiy, which were located at the center of village sites, surrounded by accessory campsites and huts.[3]

Spanish colonial architecture

Main article:
Spanish colonial architecture

Through much of the Spanish period, the majority of California's cities and settlements lacked consistent masonry resources, meaning that the majority of construction was done using

California oak.[4] The majority of building materials used during this time originated in the area of the construction site, resulting in a variety of adobe types across California, varying according to the geology and climate of the area.[4] The simplicity or complexity of adobe constructions depended on the social and economic status of the constructor, as well as whether they were located within pueblos (towns) or on a rancho (rural land grant).[4] Notable examples of residential architecture from this period include the Casa de la Guerra, in Santa Barbara, and the Diego Sepúlveda Adobe, in Costa Mesa.[5]

Spanish colonial architecture is divided into three principal historic groupings: military architecture, civilian architecture, and the

Presidio of Monterey has the only surviving presidio chapel (as well as the being the only presidio that continues in active military use to this day).[7]

The Spanish founded three pueblos, civilian towns that were not attached to a mission or a presidio:

plaza. Today, the Plaza de César Chávez, in SJ, and the Plaza de Los Ángeles, in LA, are the only town plazas that remain from the Spanish period.[8][9] El Molino Viejo in San Marino is of the few surviving examples of commercial buildings from the Spanish period.[10]

While most religious architecture from this period concerns the Spanish missions in California, both pueblos and presidios always constructed church buildings to serve the soldiers and settlers. The only surviving presidio chapel now serves as Monterey's Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo.[11] The only surviving pueblo church is Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles Church in Los Angeles.[12]

California Missions

Main article: Architecture of the California missions
See also:
California Missions

The architecture of the

Mission San Francisco Solano is the only mission built under Mexican rule, from 1823-1833). They formed the backbone of Spanish colonization in Alta California, serving as religious, economic, and urban centers in Spanish California. The oldest cities of California formed around the missions, including the four largest: Los Angeles, San Diego, San José, and San Francisco
.

While the architecture of individual missions varies greatly, owing to time period and proximity to economic or population centers, all of the missions of

Indigenous Californian artists, which resulted in a unique adaptation of designs from Mexico and Spain with local, indigenous motifs.[15]

The impact that the California Missions have had on the architectural history of California is readily apparent in the many civic, commercial, religious, and residential structures built across the state in various times which exhibit the typifying features of the missions, especially red

Mission Revival Style
.

Mexican era architecture

See also:
Mexican architecture

In the period of

270 rancho grants
, totaling hundreds of thousands of acres across California.


Monterey Colonial

Main article: Monterey Colonial architecture

Mission Revival

Main article: Mission Revival architecture

California Churrigueresque

Main article:
California Churrigueresque

California Churrigueresque is a

Viceroyalty of New Spain largely from 1730-1781.[16] The revival style was developed from 1910–1914 for use in the Panama–California Exposition in San Diego, by architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow, who sought to create a monumental regional Californian architecture based in California's Hispanic heritage.[17][18] Following the success of the style at the Panama-California Exposition, California Churrigueresque rapidly became the dominant regional architectural style, particularly used in monuments, churches, civic buildings, theatres, and schools.[18][19][20][21]

The development of California Churrigueresque is intimately linked with the dissatisfaction Goodhue had with

Balvanera Chapel at San Francisco Convent in Mexico City, and the Tabernacle of the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral.[24] Key features of California Churrigueresque include highly ornamentalized, multi-tier portals, use of Solomonic columns and estipites, as well as motifs evoking aspects of Pre-Columbian art and Mexican folk art.[25]

Notable architects of the style include

St. Vincent de Paul Church, the Glendale Transportation Center, the Campus of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Woodland's Hotel Woodland, San Mateo's Draper University, and Los Angeles's Chapman Plaza and the Portal of the Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation.[27][28]

Spanish Eclecticism

See also: Eclecticism in architecture

Beaux-Arts architecture

Main article: Beaux-Arts architecture

Art Deco architecture

Main article:
Art Deco architecture


Modern architecture

Main article: Modern architecture

Contemporary architecture

Main article: Contemporary architecture

Contemporary architecture in California is highly diverse in form and styles. Various movements including Deconstructivism, Expressionist architecture, Sustainable architecture, high-tech architecture, and Neo-futurism have all been practiced to varying polarities in both northern and southern California.

Norman Foster, is a prominent example of neo-futurist architecture. The Sundial Bridge in Redding, designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, is a well-known example of a cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge. Noted Pritzker-winning abstract architect Richard Meier designed both San José City Hall and LA's Getty Center. The California Academy of Sciences, an award-winning example of sustainable architecture in San Francisco, was designed by Pritzker-winning Italian architect Renzo Piano in 2008. Los Angeles's Wilshire Grand Center, completed in 2017 and designed by David C. Martin, is the tallest building in the Western United States
.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Cedar: Tree of Life to the Northwest Coast Indians," by Hilary Stewart describes and illustrates the harvesting of individual planks from living trees.
  2. ^ Craig D. Bates Museum Anthropology 17(2):13 (June 1993)
  3. ^ Chester King (1987). "Ethnohistoric Reconstruction of Subsistence-Settlement Systems in the Vicinity of Burton Mesa": 10. Retrieved 7 July 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^
    hdl:1721.1/35331
    . Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  5. ^ "Casa de la Guerra". Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  6. JSTOR 41171160
    . Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  7. JSTOR 41171160
    . Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  8. ^ Historical Society of Southern California; Pioneer Register, Los Angeles (1898). Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California and Pioneer Register, Los Angeles (Public domain ed.). The Society. pp. 247–.
  9. Boulevards
    . Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  10. ^ "California Art Club". Traditional Fine Arts Organization, Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15.
  11. ^ National Historic Landmark Summary by the National Park Service Archived October 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Los Angeles Department of City Planning (September 7, 2007). "Historic - Cultural Monuments (HCM) Listing: City Declared Monuments" (PDF) (Document). City of Los Angeles. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |edition= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Newcomb, p. ix
  14. ^ Crump, p. 17
  15. ^ Baer, p. 50
  16. ^ "Historia del Arte y Arquitectura Mexicana" (PDF). Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  17. ^ Christman (1985), p. 41
  18. ^ a b Montes, Gregory (Winter 1982). "Balboa Park, 1909–1911 The Rise and Fall of the Olmsted Plan". The Journal of San Diego History. 28 (1). Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.
  19. ^ "Cultural Resources of the City of San José" (PDF). City of San José. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  20. ISBN 978-1586854324
    .
  21. ^ Marian Lestrange. "Church Architecture of Four Denominations in Los Angeles" (PDF). California State University, Northridge. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  22. ^ David Gebhard. "The Spanish Colonial Revival in Southern California (1895-1930)" (PDF). University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  23. ^ Richard W. Amero. "The Making of the Panama-California Exposition, 1909-1915" (PDF). Journal of San Diego History. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  24. ^ Richard W. Amero. "The California Building, A Case of Misunderstood Baroque" (PDF). Balboa Park. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  25. ISBN 9789681620424
    .
  26. ^ "PCAD - San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD), Mission High School #2, San Francisco, CA". pcad.lib.washington.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  27. ^ SF Planning Department
  28. ^ LA Curbed - Beverly Hills Landmarking 1932 Churrigueresque City Hall
Bibliography

External links

Further Reading

[[Category:Architecture in California] [[Category:Culture of California] [[Category:Architecture of the United States]

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