Socialism of the 21st century

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Lula da Silva (President of Brazil), Rafael Correa (President of Ecuador) and Hugo Chávez
(President of Venezuela) on 29 January 2009
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Socialism of the 21st century (

Marxist revisionism.[2]

Leaders who have advocated for this form of socialism include Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Michelle Bachelet of Chile.[3] Because of the local unique historical conditions, socialism of the 21st century is often contrasted with previous applications of socialism in other countries, with a major difference being the effort towards a more effective economic planning process.[2]

Historical foundations

After a series of

structural adjustment loans and debt restructuring led by the International Monetary Fund in the late 20th century, Latin America experienced a significant increase in inequality. Between 1990 and 1999, the Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality in the income or wealth distribution, rose in almost every Latin American country.[4] Volatile prices and inflation led to dissatisfaction. In 2000, only 37% of Latin Americans were satisfied with their democracies (20 points less than Europeans and 10 points less than sub-Saharan Africans).[5] In this context, a wave of left-leaning socio-political movements, called the Pink tide, on behalf of indigenous rights, cocaleros, labor rights, women's rights, land rights and educational reform emerged to eventually provide momentum for the election of socialist leaders.[2]

Socialism of the 21st century draws on indigenous traditions of communal governance and previous Latin America socialist and communist movements, including those of Salvador Allende, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and the Sandinista National Liberation Front.[2]

Theoretical tenets

According to Dieterich, this form of socialism is revolutionary in that the existing society is altered to be qualitatively different, but the process itself should be gradual and non-violent, instead utilising democracy to secure power, education, scientific knowledge about society and international cooperation. Dieterich suggests the construction of four basic institutions within the new reality of

post-capitalist civilisation:[1]

  1. Equivalent economy based on the
    market economies
    .
  2. Majority democracy which makes use of referendums
    to decide upon important societal questions.
  3. Basic state democracy with a suitable protection of minority rights.
  4. Citizens who are responsible, rational and self-determined.

Post-neoliberalism

Post-neoliberalism, also known as anti-neoliberalism, is a set of ideals characterized by its rejection of

revival of trade unions; it can also refer to left-wing politics more generally.[8][9]

The movement has had particular influence in Latin America, where the pink tide brought about a substantial shift towards left-wing governments in the 2000s.[10] Examples of post-neoliberal governments include the former governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador.[11] It has also been claimed that the Joe Biden administration in the United States exhibits post-neoliberal characteristics,[12][13][14] although critics claim he has not abandoned Third Way-style neoliberalism fully.[15]

History

Evo Morales, the former president of Bolivia, is often associated with post-neoliberalism.

The idea of post-neoliberalism arose during the

critics of neoliberalism like Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales were thrust into power. According to researchers, the election of Chávez as the president of Venezuela in 1999 marked a definite start to the pink tide and post-neoliberal movement.[16][17] Following his election, Rafael Correa, Néstor Kirchner, Evo Morales, and numerous other leaders associated with the post-neoliberal movement were elected in Latin America during the 2000s and 2010s.[8] Into the 2020s, the Chilean president-elect Gabriel Boric, who emerged victorious in the 2021 Chilean general election, pledged to end the country's neoliberal economic model, stating: "If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave."[18]

While the ideas of post-neoliberalism are not exclusive to Latin America, they are largely associated with the region.

international investment and economic development.[11]

Ideology

Post-neoliberalism seeks to fundamentally change the role of the state in countries where the

state intervention in the economy.[22]

Latin American application

See also: Pink tide

Regional integration

The model of socialism of the 21st century encourages economic and political integration among nations in Latin America and the Caribbean. This is often accompanied with opposition to North American influence. Regional organizations like

CELAC promote cooperation with Latin America and exclude North American countries. ALBA is most explicitly related to socialism of the 21st century while other organizations focus on economic integration, ALBA promotes social, political and economic integration among countries that subscribe to democratic socialism. Its creation was announced in direct opposition to George W. Bush's attempts to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas that included the United States. In 2008, ALBA introduced a monetary union using the SUCRE
as its regional currency.

Bolivarian process

Further information: Bolivarian Revolution

Former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez initiated a process of social reforms in Venezuela known as the Bolivarian Revolution. This approach was more heavily influenced by the theories of

István Mészáros, Michael Lebowitz and Marta Harnecker (who was Chávez's adviser between 2004 and 2011) than by those of Heinz Dieterich. The process draws its name from Latin American liberator Simón Bolívar and is a contemporary example of Bolivarianism.[citation needed
]

Buen vivir

Further information: Sumak kawsay

Often translated to good living or living well, the concept of buen vivir is related to the movement for indigenous rights and

neoliberal development. The constitution outlines a set of rights, one of which is the rights of nature.[24] In line with the assertion of these rights, buen vivir seeks to change the relationship between nature and humans to a more bio-pluralistic view, eliminating the separation between nature and society.[24][25] This approach has been applied to the Yasuní-ITT Initiative. Buen vivir is sometimes conceptualised as collaborative consumption in a sharing economy and the term is used to look at the world in way sharply differentiated from natural, social or human capital.[26]

Criticism

Authoritarianism

Critics claim that socialism of the 21st century in Latin America acts as a façade for authoritarianism. The charisma of figures like Hugo Chávez and mottoes like "Country, Socialism, or Death!" have drawn comparisons to the Latin American dictators and caudillos of the past.[27] According to Steven Levitsky of Harvard University: "Only under the dictatorships of the past [...] were presidents reelected for life", with Levitsky further stating that while Latin America experienced democracy, citizens opposed "indefinite reelection, because of the dictatorships of the past".[28] Levitsky then noted: "In Nicaragua, Venezuela and Ecuador, reelection is associated with the same problems of 100 years ago".[28] The Washington Post also stated in 2014 that "Bolivia's Evo Morales, Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez [...] used the ballot box to weaken or eliminate term limits".[29]

In 2015,

leftist media critics.[31][32]

Economics

The sustainability and stability of economic reforms associated with governments adhering to socialism of the 21st century have been questioned. Latin American countries have primarily financed their social programs with extractive exports like petroleum, natural gas and minerals, creating a dependency that some economists claim has caused inflation and slowed growth.[33] For the Bolivarian government of Venezuela, their economic policies led to shortages in Venezuela, a high inflation rate and a dysfunctional economy.[34] However, the economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration and Maduro governments have attributed Venezuela's economic problems to the decline in oil prices, sanctions imposed by the United States and economic sabotage by the opposition.[35]

In 2015,

economic collapse in 2016.[36]

Populism

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Although democratic socialist intellectuals have welcomed a socialism of the 21st century, they have been skeptical of Latin America's examples. While citing their progressive role, they argue that the appropriate label for these governments is populist rather than socialist.[37][38] Similarly, some of the left-wing pink tide governments were criticised for turning from socialism to authoritarianism and populism.[39][40]

List of anti-neoliberal or post-neoliberal political parties

"If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave."[18]

—Gabriel Boric, 20 December 2021[41]

South America:

North America:

Asia

Oceania

See also

References

Wikiquote has quotations related to Socialism of the 21st century.
  1. ^ a b Heinz Dieterich: Der Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts – Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Demokratie nach dem globalen Kapitalismus, Einleitung
    Socialism of the 21st Century – Economy, Society, and Democracy in the era of global Capitalism, Introduction.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9781848135697
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  3. Partido dos Trabalhadores. Resoluções do 3º Congresso do PT
    (PDF). 3º Congresso do PT (in Brazilian Portuguese).
  4. ^ ECLAC (2002). "Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean". Social Panorama of Latin America 2000-2001: 71.
  5. ^ "Encuesta Latinobarómetro 1999-2000" [Latino Barometer Survey 1999-2000] (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  6. doi:10.1177/02632764211036722
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  7. ^ Öniş, Ziya; Şenses, Fikret (November 2003). "Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus: A Critical Appraisal" (PDF). Economic Research Center. ERC Working Papers in Economics. 3 (9). Ankara: Middle Eastern Technical University. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
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  10. ^ Encarnación, Omar G. (9 May 2018). "The Rise and Fall of the Latin American Left". The Nation. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
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  12. ^ Levitz, Eric (3 May 2023). "The Biden Administration Just Declared the Death of Neoliberalism". Intelligencer. Vox Media Network. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  13. ^ Ward, Ian (9 September 2022). "The Unexpected Ways Joe Biden Is Ushering In a New Economic Paradigm". Politico. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  14. ^ Bachtell, John (10 August 2023). "Is 'Bidenomics' a break from neoliberalism?". People's World. Long View Publishing Co., Inc. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  15. ^ Konings, Martijn (5 August 2022). "In the Biden Era, Neoliberalism Is Alive and Kicking". Jacobin. Jacobin. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
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  18. ^ a b Cambero, Fabian (20 December 2021). "Student protest leader to president-elect: Gabriel Boric caps rise of Chile's left". Reuters. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  19. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01746.x
    . Retrieved 14 June 2022 – via ePrints Soton at the University of Southampton.
  20. S2CID 157767263
    . The main objective of this article is to perform a critical conceptual review of post-neoliberalism to find consensus and discord in the existing literature. ... Although our search was not limited to literature on any specific region, the overwhelming amount of research we encountered was focused on Latin America, with little material identified through the search on post-neoliberalism in Africa or Asia.
  21. ISBN 9780230301597
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  25. ^ SENPLADES. 2009 National Plan for Good Living. Electronic document. Retrieved May 2012.
  26. ^ Balch, Oliver (2013). "Buen vivir: the social philosophy inspiring movements in South America". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  27. ^ "Venezuela after Chávez: Now for the Reckoning". The Economist. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  28. ^ a b "Does Ecuador's leader aspire to a perpetual presidency?". The Christian Science Monitor. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  29. ^ Miroff, Nick (15 March 2014). "Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  30. ^ "A slow-motion coup. The authoritarian regime is becoming a naked dictatorship. The region must react". The Economist. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  31. ^ "Oliver Stone Interview: There's a Specter Haunting Latin America, the Specter of 21st Century Socialism".
  32. ^ Hart, Peter (8 March 2013). "NYT Debates Hugo Chavez- Minus the Debate". Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR). Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  33. Wall Street Journal
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  34. ^ "Venezuela toilet paper shortage an anti-Bolivarian conspiracy, gov't claims". CBS News. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  35. ^ Martin, Abby (22 June 2017). "Empire Files: Venezuela Economy Minister – Sabotage, Not Socialism, Is the Problem". Truthout. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  36. ^ "Why Venezuela is the world's worst performing economy, in three charts". Quartz. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  37. ^ Munck, Ronaldo (2012). Contemporary Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 119. In a broad historical sense Chávez has undoubtedly played a progressive role but he is clearly not a democratic socialist [...].
  38. ^ Iber, Patrick (Spring 2016). "The Path to Democratic Socialism: Lessons from Latin America". Dissent. Retrieved 20 August 2020. Most of the world's democratic socialist intellectuals have been skeptical of Latin America's examples, citing their authoritarian qualities and occasional cults of personality. To critics, the appropriate label for these governments is not socialism but populism.
  39. JSTOR i26445824-
    . South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end. [...] This "pink tide" also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.
  40. ISSN 1982-0240
    . The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible [...].
  41. ^ "Gabriel Boric: From student protest leader to Chile's president". BBC. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022. When Mr Boric won the candidacy of his leftist bloc to run for president, he made a bold pledge. 'If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave,' he said. 'Do not be afraid of the youth changing this country.'
  42. ^ "Un frente antineoliberal" [An anti-neoliberal front]. Página/12 (in Spanish). 27 October 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  43. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (29 October 2019). "The anti-neoliberal wave rocking Latin America". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  44. ^ "Socialist Gabriel Boric elected Chile's youngest ever president with highest ever vote tally". Morning Star. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  45. ^ "Declaración de principios de MORENA" (PDF) (in Spanish). Morena. December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  46. ^ "Zhèngcè" 政策 [Policy]. Social Democratic Party. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  47. ^ "Bagnojaui hangug, angwa bakk nolaeleul bulleossdaga 'joein'i doeneun nala, daehanmingug" 박노자의 한국, 안과 밖 노래를 불렀다가 '죄인'이 되는 나라, 대한민국 [Pak Noja's South Korea, inside and outside. A country where you sing song and then become a 'sinner'. That's the Republic of Korea.]. The Hankyoreh. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2022. 민중당은 조직 노동자, 비정규직 노동자들의 지지를 받으며 좌파민족주의적 입장에서 신자유주의를 비판하는 정당이다. [Minjungdang-eun jojig nodongja, bijeong-gyujig nodongjadeul-ui jijileul bad-eumyeo jwapaminjogjuuijeog ibjang-eseo sinjayujuuileul bipanhaneun jeongdang-ida.] [Minjung Party is a political party that is supported by organizational and non-regular workers and criticizes neoliberalism from a left-wing nationalist standpoint.]
  48. ^ http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/turkey.pdf, pg. 176
  49. ^ Duvar, Gazete (24 September 2022). "Emek ve Özgürlük İttifakı deklarasyonu açıklandı". www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/emek-ve-ozgurluk-ittifaki-deklarasyonu-aciklandi-haber-1582368 (in Turkish). Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  50. ^ "Australian Greens Are Building a Movement to End Neoliberalism". jacobin.com. Retrieved 13 May 2023.

Further reading

External links
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