List of Indian massacres in North America

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"List of Indian massacres" redirects here. For massacres in India, see List of massacres in India. For other uses, see Indian massacre (disambiguation).

List of Indian massacres in North America
Matthäus Merian
, 1628.

In the history of the European colonization of the Americas, an Indian massacre is any incident between European settlers and indigenous peoples wherein one group killed a significant number of the other group outside the confines of mutual combat in war.

Overview

"Indian massacre" is a phrase whose use and definition has evolved and expanded over time. The phrase was initially used by European colonists to describe attacks by indigenous Americans which resulted in mass colonial casualties. While similar attacks by colonists on Indian villages were called "raids" or "battles", successful Indian attacks on white settlements or military posts were routinely termed "massacres". Knowing very little about the native inhabitants of the American frontier, the colonists were deeply fearful, and often, European Americans who had rarely – or never – seen a Native American read Indian atrocity stories in popular literature and newspapers. Emphasis was placed on the depredations of "murderous savages" in their information about Indians, and as the migrants headed further west, they frequently feared the Indians they would encounter.[1][2]

The phrase eventually became commonly used to also describe mass killings of American Indians. Killings described as "massacres" often had an element of indiscriminate targeting, barbarism, or genocidal intent.[3]

According to historian Jeffrey Ostler, "Any discussion of genocide must, of course, eventually consider the so-called Indian Wars, the term commonly used for U.S. Army campaigns to subjugate Indian nations of the American West beginning in the 1860s. In an older historiography, key events in this history were narrated as battles. It is now more common for scholars to refer to these events as massacres. This is especially so of a Colorado territorial militia’s slaughter of Cheyennes at

Bear River (1863), Blackfeet on the Marias River (1870), and Lakotas at Wounded Knee (1890). Some scholars have begun referring to these events as “genocidal massacres,” defined as the annihilation of a portion of a larger group, sometimes to provide a lesson to the larger group."[4]

It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of "Indian massacres". In The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, lawyer William M. Osborn compiled a list of alleged and actual atrocities in what would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact in 1511 until 1890. His parameters for inclusion included the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. His list included 7,193 people who died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people who died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.[5]

In An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873, historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873. He found evidence that during this period, at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians. Most of these killings occurred in what he said were more than 370 massacres (defined by him as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise").[6]

List of massacres

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a listing of some of the events reported then or referred to now as "Indian massacre".

Pre-Columbian era

Year Date Name Current location Description Reported native casualties
1325 Crow Creek massacre South Dakota 486 known dead were discovered at an archaeological site near Chamberlain, South Dakota. The victims and perpetrators were both unknown groups of Native Americans. 486 [7]

1500–1830

Year Date Name Current location Description Reported casualties Claimants
1518–19? Annihilation of the Otomi of Tecoac Tecoac, modern day Mexico The entire Otomi population of Tecoac was reportedly killed during Hernán Cortés's first expedition into Mexico All
Otomis
in Tecoac allegedly 		[8][9][10][11]
1519
Cholula Massacre
 Cholula, modern day Mexico Cempoalans reported that fortifications were being constructed around the city and the Tlaxcalans were warning the Spaniards. Cortés ordered a pre-emptive strike, urged by the Tlaxcalans, the enemies of the Cholulans. Cortés confronted the city leaders in the main temple alleging that they were planning to attack his men. They admitted that they had been ordered to resist by Moctezuma, but they claimed they had not followed his orders. Regardless, on command, the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans seized and killed many of the local nobles to serve as a lesson. 3,000 to over 30,000 [12][13]
1520 Alvarado Massacre Tenochtitlan, modern day Mexico The Massacre in the Great Temple, also called the Alvarado Massacre, was an event on May 22, 1520, in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan during the Spanish conquest of Mexico, in which the celebration of the Feast of Toxcatl ended in a massacre of Aztec elites. [14][15]
1521 Massacre after the fall of Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan, modern day Mexico

After the Fall of Tenochtitlan the remaining Aztec warriors and civilians fled the city as the Spanish allies, primarily the Tlaxcalans, continued to attack even after the surrender, slaughtering thousands of the remaining civilians and looting the city. The Tlaxcalans did not spare women or children: they entered houses, stealing all precious things they found, raping and then killing women, stabbing children. The survivors marched out of the city for the next three days. One source claims 6,000 were massacred in the town of Ixtapalapa alone.

At least 40,000 civilians killed or enslaved, 100,000 to 240,000 warriors and civilians killed in the siege overall [16][17][18][19][9]
1539 Napituca Massacre Florida After defeating resisting
Timucuan warriors, Hernando de Soto
had 200 executed, in the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what later became U.S. soil. 		200 [20]
1540 October 18 Mabila Massacre Alabama The
Hernando de Soto's expedition,[21] killing 200 soldiers, as well as many of their horses and pigs, for their having burned down Mabila compound and killed c. 2,500 warriors and the paramount chief Tuskaloosa
, who had hidden in houses of a fake village. 		2,500 [20][22][23]
1540–42 Mixtón War Zacatecas, Mexico The Caxcan Indigenous people of Mexico resist encroachment by the Spanish colonists. 4,500 [24][25]
1541–42 Tiguex Massacres New Mexico After the invading Spaniards seized the houses, food and clothing of the Tiguex and raped their women, the Tiguex resisted. The Spanish attacked them, burning at the stake 50 people who had surrendered.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
's men laid siege to the Moho Pueblo, and after a months-long siege, they killed 200 fleeing warriors. 		250 [26][27]
1599 January 22–24 Acoma Massacre New Mexico
King Philip III
later punished Oñate for his excesses. 		300 [28][29]
1601 Sandia Mountains New Mexico Founder of the colony of New Mexico, Juan de Oñate, retaliated for the killing of two Spaniards by sending Spanish troops to destroy 3 Indian villages in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico. According to one Spanish account, 900 Tompiro Indians were killed. 900 [30]
1609 Orpax Massacre Jamestown, Virginia During
The Starving Time at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia, John Ratcliffe, president of the colony, and around 50 colonists went to meet with a group of Powhatan
Indians to bargain for food. However they were ambushed and only 16 survived. Ratcliffe was captured and later tortured to death. 		33 (colonists) [31][32]
1610 August 9 Paspahegh Massacre Virginia Lord De la Warr sent 70 men to attack the Paspahegh Indians. They destroyed their main village near Jamestown, killing between 16 and 65 people. The wife and children of the village chief were captured and shortly afterwards put to death. 16–65 [33][34]
1616-1620 Tepehuan revolt Durango, Mexico In Durango, the Tepehuan revolted against Spanish rule. 400 Spaniards and 1000 Indians died. [35]
1622 March 22 Jamestown Massacre Virginia Powhatan (Pamunkey) killed 347 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony, almost one-third of the English population of the Jamestown colony, in an effort to push the English out of Virginia. They then destroyed crops and livestock causing 500 more people to die of starvation, reducing the settler population to 180. 847 (English) (500 died from starvation) [36][37]
1622 Massacre of Matape Sonora, Mexico The Aibinos (Opatas) in 1622 stirred up opposition to the missionaries who were working on the middle Yaqui River among the Lower Pimas. The trouble was serious enough to cause Captain Hurdaide to send an expedition of two thousand soldiers to the vicinity of Matape, where they defeated the Indians in a bloody battle. This was followed by the entrance of two Jesuits who baptized some four hundred children at Matape and Tepupa. An unknown number of Opatas (which left 400 children orphans) [38][39]
1623
Wessagusset affair
 Massachusetts Several Massachusett chiefs were lured to Wessagusset under peaceful pretenses and put to death. Other Indians present in the village were also killed. 4 (Native leaders) + unknown number of other Native Americans [40][41]
1623 May 12 Pamunkey Peace Talks Virginia In revenge for the Indian massacre of 1622, English colonists served poisoned wine at a "peace conference" with Powhatan leaders, killing about 200; they physically attacked and killed another 50. 250 [23]
1626
Kalinago Genocide of 1626
 Bloody Point, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2,000–4,000 Caribs were forced into the area of Bloody Point and Bloody River, where over 2,000 were massacred, though 100 settlers were also killed. One Frenchman went mad after being struck by a manchineel-poisoned arrow. The remaining Caribs fled, but by 1640, those not already enslaved, were removed to Dominica. 2,000 [42][43]
1637 April 23 Wethersfield Attack Connecticut During the
Pequot
help. Six men and 3 women were killed and 2 girls kidnapped. 		9 (settlers) [44][45]
1637 May 26
Mystic Massacre
 Connecticut In response to the Wethersfield attack, 90 English colonists commanded by
Pequot
village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 400–700. 		400–700 [46]
1637 July Execution of Pequot prisoners Connecticut Shortly after their capture, between 20 and 30 Pequot prisoners were taken offshore and deliberately drowned. Their families were subsequently sold into slavery. 20–30 [47][48]
1640 July Staten Island New York 80 Dutch soldiers under
Raritans
on Staten Island over stolen pigs. Van Tienhoven intended only to demand payment, but his men wanted to massacre the Indians and he eventually consented. 		[49]
1643 February 25
Pavonia Massacre
 New York In 1643 the
John Underhill
. 		129 [51][52][53]
1643 August Hutchinson Massacre New York As part of
Bronx in New York City), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed settler Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants). Susanna
, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years. 		15 (settlers) [54]
1644 Massapequa Massacre New York
John Underhill's men killed more than 100 Indians near present-day Massapequa
. 		100+ [55][56]
1644 April 18 Beginning of Third Anglo-Powhatan War Virginia Powhatan (Pamunkey) killed more than 400 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony, about 4 percent of the English population of the Jamestown colony, in a second effort to push the English out of Virginia. 400+ (English) [37]
1644 March
Pound Ridge Massacre
 New York As part of
John Underhill
, hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians. 		500 [23][57]
1655 September 11–15 Peach War New York In response to
Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and allies at New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia and Staten Island
. 		40 [58]
1675 July Susquehannock Massacre Virginia After a raid by
Doeg Indians on a plantation in Virginia, which killed 2 settlers, a party of militiamen crossed the Potomac into Maryland and killed 14 members of the friendly Susquehannock
tribe they found sleeping in their cabins. 		14 [59]
1675 July Swansea Massacre Massachusetts Wampanoag warriors attack the town of Swansea, Massachusetts, killing 7 settlers. This attack marked the beginning of King Philip's War. 7 (settlers) [60]
1675 August Lancaster Raid (1675) Massachusetts
Nipmuc warriors attacked the town of Lancaster, Massachusetts
, killing 7 inhabitants during King Philip's War. 		7 (settlers) [61]
1675 September Susquehannock chiefs massacre Maryland Following the massacre of 14 Susquehannock in July, five Susquehannock chiefs were executed after being invited to a parley by Maryland militia commander Thomas Truman. 5  [62]
1675 December 15 Jireh Bull Blockhouse massacre South Kingstown, Rhode Island During King Philip's War, four days before the
Narragansett
warriors, and fifteen of its inhabitants were killed.		 15 (settlers)  [63]
1675 December 19 Great Swamp Massacre Rhode Island Colonial militia and Indian allies attacked a
Narragansett fort near South Kingstown, Rhode Island
. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 to 1,000 women, children and elder men burnt in the village. 		300–1,000 [64][65]
1676 January January 1676 Susquehannock raids Virginia & Maryland In a prelude to Bacon's Rebellion, Susquehannock warriors attacked plantations in retaliation for earlier attacks by colonists. They killed 60 settlers in Maryland and 36 in Virginia. Other tribes joined in, killing more settlers. 96+ (settlers) [62]
1676 February 10 Lancaster raid (1676) Massachusetts Four hundred Narragansett, Nipmuc, and Wampanoag warriors attacked the town of Lancaster, Massachusetts, killing 14 inhabitants and capturing 23 during King Philip's War. 14 (settlers)

[61]

1676 March 26 Nine Men's Misery Rhode Island During King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captive soldiers with ritual torture and death. 9 (settlers) [66][67]
1676 May Massacre at Occoneechee Island Virginia
Nathaniel Bacon turned on his Occaneechi allies and his men destroyed three forts within their village on Occoneechee Island, on the Roanoke River near present-day Clarksville, Virginia
. Bacon's troops killed one hundred men as well as many women and children. 		100–400 [68]
1676 May 10 Turner Falls Massacre Massachusetts Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day Turners Falls, Massachusetts. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack. 100 [69]
1676 July 2 Rhode Island Rhode Island Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on Rhode Island, killing 34 men and 92 women and children. 126 [70]
1676 July 3 Warwick Neck Massacre Rhode Island Disregarding the promise of safety made to Narragansett sachem Potuck, Major Talcott's troops attacked 80 of his followers who had given themselves up, killing 18 and wounding or capturing 49. Although Potuck had been granted safe conduct to go to Newport, Rhode Island to negotiate terms, he was arrested and subsequently executed. 18 [71][72][73]
1676 August Dragon Swamp massacre Virginia During Bacon's Rebellion, Bacon's men, who were searching for Susquehannock, attacked friendly Pamunkeys in Dragon Swamp, killing many and capturing 45 Many killed + 45 captured  [62]
1676 August 13 Woolwich massacre Maine During King Philip's War, Wabanaki fighters attacked Richard Hammond's fortified trading post  in present-day Woolwich, Maine, killing fourteen and capturing others. 14 (settlers) [61]
1680 August 10 Pueblo Revolt New Mexico
Pueblo
warriors killed 401 Spanish settlers, and 21 Franciscan priests, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico. 		422 (Spaniards) [74][75]
1688 December Fort St. Louis massacre Victoria County, Texas A
Robert Cavelier de La Salle on the Garcitas Creek in 1685, was attacked by Karankawa
Indians. Twenty settlers were killed and the five survivors were taken captive. 		20 (French) [76]
1689 August 5 Lachine massacre Quebec 1,500
Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine, New France
and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, in response to widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York. 		90 (French) [77]
1689 Zia Pueblo New Mexico Governor Jironza de Cruzate sacked and burned Zia Pueblo, New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors were enslaved. 600 [78]
1689 June 27–28 Cochecho Massacre New Hampshire Members of the newly formed Wabanaki Confederacy arrived at Dover, New Hampshire led by Chief Kancamagus. They killed 23 residents and captured 29 beginning King William's War. 23 (English) [79]
1690 February 8
Schenectady Massacre
 New York As part of the
Schenectady, New York
, killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children. 		60 (Dutch and English) [80]
1690 March 27 Raid on Salmon Falls Maine During King William's War, Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière, along with Norridgewock Abnaki chief Wahowa, led soldiers of Acadia and the Wabanaki Confederacy to destroy the settlement of Salmon Falls (present-day Berwick, Maine), killing 34 settlers and captured 54. 34 (English) [81]
1690 May 16–20 Raid on Falmouth Maine Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière and Baron de St Castin led soldiers of New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy to capture and destroy Fort Loyal and the English settlement on the Falmouth during King William's War, killing 200 settlers. 200 (English) [82]
1692 January 24
Candlemas Massacre
 Maine During
Maine district of the Province of Massachusetts Bay
 75 (non-Indians) [83]
1693 December 30 Santa Fe reconquest New Mexico Diego de Vargas leading about 800 people, including 100 soldiers, and returned to Santa Fe on December 16, 1693. They were opposed by 70 Pueblo warriors and 400 family members within the town. De Vargas and his forces recaptured the town. 70 Pueblo warriors were executed on December 30, and their families were sentenced to ten years' servitude. 70 [84]
1694 July 18 Oyster River massacre New Hampshire During King William's War, Claude-Sébastien de Villieu led 250 members of the Wabanaki Confederacy to attack and destroy the settlement of Oyster River (present-day Durham, New Hampshire). They killed 104 English settlers and captured 27.  Much of the settlement was destroyed and pillaged. Crops were also destroyed and livestock killed, causing famine among the survivors. 104 (English) [85]
1695 June 9 La Matanza Sonora, Mexico Spanish militia with Seri Indian auxiliaries killed 49 O'odham Indians (formerly known in the United States as Pima Indians) at peace conference at the El Tupo Cienega two months after the Tubutama Uprising. The meadow became known as La Matanza - Place of The Slaughter. 49 [86]
1696 1696 Pueblo revolt New Mexico In 1696, members of the fourteen pueblos attempted a second organized revolt, launched with the killing of five missionaries and thirty-four settlers and using weapons the Spanish themselves had traded to the natives over the years. 39 (Spaniards) [84]
1697 March 15 Raid on Haverhill Massachusetts During King William's War, in a raid ordered by Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor General of New France, Abenaki warriors led by Chief Nescambious, attacked Haverhill, killing 27 settlers and taking 13 captives. One of those captives, Hannah Duston, stated that the Abenaki killed her baby during the journey to an island in the Merrimack River. In April, Duston and two other captives killed and scalped ten of the Abenaki family holding them hostage. 28 (English) [87]
1703 August Six Terrible Days Maine During Queen Anne's War , Alexandre Leneuf de La Vallière de Beaubassin led 500 members of the Wabanaki Confederacy and a small number of French soldiers. They attacked and destroyed English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between Wells and Casco Bay, burning more than 15 leagues of New England country and killing or capturing many English settlers. 150 to 300 killed or captured (English)

[88][89]

1704
Apalachee Massacre
 Florida 50 English colonists and 1,000 Creek allies under former Carolina Governor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks on the Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1,000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2,000 survivors. 1,000 [90]
1704 February 29
Deerfield Massacre
 Massachusetts During
Pocumtuck, accompanied by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia and led by Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville, sacked the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts
, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives. 		56 (non-Indians) [91]
1711 September 22 Massacre at Bath North Carolina The Southern Tuscarora, Pamplico, Cothechneys, Cores, Mattamuskeets and Matchepungoes attacked settlers at several locations in and around the city of Bath, North Carolina. Hundreds of settlers were killed, and many more were driven off. Hundreds (settlers) [92]
1712 Massacre at Fort Narhantes North Carolina The North Carolina militia and their Indian allies attacked the Southern Tuscarora at Fort Narhantes on the banks of the Neuse River. More than 300 Tuscarora were killed, and one hundred were sold into slavery. 300 [92]
1712 May Fox Indian Massacre Michigan During the First Fox War, French troops alongside their Indian allies killed around 1,000 Fox Indians men, women and children in a five-day massacre near the head of the Detroit River. 1,000 (including warriors) [93]
1712 Tzeltal rebellion Chiapas, Mexico A number of Maya communities in the Soconusco region of Chiapas rose in rebellion. +1000 [94]
1713 March 20–23 Fort Neoheroka South Carolina Colonial Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel James Moore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the Tuscarora Indians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 170 more were killed outside the fort while more than 400 were taken to South Carolina and sold into slavery. 900–1,000 were killed or captured in total. 370 [95][96][97]
1715 April 15 Pocotaligo Massacre South Carolina
Yamassee Indians killed 4 British traders and representatives of Carolina at Pocotaligo, near present-day Yemassee, South Carolina
. 90 other traders were killed in the following weeks. 		94 (traders) [98]
1715 April Massacre at St Bartholemew's Parish South Carolina At the onset of the
Charles Town
killed many more, and in total, about 7% of the colony's white population perished in the conflict. 		100+ (settlers) [99]
1715 May Schenkingh Plantation South Carolina A band of Catawba and Cherokee warriors attacked Benjamin Schenkingh's plantation where about 20 settlers had taken refuge. All were killed. 20 (settlers) [99]
1724 August 24 Norridgewock Massacre Maine Captains
Sebastian Rale
and destroy the Indian settlement. The rangers massacred 80 Abenakis including two dozen women and children and 26 warriors. The rangers suffered 3 dead. 		80 (26 warriors) [100]
1729 November 29 Natchez Revolt Mississippi Natchez Indians attacked French settlements near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists. 200 (French) [101]
1729 December 4 Massacre of Chaouacha village Louisiana Governor Perier ordered 80 enslaved Blacks to attack the village of the Chaouacha Indians. At least 7 Indians were killed. 7 [102]
1730 September 9 Massacre at Fox Fort Illinois A combined force 1,400 French soldiers and their Indian allies massacred around 500 Fox Indians (including 300 women and children) as they tried to flee their besieged camp. 500 (including 200 warriors) [103]
1736 June 6 Lake of the Woods Massacre Minnesota Sioux warriors ambushed and killed a group of 21 men, including
Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods to go to Fort Kaministiquia
for provisions. 		21 (French) [104]
1745 1745 Massacre at Walden New York Upon hearing of an impending French and Indian attack upon the Ulster county frontiers, British colonists massacred several peaceful Munsee families near Walden, New York. Several families [105][106]
1747 October Chama River New Mexico Spanish troops ambushed a group of Utes on the
Chama River
, killing 111 Indians and taking 206 as captives. 		111 [107]
1751  November
Pima Revolt
 Arizona During a revolt against Spanish rule by
Pima Indians, more than 100 Spanish settlers were killed. The uprising began on November 20 in Sáric with the massacre of 18 settlers who had been lured to the home of the rebellion's leader Luis Oacpicagigua
, who had previously served as a provincial "Indian governor" for the Spanish. 		100+ (Spanish) [108]
1752 June 21
Raid on Pickawillany
 Ohio 14
Miami killed, including their chief Memeskia
who was then boiled and eaten. Three English traders were also killed.		 17 [109]
1753 February 21 Attack at Mocodome Nova Scotia 6 Mi'kmaq were killed 6
1753 April 21 Attack at Jeddore Nova Scotia A British delegation met Mi'kmaq chief Jean-Baptiste Cope at the mouth of a river at Jeddore, Nova Scotia, during Father Le Loutre's War. The Mi'kmaq killed nine of the British delegates and spared the life of the French-speaking translator Anthony Casteel. 9 (British) [110]
1755 July 30 Draper's Meadow massacre Virginia 1 soldier and 3 settlers killed, 2 wounded and 5 captured by Shawnee Indians at Draper's Meadow, Virginia 4 [111]
1755 October 16 Penn's Creek massacre Pennsylvania Lenape Indians attacked a settlement on Penns Creek. It was the first of a series of raids on Pennsylvania settlements by Native American tribes allied with the French in the French and Indian War. 14 killed, 11 captured (German and Swiss settlers) [112]
1755 Oct 31-Nov 2 Great Cove massacre Pennsylvania 100 Lenape and Shawnee Indians, led by the Lenape war captain Shingas, attacked a series of settlements in Great Cove and Little Cove and along the Conolloway Creeks near the Maryland border. This was a continuation of the hostilities by Native American tribes allied with the French in the French and Indian War that had begun with the Penn's Creek massacre, above. 47 either killed or captured (Scotch and Irish settlers) in the Great Cove settlement; at least 10 more in Little Cove and the Conolloway Creeks [113]
1755 November 24 Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) Pennsylvania Lenape Indians (Munsee) attacked a Moravian missionary settlement (including Lenape and Mahican converts) in present-day Lehighton, Pennsylvania. It was a continuation of a series of raids on Pennsylvania settlements by Native American tribes allied with the French in the early stages of the French and Indian War. 11 killed, 1 captured and later died (German Moravian missionaries & families) [114]
1756 March 2 1756 Massacre at Walden New York On March 2, 1756, white vigilantes murdered 9 friendly Munsee Indians at Walden. 9 [105][106]
1756 June 11 Fort Bigham attack Fort Bigham, Pennsylvania During the French and Indian War, Lenape warriors, led by Tamaqua, attacked Fort Bigham, killing or capturing 23 English civilians. 23 (English)  [115]
1757 August 9
Massacre at Fort William Henry
 New York Following the fall of Fort William Henry during the French and Indian War, Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners. 70–180 (British) [116]
1757 September 19 Hochstetler massacre Pennsylvania Indians set fire to the Hochstetler homestead, killing 3 and capturing 3 others as they tried to escape. 3 (German) [117]
1757 October 1 Bloody Springs massacre Pennsylvania Lenape warriors attacked two farmsteads, killing 6 members of the Spatz family. 6 (German) [118]
1758 March 16 San Saba Mission Massacre Texas A large party of Comanche, Tonkawa and Hasinai Indians attacked the mission of San Saba, Texas, killing 8 and burning down the mission. 8 (missionaries) [119]
1759 October 4 St. Francis Raid Quebec During the French and Indian War, in retaliation for a rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the
Abenaki people
, among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports. 		30 [120]
1763 May Capture of Fort Sandusky Ohio During
Wyandots
then seized the fort and killed its 15-member garrison along with several British traders. 		15+ (British) [121]
1763 June 23 Clendenin Massacre West Virginia Shawnee massacre of Clendenin adult males, captured women and children including John Ewing of Virginia.
1763 September 14
Devil's Hole Massacre
 New York During the French and Indian War,
Seneca
allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 out of 24 teamsters from the supply train. 		21 teamsters + 81 soldiers (British) [122]
1763 October 15 First Wyoming (Mill Creek) Massacre Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania A band of one hundred and thirty-five Native Americans killed about twenty settlers (of an estimated 100) from Connecticut, and burned their houses at Mill Creek. It was likely perpetrated by Captain Bull and his warriors after the report that colonists had murdered on April 16, 1763, his father, Teedyuscung, as well as the fact that the Wyoming lands (purportedly to be reserved for the Native Americans) were being possessed and settled by colonists. 20 colonists from Connecticut [123]
1763 December Killings by the Paxton Boys Conestoga Town
& Lancaster,
Pennsylvania		 In response to
Pontiac's Rebellion
, frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock. 		20 [124][125][126]
1764 May 26 Fort Cumberland Maryland During Pontiac's War, 15 settlers working in a field near Fort Cumberland were killed by Native Americans. 15 (settlers) [127]
1764 June 14 Fort Loudoun Pennsylvania During Pontiac's War, 13 settlers near Fort Loudoun were killed and their homes burned in an attack by Native Americans. 13 (settlers) [127]
1764 July 26 Enoch Brown school massacre Franklin County
Pennsylvania		 During Pontiac's War, Four Lenape Indians killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived. 12 (non-Indians) [126]
1765 May 4 Anderson's barn massacre Staunton
Virginia		 Five Cherokee, allied with Col. Andrew Lewis (soldier), were treacherously killed by the "Augusta Boys", as a declared emulation of the 1763 Paxton Boys lynch squad. 5 [128]
1771 July 17 Bloody Falls massacre Kugluktuk,
Nunavut		 The Bloody Falls massacre was an incident believed to have taken place during
Chipewyan and "Copper Indian"  Dene men led by Hearne's guide and companion Matonabbee attacked a group of Copper Inuit
, killing over 20 men, women and children. 		20+ [129][130]
1774 September Spanish Peaks New Mexico Spanish troops surprised a large fortified Comanche village near Spanish Peaks (Raton, New Mexico). They killed nearly 300 Indians (men, women and children) and took 100 captives. 300 [131]
1774 April 30
Yellow Creek Massacre
 Hancock County,
West Virginia
Chief Logan
's family. 		12 [132]
1778 July 3 Battle of Wyoming Wyoming Valley,
Pennsylvania		 During the American Revolutionary War, following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois allies of Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time. 340 (colonists) [133][134][135]
1778 August 31
Stockbridge Massacre
 Massachusetts An ambush by the Queen's Rangers during the American Revolutionary War that left nearly 40 Stockbridge Militia dead. 40 [136]
1778 November 11
Cherry Valley Massacre
 New York British and
Seneca
forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers. 		46 (settlers) [137]
1780 June 27
Westervelt Massacre
 Kentucky Seventeen Dutch settlers killed and two taken captive out of a caravan of 41. The settler caravan was traveling between Low Dutch Station, Kentucky and Harrod's Town, Kentucky. The victims were all scalped and sold to the British for a bounty. 17 (Dutch) [138]
1781 September 1 Dietz Massacre New York During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, killing and scalping Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl. 8 (Dutch) [139][140]
1781 September 1
Long Run Massacre
 Jefferson County,
Kentucky		 Thirty-two settlers killed by 50 Miami people while trying to move to safety, additionally approximately 15 settlers and 17 soldiers were killed attempting to bury the initial victims. 64 (settlers) [141][142]
1782 March 8
Gnadenhütten massacre
 Gnadenhutten,
Ohio		 During the Revolution, Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostly women and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys. 100 [143][144]
1784 August 14 Awa'uq Massacre Sitkalidak Island,
Alaska		 200 to 3000
Grigory Shelekhov and 130 armed Russian men and cannoneers of his Shelikhov-Golikov Company
. 		200–3,000

[145]

1788 Kirk Family Massacre Tennessee A party of Indians killed 11 members of the Kirk family (1 woman and 10 children) on Nine Mile Creek 12 miles south of present-day Knoxville. 11 (settlers) [146]
1788 Massacre of the Old chiefs Tennessee In retaliation to the Kirk Massacre,
Cherokee peace faction were lured into a trap and axed under a flag of truce in Chilhowee
. 		5 [147]
1791 January 2 Big Bottom massacre Ohio 14 settlers were killed by an Indian war party in Stockport, Morgan County, Ohio. 14 (settlers)
1791 November 4
Fort Recovery Massacre
 Ohio At present day Fort Recovery, Ohio, an army of 1,500 Americans led by Arthur St. Clair, was ambushed by an army of Miami Indians led by chief Little Turtle. 200 to 250 civilians were killed. 200–250 (Americans) [148]
1793 September 25 Cavett's Station massacre Tennessee During the Cherokee–American wars, settlers at Cavett's Station were surrounded by Cherokee and Muscogee warriors. They agreed to surrender following negotiations with one of the leading warriors Bob Benge, who promised no captives would be harmed, however a group led by Doublehead began killing the settlers. One of the Cherokee leaders, James Vann tried unsuccessfully to save two children. 13 (settlers) [149]
1794 November 11 Sevier's Station massacre Clarksville, Tennessee During the Cherokee–American wars, Chickamauga Cherokee warriors attacked Sevier's Station and killed fourteen of the inhabitants. Valentine Sevier was one of the few survivors of the attack. 14 (settlers) [150]
1803 March  22 Yuquot massacre Yuquot, British Columbia Nuu-chah-nulth, led by chief Maquinna, attacked and killed most of the crew of the American trading ship "Boston" .  They had boarded the ship under a pretense to trade. Only two of the crew survived, including John R. Jewitt who wrote a famous captivity narrative about his nearly 3 years in captivity. 26 (sailors) [151]
1805 January Canyon del Muerto Arizona Spanish soldiers led by
Navajo Indians (mostly women, children and old men) in Canyon del Muerto, northeastern Arizona
. 		115 [152]
1811 June  15 Battle of Woody Point Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia Nuu-chah-nulth, led by chief
Tonquin, an American merchant ship of the Astor Expedition which was there to trade for furs. They attacked because the ship's lieutenant had insulted the chief the day before. The one surviving sailor on the ship then destroyed the ship the day after the massacre by detonating the powder magazine
, killing over 100 people plundering the ship. Four sailors who had escaped in a skiff during the initial attack were pushed ashore by a storm and captured and tortured to death in revenge for the explosion. 		29 (sailors) [153][154]
1812 August 15 Fort Dearborn Massacre
(Battle of Fort Dearborn)		 Illinois During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating Fort Dearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed. 54 (non-Indians) [155]
1812 September 3
Pigeon Roost Massacre
 Indiana During the War of 1812, twenty four settlers, including fifteen children, were massacred by a war party of Native Americans (mostly Shawnee, but possibly including some Lenape and Potawatomis) in a surprise attack on a small village located in what is today Scott County, Indiana. 24 (settlers) [156]
1813 January 22
River Raisin Massacre
 Michigan During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender. 30–60 (Americans) [157]
1813 August 30
Fort Mims Massacre
 Alabama After a Creek victory at the Battle of Burnt Corn, a band of Creek Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims, in what today is Alabama, killing 400–500 settlers, slaves, militiamen, and Creek loyalists and taking 250 scalps. This action brought the US into the internal Creek War, at the same time as the War of 1812. 400–500 (settlers) [158]
1813 September 1 Kimbell-James Massacre Mississippi Immediately after departing Fort Mims, Red Sticks warriors led by Josiah Francis (Prophet Francis) attacked the Kimbell and James families seeking refuge near Fort Sinquefield. At least 15 were killed, mostly women and children. 15 (settlers) [159]
1813 November 3 Battle of Tallushatchee Tennessee 900 Tennessee troops under General John Coffee, and including Davy Crockett, attacked an unsuspecting Creek town. About 186–200 Creek warriors were killed, and an unknown number of women and children were killed, some burned in their houses. 180-300 (including warriors) [160][161][162]
1813 November 18 Hillabee Massacre Alabama Tennessee troops under
General White
launched a dawn attack on an unsuspecting Creek town (the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted. 		65 [163]
1813 November 29 Autossee Massacre
(Battle of Autossee)		 Alabama Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River, in Macon County, Alabama, killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire. 200 (including warriors) [164]
1814   San Nicolas Island Massacre San Nicolas Island,
California		 A party of
Aleut otter hunters working for the Russian-American Company (RAC) arrived on the island and massacred most of the Nicoleño
islanders after accusing them of killing an Aleut hunter.

[165]

1817 November 30
Scott Massacre
 Florida In retaliation for the sacking of a Mikasuki village,
Seminole Indians ambushed a US army boat under the command of Lt. Richard W. Scott on the Apalachicola River
. There were ca. 50 people on the boat, including forty soldiers (of which twenty were sick), seven wives of soldiers and possibly four children. Most of the boat’s passengers were killed. One woman was taken prisoner, and six survivors made it to Fort Scott. 		41–45 (settlers and soldiers) [166][167]
1822 March Jemez Pueblo Massacre New Mexico 24 Navajo emissaries travelling to a peace conference in Santa Fe were murdered by Mexican soldiers in
Jimez Pueblo, New Mexico
. 		24 [168]
1823 February
Skull Creek Massacre
 Texas After Coco Indians killed two colonists under unclear circumstances, the colonists got together twenty-five men and found a Karankawa people village on Skull Creek. They killed at least nineteen inhabitants of the village before the rest could flee, then stole their possessions and burned their homes to the ground. 19+ [169]
1823 June 2 General Ashley's 1823 expedition massacre South Dakota
William Henry Ashley's Rocky Mountain Fur Company on the Missouri River. Many others were wounded, with the survivors, including Hugh Glass, Jedediah Smith, and Jim Bridger fleeing down river. The Arikara had recently traded with the trappers but were angry with them because weeks earlier they had rescued several Sioux who were being hunted by the Arikara. The attack led to the Arikara War
. 		12 (trappers) [170][171]
1824 March 22
Fall Creek Massacre
 Indiana Six settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed and robbed eight Seneca. One suspect escaped trial and two others was a witness at subsequent trial. The remaining four suspects were all convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging. One man was executed on January 12, 1825, and two others were hanged on June 2, 1825. The last defendant, a teenager, was pardoned moments before he could be hanged. The court had recommended a pardon for him due to his age and the influence of his codefendants, which included his father and uncle, whose executions he'd just witnessed. 8 [172]
1824 February 21 Battle of Mission Santa Inés Solvang, California A revolt by Chumash Indians erupted, with the takeover and burning of Mission Santa Inés. Mexican reinforcements arrived the next day and forced the rebels out. 15 Chumash women and children were killed at the mission on the first day of the revolt. 15 [173]
1826
Dressing Point Massacre
 Texas A posse of Anglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community of Karankawa Indians near the mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda County, Texas. Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed. 40–50 [174]

1830–1915

Year Date Name Current location Description Reported casualties Claimants
1830 June 1830 Prairie du Chien massacre Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin Dakotas (
Santee Sioux) and Menominees killed fifteen Meskwakis
attending a multi-tribal treaty conference, mediated by the American government, at Prairie du Chien. 		15 [175]
1831 July 1831 Prairie du Chien massacre Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin In retaliation to the earlier 1830 massacre at Prairie du Chien, a party of Meskwakis and Sauks killed twenty-six Menominees, including women and children at Prairie du Chien in July 1831. 26 [175]
1832 May 20
Indian Creek Massacre
 Illinois A party of
Potawatomi, with a few Sauk
allies, killed fifteen men, women and children and kidnapped two young women, who were later ransomed. 		15 (settlers) [176]
1832 August 1 Battle of Bad Axe Wisconsin Soldiers under General Henry Atkinson, armed volunteers and Dakota Sioux killed around 150 Fox and Sauk men, women and children near present-day Victory, Wisconsin. The US suffered 5 dead. 150 (including warriors) [177]
1833 Exact date unknown
Cutthroat Gap Massacre
 Oklahoma The Osage tribe attacked a Kiowa camp west of the
southwest Oklahoma
, killing 150 Kiowa Indians. 		150 [178]
1836 May 19
Fort Parker Massacre
 Texas Comanche killed seven European Americans in Limestone County, Texas. The five captured included Cynthia Ann Parker. 7 (Europeans) [179]
1837 Amador Massacre California Mexican colonists under
Jose Maria Amador captured an entire rancheria of friendly Miwok Indians in Northern California
and killed their 200 prisoners in two mass executions. 		200 [180]
1837 April 22 Johnson Massacre New Mexico At least 20 Apaches were killed near Santa Rita del Cobre, New Mexico while trading with a group of American settlers led by John Johnson. The Anglos blasted the Apaches with a cannon loaded with musket balls, nails and pieces of glass and finished off the wounded. 20 [181]
1837   August 8
Santa Fe massacre
 Santa Fe, New Mexico During the start of a popular revolt against New Mexico Governor
Santo Domingo Pueblo
who had joined the rebellion. 		22 (Mexicans) [182]
1838 October 5
Killough Massacre
 Texas A party of Cherokee massacred eighteen members and relatives of the Killough family in Texas. 18 (settlers) [183]
1838 April Ambush Park Minnesota A group of nine Ojibwe led by chief Hole in the Day were welcomed as guests into a camp of Dakota, who served them a meal. During the night the Ojibwe attacked the sleeping Dakota, killing seven, wounding two more, and taking a third captive. 7 [184]
1838 or 1839 Exact date unknown Webster Massacre Texas The Comanche killed a party of settlers attempting to ford the Bushy Creek near present-day Leander, Texas. All of the Anglo men were killed and Mrs. Webster and her two children were captured. 10 (settlers) [185]
1840 March 19 Council House Massacre Texas The 12 leaders of a Comanche delegation were shot in
San Antonio, Texas
while trying to escape the local jail. 23 others including 5 women and children were killed in or around the city. 65 Comanche including 35 women and children were present. 7 Texas militia were also killed at the court house mostly from friendly fire. 13 captives were killed in retaliation by the Comanche. 		35 (Indians) + 13 (Whites) [186]
1840 August 7 Indian Key Massacre Florida During the Seminole Wars, so called "Spanish Indians" attacked and destroyed the settlement on Indian Key, killing 13 inhabitants, including noted horticulturist Dr. Henry Perrine. 13 (settlers) [187]
1840 August 7 Linnville Raid Texas During the Great Raid of 1840, Comanche warriors attacked the settlements of Victoria and Linnville killing 14 Whites, 8 Blacks and 1 Mexican. 23 (settlers) [188]
1840 October 24 Red Fork of the Colorado River Texas Volunteer Rangers, consisting of 90 Texans and 17 Lipan Apaches, under Colonel John Moore, attacked a Comanche village on the Colorado, killing 140 men, women and children and capturing 35 others (mostly small children). 140 [189]
1840 Exact date unknown Clear Lake Massacre California A posse led by Mexican Salvador Vallejo massacred 150
Pomo and Wappo Indians on Clear Lake, California
. 		150 [190]
1844 February 9 Fort Mackenzie Massacre Montana White traders fired a small cannon on a group of unsuspecting Blackfeet approaching the gates of Fort Mackenzie for trade. They finished off the dying with daggers. Up to 30 Blackfeet were killed. 30 [191]
1846 April 6 Sacramento River massacre California Captain Frémont's men attacked a band of Indians (probably Wintun) on the Sacramento River in California, killing between 120 and 200 Indians. 120–200 [192]
1846 May 12 Klamath Lake massacre California Captain Frémont's men, led by Kit Carson attacked a village of Klamaths on the banks of Klamath Lake, killing at least 14 Klamath people. 14+ [193]
1846 June
Sutter Buttes massacre
 California Captain Frémont's men attacked a rancheria on the banks of the Sacramento River near Sutter Buttes, killing several Patwin people. 14+ [193]
1846 July 6 Kirker Massacre Chihuahua Irish-born American Scalp hunter
Apache Indians. Alongside local Mexican citizens, he lured a band of Chiricahua Apaches into Galeana, Chihuahua
and got them drunk. After the "festivities", Kirker’s men killed and scalped 130 men, women and children. 		130 [194]
1846 December Pauma massacre California 11
Luiseño Indians at Pauma Valley north of Escondido, California
. 		11 (settlers) [195]
1846 December Temecula massacre California A combined force of Californio militia and Cahuilla Indians killed 33 to 40 Luiseño Indians in Temecula, California in revenge for the Pauma Massacre. 33–40 [195]
1847 February 3–4 Storming of Pueblo de Taos New Mexico In response to a New Mexican-instigated uprising in Taos, American troops attacked the heavily fortified Pueblo of Taos with artillery, killing nearly 150 rebels, some being Indians. Between 25 and 30 prisoners were shot by firing squads. 25–30 [196]
1847 March Rancheria Tulea massacre California White slavers retaliate to a slave escape by massacring five Indians in Rancheria Tulea. 5 [193]
1847 March 29 Kern and Sutter massacres California In response to a plea from White settlers to put an end to raids, U.S. Army Captain Edward Kern and rancher John Sutter led 50 men in attacks on three Indian villages. 20 [193]
1847 late June/early July Konkow Maidu slaver massacre California Slavers kill 12–20 Konkow Maidu Indians in the process of capturing 30 members of the tribe for the purpose of forced slavery. 12–20 [193]
1847 November 29 Whitman massacre Washington
Umatilla warriors killed the missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman, Mrs. Narcissa Whitman and 12 others at Walla Walla, Washington, in retaliation for the belief that Whitmans were responsible for the deaths of 200 natives from measles, triggering the Cayuse War
. Subsequently, the U.S hanged 5 Cayuse, including the Waiilatpu Leader Tiloukaikt. 		14 (missionaries) [197]
1848 April Brazos River Texas A hunting party of 26 friendly Wichita and Caddo Indians was massacred by Texas Rangers under Captain Samuel Highsmithe, in a valley south of Brazos River. 25 men and boys were killed, and only one child managed to escape. 26 [198]
1849 March 5 Battle Creek massacre Utah In response to some cattle being stolen, Governor
Mormon militia
to "put a final end to their depredations". They were led to a band, where they attacked them, killing the men and taking the women and children as captives.		 4 (more by some accounts) [199]
1850 Feb 8 Battle at Fort Utah Utah Governor
Salt Lake City, Utah
, where many died.		 102 + "many" in captivity [200]
1850 May 15
Bloody Island Massacre
 California
Pomo people on Bo-no-po-ti island near Clear Lake, (Lake Co., California); they believed the Pomo had killed two Clear Lake
settlers who had been abusing and murdering Pomo people. (The Island Pomo had no connections to the enslaved Pomo). This incident led to a general outbreak of settler attacks against and mass killing of native people all over Northern California. Site is California Registered Historical Landmark #427 		60–100 [201][202][203]
1851 January 11 Mariposa War California The gold rush increased pressure on the Native Americans of California, because miners forced Native Americans off their gold-rich lands. Many were pressed into service in the mines; others had their villages raided by the army and volunteer
Ahwahneechees and the Chowchilla in the Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin Valley leading a raid on the Fresno River post of James D. Savage, in December 1850. In retaliation Mariposa County Sheriff James Burney led local militia in an indecisive clash with the natives on January 11, 1851 on a mountainside near present-day Oakhurst, California
.		 40+
1851 March Oatman Massacre Arizona Royce Oatman's emigrant party of 7 was killed by Mohave or Yavapai Indians. The survivors, Olive and Mary Ann Oatman were enslaved. Olive escaped five years later and spoke extensively about the experience. 7 (settlers) [204]
1851 Old Shasta Town California Miners killed 300 Wintu Indians near Old Shasta, California and burned down their tribal council meeting house. 300 [205]
1852 Hynes Bay Massacre Texas Texas militiamen attacked a village of 50 Karankawas, killing 45 of them. 45 [206]
1852 April 23
Bridge Gulch Massacre
 California 70 American men led by Trinity County sheriff William H. Dixon killed more than 150 Wintu people in the Hayfork Valley of California, in retaliation for the killing of Col. John Anderson. 150 [207]
1852 November Wright Massacre California White settlers led by a notorious Indian hunter named Ben Wright massacred 41 Modocs during a "peace parley". 41 [208]
1853 Howonquet Massacre California Californian settlers attacked and burned the Tolowa village of Howonquet, massacring 70 people. 70 [209]
1853
Yontoket Massacre
 California A posse of settlers attacked and burned a Tolowa rancheria at Yontocket, California, killing 450 Tolowa during a prayer ceremony. 450 [210][211]
1853
Achulet Massacre
 California White settlers launched an attack on a Tolowa village near Lake Earl in California, killing between 65 and 150 Indians at dawn. 65–150 [212]
1853 Before December 31 "Ox" incident California U.S. forces attacked and killed an unreported number of Indians in the Four Creeks area (Tulare County, California) in what was referred to by officers as "our little difficulty" and "the chastisement they have received". [213]
1854 January 28 Nasomah Massacre Oregon 40 white settlers attacked the sleeping village of the Nasomah Indians at the mouth of the Coquille River in Oregon, killing 15 men and 1 woman. 16 [214]
1854 February 15 Chetco River Massacre Oregon Nine white settlers attacked a friendly Indian village on the Chetco River in Oregon, massacring 26 men and a few women. Most of the Indians were shot while trying to escape. Two Chetco who tried to resist with bows and arrows were burned alive in their houses. Shortly before the attack, the Chetco had been induced to give away their weapons as "friendly relations were firmly established". 36+ [215]
1854 May 15
Asbill Massacre
 California Six white settlers from Missouri attacked previously uncontacted Indians in the Round Valley, massacring approximately 40 of them. 40 [216]
1854 August 20 Ward Massacre Idaho Shoshone killed 18 of the 20 members of the Alexander Ward party, attacking them on the Oregon Trail in western Idaho. This event led the U.S. eventually to abandon Fort Boise and Fort Hall, in favor of the use of military escorts for emigrant wagon trains. 18 (settlers) [217][218][219]
1854 Dec 25 Fort Pueblo Massacre Colorado 16 settlers were killed by Utah & Apache 16 (settlers)
1855 January 22
Klamath River massacres
 California In retaliation for the murder of six settlers and the theft of some cattle, whites commenced a "war of extermination against the Indians" in Humboldt County, California. [220]
1855 September 2 Harney Massacre Nebraska US troops under Brigadier General William S. Harney killed 86 Sioux, men, women and children at Blue Water Creek, in present-day Nebraska. 27 US soldiers also died in the skirmish. About 70 women and children were taken prisoner. Women and children accounted for about half of the Sioux deaths. 86 (including warriors) [221]
1855 October 8 Lupton Massacre Oregon During the Rogue River Wars, a group of settlers and miners launched a night attack on an Indian village near Upper Table Rock, Oregon, killing 23 Indians (mostly elderly men, women and children). 23 [222]
1855 October Gold Beach Massacre Oregon During the Rogue River Wars, in response to the Lupton massacre, Indians killed 27 settlers in what later became Gold Beach. 27 (settlers) [223]
1855 December 23 Little Butte Creek Oregon Oregon volunteers launched a dawn attack on a
Takelma
camp on the Rogue River. Between 19 and 26 Indians were killed. 		19–26 [224]
1856 June Grande Ronde River Valley Massacre Oregon Washington Territorial Volunteers under Colonel Benjamin Shaw attacked a peaceful Cayuse and Walla Walla Indians on the Grande Ronde River in Oregon. 60 Indians, mostly women, old men and children were killed. 60 [225]
1856 March Shingletown California In reprisal for Indian stock theft, white settlers massacred at least 20 Yana men, women and children near Shingletown, California. 20 [226]
1856 March 26
Cascades Massacre
 Oregon/Washington Yakama, Klickitat and Cascades warriors attacked white soldiers and settlers at the Cascades of the Columbia River for controlling portage of the river and denying them their source of nutrition. Nine Cascades Indians who surrendered without a fight, including Chenoweth, Chief of the Hood River Band, were improperly charged and executed. 17 (settlers) [227]
1857 Mar 8–12 Spirit Lake Massacre Iowa Thirty-five to 40 settlers were killed and 4 taken captive by
Santee Sioux in the last Indian attack on settlers in Iowa
. 		35–40 (settlers) [228]
1857 Sep 7-11 Mountain Meadows Massacre Utah Between 14 and 200 Paiutes (perhaps reluctantly) participated in an attack staged by the Mormon Militia against the Baker-Fancher wagon train from Arkansas. The Mormons of the area erroneously feared that the settlers were part of a plot by the US Army to invade Utah. The settlers surrender after a few days but are subsequently massacred by members of the Militia who suspected that the settlers had recognized that some of the attackers were non-Indians in disguise. 120 to 140 settlers killed. 17 younger children were passed out to local families, later repatriated to their families back in Arkansas.
1856–1859
Round Valley Settler Massacres
 California White settlers killed over a thousand Yuki Indians in Round Valley over the course of three years in an uncountable number of separate massacres. 1000+ [229][230]
1858 Aug 9–17 Fraser Canyon War British Columbia Settlers killed dozens of Nlaka’pamux non-combatants and burned five villages. 36+ [231]
July 1859 to January 1860 Jarboe's War California White settlers calling themselves the "Eel River Rangers", led by Walter Jarboe, kill at least 283 Indian men and countless women and children in 23 engagements over the course of six months. They are reimbursed by the U.S. government for their campaign. 283+ [229]
1859
Spring Valley Massacre
 Nevada In late summer or early autumn of 1859, a US Army company led by General Albert Sidney Johnston tracked down and attacked an encampment of the Western Shoshone north of the Bahsahwahbee area. US army interpreter and guide Elijah Nicholas Wilson estimated that 350 men were killed, as well as many women and children. 350 men
175–350 women and children 		[232]
1859 September Pit River California White settlers massacred 70 Achomawi Indians (10 men and 60 women and children) in their village on Pit River in California. 70 [233]
1859 Chico Creek California White settlers attacked a Maidu camp near Chico Creek in California, killing indiscriminately 40 Indians. 40 [234]
1860 Exact date unknown Massacre at Bloody Rock California A group of 65 Yuki Indians were surrounded and massacred by white settlers at Bloody Rock, in Mendocino County, California. 65
1860 February 26
Indian Island Massacre
 California In three nearly simultaneous assaults on the Wiyot, at
Indian Island, Eureka, Rio Dell, and near Hydesville, California white settlers killed between 80 and 250 Wiyot in Humboldt County, California. Victims were mostly women, children and elders, as reported by Bret Harte at Arcata
newspaper. Other villages massacred within two days. The main site is National Register of Historic Places in the United States #66000208. 		80–250 [235][236][237][238]
1860 December 18 Battle of Pease River Texas Texas Rangers under Captain
Sul Ross attacked a Comanche village in Foard County, Texas
, killing at least 14 unarmed people. 		14 [239]
1860 September 8
Otter Massacre
 Idaho Near Sinker Creek Idaho, 11 persons of the last wagon train of the year were killed by Indians and several others were subsequently killed. Some that escaped the initial massacre starved to death 11+ (settlers) [240]
1861 Horse Canyon Massacre California White settlers and Indian allies attacked a
Wailaki village in Horse Canyon (Round Valley, California
), killing up to 240 Wailakis. 		240 [241]
1861 February Bascom affair Arizona Lt. George Nicholas Bascom incorrectly believed Chiricahua Apache had kidnapped a twelve-year-old boy. Boscom tried to imprison their leader Cochise during a meeting. Cochise escaped, however others were captured. Two days later, Cochise captured and killed nine Mexicans. Three Americans who were also captured as hostages for negotiations, but they were killed after negotiations failed. Six of the captive Apache were later hung, including Cochise's brother and nephews. 12 (Mexicans/Americans) + 6 (Apache) [242]
1861-1863 Cookes Canyon Massacres New Mexico Apaches massacred as many as 100 Americans and Mexicans in Cooke’s Canyon, New Mexico between 1861 and 1863. 100 (Americans and Mexicans) [243]
1861 September 21 Fort Fauntleroy Massacre New Mexico Soldiers massacred between 12 and 20
Navajos
at Fort Fauntleroy, following a dispute over a horse race. 		12–20 [244]
1862 Upper Station Massacre California California settlers killed at least 20 Wailakis in Round Valley, California. 20 [245]
1862 Big Antelope Creek Massacre California California settlers led by notorious Indian hunter Hi Good launched a dawn attack on a Yana village, massacring about 25 Indians. 25 [246]
1862 August Kowonk Massacre California A posse of 25 California settlers killed 45 Konkow Indians on their reservation in Round Valley, California. 45 [247]
1862 August–September Dakota War of 1862 Minnesota As part of the U.S.-Dakota War, the Sioux killed as many as 800 white settlers and soldiers throughout Minnesota. Some 40,000 white settlers fled their homes on the frontier.[248] 450–800 (settlers) [249]
1862 October Massacre at Gallinas Springs New Mexico Soldiers under Capt. James Graydon's shot an aged Mescalero leader who was approaching with his hand up as a sign of peace. 11 other Mescaleros were also killed, including a woman. 12 [250]
1862 October 24
Tonkawa Massacre
 Oklahoma During the U.S. Civil War, a detachment of irregular Union Indians, mainly Kickapoo, Lenape and Shawnee, accompanied by Caddo allies, attempted to destroy the Tonkawa tribe in Indian Territory. They killed 240 of 390 Tonkawa, leaving only 150 survivors. 240 [251]
1863 January 29 Bear River Massacre Idaho Col. Patrick Connor led a United States Army regiment killing up to 280 Shoshone men, women and children near Preston, Idaho. 21 US soldiers were also killed in the fight. 246–280 (including warriors) [252][253]
1863 April 19
Keyesville Massacre
 California American militia and members of the California cavalry, under the command of Captain
Tübatulabal men in Kern County, California
. 		35 [254]
1863 May 3
Swamp Cedars Massacre
 Nevada Cavalry company led by Captain S. P. Smith, under orders of Colonel Patrick Connor of Fort Ruby, massacred 24 Goshute in their sleep on May 3 and 5 more the next day, followed by a massacre of 23 Indians in the Swamp Cedars of Spring Valley. 52 [232]
1863–1865
Mowry massacres
 Arizona 16 settlers were killed in a series of Indian raids at Mowry, Arizona Territory 16 (settlers) [255]
1864 Cottonwood California 20 Yanas of both sexes were killed by white settlers in the town of Cottonwood, California. 20 [256]
1864 Massacre at Bloody Tanks Arizona A group of white settlers led by King S. Woolsey killed 19 Apaches at a "peace parley". 19 [257][258]
1864 Oak Run Massacre California California settlers massacred 300 Yana Indians who had gathered near the head of Oak Run, California for a spiritual ceremony. 300 [256]
1864 Skull Valley Massacre Arizona A group of
Yavapai families was lured into a trap and massacred by soldiers under Lt. Monteith in a valley west of Prescott, Arizona (Arizona
). The place was named Skull Valley after the heads of the dead Indians left unburied. 		[259][260]
1864 November 29
Sand Creek Massacre
 Colorado Members of the Colorado][Militia (United States)|Militia, in retaliation for theft and violence by Cheyenne Indians against settlers, attacked a village of Cheyenne, killing up to 600 men, women and children at Sand Creek in Kiowa County. 70–600 [261][262]
1865 January 14
American Ranch Massacre
 Colorado During the Colorado War, Cheyenne and Sioux warriors attacked a ranch near present-day Sterling, Colorado where they killed all of the male settlers and took three captives, one of who was later killed. 8 (settlers) [263]
1865 March 14 Mud Lake Massacre Nevada US troops under Captain Wells attacked a
Paiute camp near Winnemucca Lake
, killing 32 Indians. One soldier was slightly wounded during the attack. 		32 (including warriors) [264]
1865 July 18
The Squaw Fight/The Grass Valley Massacre
 Utah While searching for
Mormon militia came upon a band of Ute
Indians. Thinking they were part of Black Hawk's band, they attacked them. They killed 10 men and took the women and children captive. After the women and children tried to escape, the militia shot them too.		 10 men + unknown women and children [265]
1865 Owens Lake Massacre California Following the murder of Mrs. McGuire and her son at
Paiute camp on Owens Lake
in California. They attacked it killing about 40 men, women and children.		 40 [266]
1865 Three Knolls Massacre California White settlers massacred a Yana community at Three Knolls on the Mill Creek, California. [267][268]
1865 September 12 Thacker Pass Massacre Nevada Led by Capt. Payne and Lt. Littlefield, the 1st Nevada Cavalry murdered at least 31 Paiute men, women, and children. 31+ [269][270]
1865 September Bloody Point Massacre Oregon A wagon train of 65 settlers was massacred by Modoc Indians near Lake Tule in Oregon. One man survived and alerted the Oregon militia who buried the bodies. 65 (settlers) [271]
1866 April 21
Circleville Massacre
 Utah Mormon militiamen killed 16
Paiute men and women at Circleville, Utah
. 6 men were shot, allegedly while trying to escape. The others (3 men and 7 women) had their throats cut. 4 small children were spared. 		16 [272]
1867 Aquarius Mountains Arizona
Yavapai County Rangers killed 23 Indians (men, women and children) in the southern Aquarius Mountains, Arizona
. 		23 [273]
1868 Campo Seco California A posse of white settlers massacred 33 Yahis in a cave north of Mill Creek, California. 33 [274][275]
1868 September 24 Massacre at La Paz Arizona A group of teamsters attacked a sleeping Yavapai camp in the outskirts of La Paz, Arizona, killing 15 Indians. 15 [276]
1868 November 27 Washita Massacre
(
Battle of Washita River
)		 Oklahoma During the
7th U.S. Cavalry attacked a village of sleeping Cheyenne led by Black Kettle
. Custer reported 103 – later revised to 140 – warriors, "some" women and "few" children killed, and 53 women and children taken hostage. Other casualty estimates by cavalry members, scouts and Indians vary widely, with the number of men killed ranging as low as 11 and the numbers of women and children ranging as high as 75 and as low as 17. Before returning to their base, the cavalry killed several hundred Indian ponies and burned the village. 21 US soldiers were also killed. 		17–75 [277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284][285][286][287]
1870 January 23 Marias Massacre Montana US troops killed 173 Piegan, mainly women, children and the elderly after being led to the wrong camp by a soldier who wanted to protect his Indian wife's family. 173–217 [288]
1871 Kingsley Cave Massacre California 4 settlers killed 30
Yahi
tribe alive 		30 [289]
1871 April 30
Camp Grant Massacre
 Arizona Led by the ex-Mayor of Tucson, William Oury, eight Americans, 48 Mexicans and more than 100 allied
Pima attacked Apache men, women and children at Camp Grant, Arizona Territory
killing 144, with 1 survivor at scene and 29 children sold to slavery. All but eight of the dead were Apache women or children. 		144 [290][291]
1871 May 5 Salt Creek massacre Texas
Ado-ete. Satank was later killed during an escape attempt, while the other two were convicted of murder
. 		7 (settlers) [292]
1871 November 5
Wickenburg massacre
 Arizona Indians attacked an Arizona stagecoach, killing the driver and his five passengers, leaving two wounded survivors. 6 (settlers) [293][294]
1872 December 28 Skeleton Cave Massacre Arizona U.S. troops and Indian scouts killed 76
Yavapai Indians
men, women and children in a remote cave in Arizona's Salt River Canyon. 		76 [295]
1873 June 1 Cypress Hills Massacre Saskatchewan Following a dispute over stolen horses, American
Nakoda in Saskatchewan
. 		20 [296]
1873 August 5 Massacre Canyon Nebraska A large
Brulé Sioux war party, numbering over 1,500 warriors led by Two Strike, Little Wound, and Spotted Tail attacked a band of Pawnee during their summer buffalo
hunt, killing more than 150 Pawnees, including 102 women and children. Some the dead were mutilated and set on fire. 		156–173 (including warriors) [297]
1874 August 24 Lone Tree Massacre Kansas Surveyors under Captain Oliver Francis Short were ambushed by a group of 25 Cheyenne, near the lone Cottonwood tree by the Crooked Creek, near present day Meade Kansas. 7 [298]
1875 April Sappa Creek Massacre Kansas Soldiers under Lt Austin Henly trapped a group of 27 Cheyenne, (19 men, 8 women and children) on the Sappa Creek, in Kansas and killed them all. 27 [299]
1877 August 8 Battle of the Big Hole Montana US troops under Colonel
North fork of the Big Hole river in Montana Territory during the Nez Perce War
. They killed 70 to 90 including 33 warriors before being repulsed by the Indians. 31 US soldiers were killed. 		70–90 (33 warriors) [224][300]
1879 January 9–21
Fort Robinson Massacre
 Nebraska
Dull Knife attempted to escape from confinement in Fort Robinson
, Nebraska; U.S. Army forces hunted them down, killing between 64 and 77 of them. The remains of those killed were repatriated in 1994. 12 U.S. soldiers were also killed. 		64–77 (including warriors) [301][302]
1879 September 30 Meeker Massacre Colorado In the beginning of the
Ute War, the Ute killed the US Indian Agent Nathan Meeker
and 10 others. They also attacked a military unit, killing 13 and wounding 43. 		11 [303][304]
1880 April 28 Alma Massacre New Mexico The Apache chief
8th Cavalry Regiment
near Alma. 		35–41 (settlers) [305]
1882 April 16 Stephens Ranch massacre Arizona The Apache chief Geronimo asked for food at a sheep herder camp near Bryce, Arizona. After promising the sheep herders they would not be harmed, Geronimo and his band were fed. Geronimo then ordered the family and sheep herders to be killed. 16+ (settlers) [306]
1885 April 2 Frog Lake Massacre Frog Lake, Alberta During the Cree uprising in the North-West Rebellion, Cree men, Led by Wandering Spirit, killed 9 officials, clergy and settlers in the small settlement of Frog Lake in the District of Saskatchewan. 9 (settlers) [307]
1885 June 19 Beaver Creek Massacre Colorado White cattlemen killed six Ute Mountain Utes at a camp on Beaver Creek, about 16 miles north of Dolores in present Montezuma County. 6 [308]
1889 February 14 or 15 Jim Jumper massacre Florida Jim Jumper, a biracial-Seminole, killed at least six Seminoles when his request to marry a Seminole woman was refused. Jumper was then killed by another Seminole. 7 or more [309]
1890 December 10 Buffalo Gap Massacre South Dakota Several wagonloads of Sioux were killed by South Dakota Home Guard militiamen near French Creek, South Dakota, while visiting a white friend in Buffalo Gap. [310]
1890 December 16 Strong Hold South Dakota South Dakota Home Guard militiamen ambushed and massacred 75 Sioux at the Stronghold, in the northern portion of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. 75 [310]
1890 December 29 Wounded Knee Massacre South Dakota Members of the U.S.
7th Cavalry attacked and killed between 130 and 250 Sioux men, women and children at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
. 		130–250 [311][312]
1897 Unknown Swamp Cedars Massacre of 1897 Nevada A group of vigilantes targeted a Shoshone gathering, killing all in attendance, mainly women, children, and elders, except two young girls. [232][313]
1911 January 19 Last Massacre Nevada A group of Shoshone killed four ranchers in Washoe County, Nevada. On February 26, 1911, an American posse killed eight of the Shoshone suspects and captured four children from the band. 5 (4 ranchers & 1 policeman) + 8 (Indians) [314][315][316]
1915 December 2 Massacre of San Pedro de la Cueva Sonora, Mexico During the Mexican Revolution, on the morning of December 2, 1915, after the disastrous campaign of his army in the state of Sonora, Pancho Villa angrily arrived in San Pedro de la Cueva and ordered the mass execution of all the residents of the town. He blamed them for the deaths of five of his men. An outpost under the command of one of her colonels, Margarito Orozco, had apprehended 300 men, women and children, training them in front of the church. When Villa ordered his officers to initiate the executions, Colonel Macario Bracamontes, who was active in his ranks, convinced him to spare the lives of a hundred women and children. Immediately, the rest of the prisoners, who numbered 112 men, were lined up against one of the walls of the Catholic church to be put under arms; at the beginning of the executions, the village priest, Andrés A. Flores Quesney, pleaded three times for the lives of the condemned, including his father, but Villa ended up killing him with a shot. The killing continued. Around 91 people between residents, Opatas, foreigners (4) and Chinese (3) [317]

See also

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Bibliography

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