Dicyemida

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Rhombozoa
)

Dicyemida
Photomicrograph of Dicyema japonicum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
(unranked): Protostomia
(unranked): Spiralia
Clade: Platytrochozoa
(unranked): Mesozoa
Phylum: Dicyemida
Class: Rhombozoa

Dicyemida, also known as Rhombozoa, is a phylum of tiny

parasites that live in the renal appendages of cephalopods
.

Taxonomy

Dicyema macrocephalum

Classification is controversial.[1] Traditionally, dicyemids have been grouped with the Orthonectida in the phylum Mesozoa and, from 2017, molecular evidence[2][3] appears to confirm this.

However, other molecular phylogenies have placed the dicyemids more closely related to the

roundworms.[4] Additional molecular evidence suggests that this phylum is derived from the Lophotrochozoa.[5][6]

The phylum (or

Kantharellidae,[7] which have sometimes been further grouped into orders. Authors who treat Dicyemida as an order and separate the family Conocyemidae into a different order (Heterocyemida) prefer 'Rhombozoa' as a more inclusive name for the phylum or class.[3][4][8][9]

Anatomy

Adult dicyemids range in length from 0.5 to 7 millimetres (0.020 to 0.276 in), and they can be easily viewed through a light microscope.[10] They display eutely, a condition in which each adult individual of a given species has the same number of cells, making cell number a useful identifying character. Dicyemida lack respiratory, circulatory, excretory, digestive, and nervous systems.

The organism's structure is simple: a single axial cell is surrounded by a jacket of twenty to thirty

ciliated cells. The anterior region of the organism is termed a calotte and functions to attach the parasite to folds on the surface of its host's renal appendages.[10]

Life cycle

Dicyemids exist in both asexual and sexual forms. The former predominate in juvenile and immature hosts, and the latter in mature hosts. The asexual stage is termed a nematogen; it produces vermiform larvae within the axial cell. These mature through direct development to form more nematogens.[10] Nematogens proliferate in young cephalopods, filling the kidneys.

As the infection ages, perhaps as the nematogens reach a certain density, vermiform larvae mature to form rhombogens, the sexual life stage, rather than more nematogens. This sort of density-responsive reproductive cycle is reminiscent of the asexual reproduction of sporocysts or rediae in larval

trematode infections of snails
. As with the trematode asexual stages, a few nematogens can usually be found in older hosts. Their function may be to increase the population of the parasite to keep up with the growth of the host.

Rhombogens contain hermaphroditic gonads developed within the axial cell. These gonads, more correctly termed infusorigens, self-fertilise to produce infusoriform larvae. These larvae possess a very distinctive morphology, swimming about with ciliated rings that resemble headlights. It has long been assumed that this sexually produced infusoriform, which is released when the host eliminates urine from the kidneys, is both the dispersal and the infectious stage. The mechanism of infection, however, remains unknown, as are the effects, if any, of dicyemids on their hosts.[10]

Some part of the dicyemid life cycle may be tied to

benthic environments, where they occur in greatest abundance[citation needed]. While dicyemids have occasionally been found in the tropics, the infection rates are typically quite low,[11][12] and many potential host species are not infected. Dicyemids have never been reported from truly oceanic cephalopods, who instead host a parasitic ciliate fauna[citation needed]. Most dicyemid species are recovered from only one or two host species. While not strictly host specific, most dicyemids are only found in a few closely related hosts[citation needed
].

References

  1. PMID 17961212
    .
  2. PMID 28560048
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 35858055
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 8865666
    .
  5. S2CID 6070504
    .
  6. S2CID 25877334
    .
  7. ^ "Kantharellidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  8. ^ "Rhombozoa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  9. ^ "Heterocyemida". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  10. ^
    ISBN 0-03-056747-5
    .
  11. ^ Furuya, Hidetaka [in Japanese] (2010). "Systematics, morphology, and life cycle of dicyemid mesozoans (中生動物ニハイチュウの分類、系統、生活史)". Jpn. J. Vet. Parasitol. 9 (1): 128–134.
  12. ^ Hochberg, F.G. (1990). "Diseases caused by protistans and mesozoans". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) in Kinne, Otto. Diseases of Marine animals. Vol. 3. Hamburg: Biologische Anstalt Helgoland. pp. 47–202.

Further reading

Data related to Rhombozoa at Wikispecies

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