Client state: Difference between revisions
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*{{Flag|Northern Cyprus}} is often referred to as a Turkish client state. |
*{{Flag|Northern Cyprus}} is often referred to as a Turkish client state. |
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=== United States === |
=== United States of America === |
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There are three Pacific Island states that are under the [[Compact of Free Association]]: |
There are three Pacific Island states that are under the [[Compact of Free Association]]: |
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*{{Flag|Australia}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Steger|first=Isabella|title=Australia is at a point where it has to choose between its ally America and its economic backer|url=https://qz.com/971330/australia-is-at-a-point-where-it-has-to-choose-between-its-ally-america-and-its-economic-backer-china/|access-date=2020-01-22|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref> |
*{{Flag|Australia}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Steger|first=Isabella|title=Australia is at a point where it has to choose between its ally America and its economic backer|url=https://qz.com/971330/australia-is-at-a-point-where-it-has-to-choose-between-its-ally-america-and-its-economic-backer-china/|access-date=2020-01-22|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref> |
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*{{Flag|Brazil}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-01-28|title=The United States and Brazil: Limits of Influence|language=en-US|journal=Foreign Affairs : America and the World|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1981-06-01/united-states-and-brazil-limits-influence|access-date=2020-01-22|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> |
*{{Flag|Brazil}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-01-28|title=The United States and Brazil: Limits of Influence|language=en-US|journal=Foreign Affairs : America and the World|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1981-06-01/united-states-and-brazil-limits-influence|access-date=2020-01-22|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> |
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*{{Flag|Denmark}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Facebook|last2=Twitter|last3=options|first3=Show more sharing|last4=Facebook|last5=Twitter|last6=LinkedIn|last7=Email|last8=URLCopied!|first8=Copy Link|last9=Print|date=1989-07-02|title=Denmark Becomes 51st State Every Fourth of July|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-07-02-tr-4522-story.html|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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*{{Flag|Georgia}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lieven|first=Anatol|date=2007-11-14|title=A Tale of Two Client States|url=https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/inside-track-a-tale-of-two-client-states-1867|access-date=2020-01-21|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> |
*{{Flag|Georgia}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lieven|first=Anatol|date=2007-11-14|title=A Tale of Two Client States|url=https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/inside-track-a-tale-of-two-client-states-1867|access-date=2020-01-21|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> |
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*{{Flag|Germany}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-12|title=Deutschland, Kolonie der USA – Die Weichen wurden in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit gestellt|url=https://www.westendverlag.de/kommentare/deutschland-kolonie-der-usa-die-weichen-wurden-in-der-unmittelbaren-nachkriegszeit-gestellt/|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Westend Verlag GmbH|language=de-DE}}</ref> |
*{{Flag|Germany}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-12|title=Deutschland, Kolonie der USA – Die Weichen wurden in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit gestellt|url=https://www.westendverlag.de/kommentare/deutschland-kolonie-der-usa-die-weichen-wurden-in-der-unmittelbaren-nachkriegszeit-gestellt/|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Westend Verlag GmbH|language=de-DE}}</ref> |
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*{{Flag|Dominica}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dominica: The Push for Annexation with the United States|url=https://www.thedominican.net/articlesone/usannex.htm|access-date=2021-04-18|website=www.thedominican.net}}</ref> |
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*{{Flag|Japan}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gittings|first=John|date=2007-09-12|title=Contradictions of a client state|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/12/contradictionsofaclientsta|access-date=2020-01-22|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |
*{{Flag|Japan}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gittings|first=John|date=2007-09-12|title=Contradictions of a client state|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/12/contradictionsofaclientsta|access-date=2020-01-22|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |
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*{{Flag|Liberia}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=C.|first=Johnathan|date=April 11, 1996|title=U.S. COPTERS FERRY HUNDREDS OUT OF CHAOTIC LIBERIA|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/04/11/us-copters-ferry-hundreds-out-of-chaotic-liberia/51b4c515-0e61-4695-a203-fb0605d3551d/|journal=New York Times|language=en}}</ref> |
*{{Flag|Liberia}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=C.|first=Johnathan|date=April 11, 1996|title=U.S. COPTERS FERRY HUNDREDS OUT OF CHAOTIC LIBERIA|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/04/11/us-copters-ferry-hundreds-out-of-chaotic-liberia/51b4c515-0e61-4695-a203-fb0605d3551d/|journal=New York Times|language=en}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 22:51, 18 April 2021
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A client state is a state that is economically, politically, or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (termed controlling state in this article) in
.Controlling states in history
Persia, Greece, and Rome
Ancient states such as
feudal system
began to take hold.
Under the Mongols and the Yuan dynasty
In the 13th century,
semi-autonomous client state of the Yuan dynasty
for about 80 years.
Ottoman Empire
The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but notable were the
Sultanate of Aceh
.
19th and 20th centuries
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2014) |
Russia and Serbia
The
Austro-Hungarian Empire tried to make Serbia a client state in order to form a Christian opposition to the Ottoman Empire. That changed after a revolution in Serbia in 1900. Serbia now came under Russian protection, which was forming a pan-Orthodox opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned the Austro-Hungarian Empire against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilized its army.[4][5][6] Russia also wanted Bulgaria[7] and Montenegro[8]
as client states.
Great Britain and Austria both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.[9] Most historians call Serbia a client state but historian Christopher Clark disagrees. He says the Russians made a mistake in thinking Serbia was a client state. In an unpublished commentary Clark argues:
It was a risk enhancing initiative [of Russian Foreign Minister Serge Sazanov]
to allow Serbia to becometo see Serbia as a kind of client; ... Serbia, to my knowledge, has never been a client of anyone. [...] This is a mistake, when Great Powers think they can secure the services of "client states";ThatThose "clients" are never in fact "clients"! That's a mistake that is presumably going to continue being made by our political leaderships, though one hopes one day it will stop.[10]
France
During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras (1789–1815), France conquered most of western Europe and established several client states. At first, during the
Rhodanic Republic), Belgium and the Netherlands (Batavian Republic
).
During the First French Empire, while Napoleon and the French army conquered Europe, such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, first under Joseph Bonaparte's rule and later under Marshal Joachim Murat. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Etruria. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by Napoleon's third brother, Louis Bonaparte.
A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the
Jerome Bonaparte, the Emperor's youngest brother; and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg
.
Following the
Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte; as was Poland, then the Duchy of Warsaw
.
In the 20th century, France started to apply the concept of
sometimes extended to the former Belgian colonies. At present the term is used on some occasions to criticise the allegedly neocolonial relationship France has with its former colonies in Africa.The countries involved provide oil and minerals important to the French economy. In addition, French companies have commercial interests in several countries of the continent.
British Empire
British Indian Empire. The princely states
are in yellow.In the
Lord Lugard), and Malaya with the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States; the policy of indirect rule
.
Germany
After
Slovak Republic, the Croatian State and the Albanian Kingdom
.
United States
SEATO nations hosted by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos
on 24 October 1966The term applied to authoritarian regimes with close ties to the United States during the Cold War, more appropriately referred to as U.S. proxy states, such as
Iran until 1979, Cambodia under the regime of Lon Nol from 1970 to 1975, the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986,[13] and Saudi Arabia. U.S. - Iran relations under the Shah (reigned 1941 to 1979) have been cited[by whom?] as a modern political-science case-study.[14]
Chile (1973–1990)
island of Taiwanfrom 1949)
Cuba (1902–1959)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
South Vietnam (1955–1975)
A school of thought saw an earlier incarnation of Canada as a client state of the U.S.[15]
The term might also arguably be used for those states extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the Compact of Free Association (the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau) may fall somewhat[quantify] in this category.
Japan
In the late 19th century, the
Japanese Empire gradually reduced Joseon Korea's status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to direct rule. Manchukuo
, in contrast, remained a puppet state throughout World War II.
Soviet Union
Soviet proxy or "client" states included much of the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Within the Soviet Union itself, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, had seats at the United Nations
, but were actually proper Soviet territory.
- Warsaw Pact and Comecon states:
Albania (1946-1968)
Bulgaria
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
East Germany (1949-1990)
Hungary
Mongolia
Poland
Soviet–Romanian split)
Vietnam (North Vietnam to 1976)
People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
Afghanistan (1979–92)
China (until the Sino-Soviet split)
Laos
North Korea
Tito-Stalin split)
21st century
Argentina
After the
Argentine monetary crisis
, this relationship may no longer be true.
Australia
Papua New Guinea, also involved in the Pacific Solution, has been called to a lesser extent, a client state of Australia.[23]
Solomon Islands
China
Cambodia has sometimes been considered a client state of China.[24]- Laos has also been considered a Chinese client state, although this is disputed.[25]
Myanmar has been described as "a near-client state of China".[26]
Nepal has been described as a client state of China by Huffpost.[27]- North Korea has sometimes been seen as a client state of the People's Republic of China since the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991,[16] although this sometimes disputed.[28]
Zimbabwe has sometimes been referred to as a client state.[29]
France
Cameroon has been described as a client state of France.[30]
Djibouti has been described as a client state of France.[31]
Gabon has been described as a client state of France.[32]
Ivory Coast has been described as a client state of France.[33]
India
Bangladesh has sometimes been referred to as a client state.[34][35]
Bhutan is sometimes referred to as an Indian client state.[36][37]
Iran
These countries have to varying degrees been called client states of Iran.
Russia
Belarus - Financial Times has said that Russia "has long treated Belarus as a client state".[43]
Iran: see Iran–Russia relations
Kyrgyzstan has been referred to as a Russian client state.[44][45]
Armenia is sometimes referred to as a Russian client state.[46]
Syria has sometimes been called a client state of Russia.[47][48][49][50]
Venezuela is sometimes referred to as a Russian client state.[51]
Saudi Arabia
Bahrain - According to The Atlantic, "Bahrain has long positioned itself as a client state to Saudi Arabia as well as the U.S."[52]
civil war in Yemen.
Turkey
Azerbaijan is sometimes referred to as a Turkish client state.[53]
Northern Cyprus is often referred to as a Turkish client state.
United States of America
There are three Pacific Island states that are under the Compact of Free Association:
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Palau
Puerto Rico Is officially a commonwealth of the United States, that is, it has a pact of association for the common good with the United States. It is an associated state, but unlike the other three it is not entirely independent.
Walter C. Ladwig III, Assistant Professor of International Relations at King's College London, classifies Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan as "contemporary client states" of the United States.[54]
Various other media have listed the following as American client states:[55][56][57]
- Afghanistan
- Bahrain
Colombia
Iraq
Israel
Kosovo
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia
South Korea- Taiwan
- Yemen (Cabinet of Yemen)
While the term has also been used to describe:
Australia[58]
Brazil[59]
Denmark[60]
Georgia[61]
Germany[62]
Dominica[63]
Japan[64]
Liberia[65]
Ukraine[66]
United Kingdom[67]
See also
- Protectorate
- Indirect rule
- Vassal state
- Tributary (political)
- Suzerain
- Puppet state
- Banana republic
- Satellite state
References
- ^ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
- ISBN 9783161497179.
- ^ Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994,page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king
- ^ Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012) p 481.
- ISBN 978-1424069606.
- ISBN 9781315509440.
- ISBN 9780521522519.
- ISBN 9780701172930.
- ISBN 9780335093076.
- ^ CIRSD Conference on WWI: Panel "What Kind of Failure?" - Prof. Christopher Clark, 21:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sV2147p9xho Published on 30 May 2014.
- ^ "The French African Connection". Al Jazeera. April 7, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
- ^ Haski, Pierre (July 21, 2013). "The Return of Françafrique". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
- ^ "Imelda's Tears". The New Yorker. April 12, 1998.
- ^
ISBN 9780801424120. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
- ^
Williams, Glen (1989). "6: Canada in the International Political Economy". In Clement, Wallace; Williams, Glen (eds.). The New Canadian Political Economy. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 116, 130. ISBN 9780773506817. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
The dependency school, dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s, argued that Canada is an economic colony with a client state. [...] while it might have been possible a decade ago to use a Latin American dependency model when describing Canada, because of its excessive degree of foreign ownership and 'American client state' status, both Canadian capitalists and the Canadian state have now 'come of age.'
- ^ a b Mizokami, Kyle (8 January 2016). "Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons". The Week.
- ^ "Pacific correspondent Mike Field". Radio New Zealand. 18 June 2015.
- ^ "Chris Kenny visits Nauru as borders open up to allies". The Saturday Paper.
- ISBN 9781854584496.
- ^ Ben Doherty. "This is Abyan's story, and it is Australia's story". the Guardian.
- ^ "'Opportunistic' Nauru not fit to sign refugee convention". Crikey. July 15, 2010.
- ^ "Nauru's former chief justice predicts legal break down". News.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.regionalsecurity.org.au. 2010. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
- ISSN 1556-5068.
- ^ Jennings, Ralph. "Impoverished Laos Shows Resistance To Becoming A Client State Of China". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ "China's Myanmar Problem". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
- ^ Novick, Rebecca; ContributorWriter; Optimist, Eternal (2010-10-05). "Is Nepal China's Client State?". HuffPost. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
{{cite web}}:|last2=has generic name (help) - ^ Standard, The. "(Commentary) North Korea is not a client state that China can control". The Standard. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
- ^ Brautigam, Deborah. "China and Zimbabwe: After Mugabe".
- ^ "Editorial | African solution: Threatened countries must fight off Boko Haram". therecord.com. October 20, 2015.
- ^ Parmelee, Jennifer (November 23, 1993). "REBELS SHAKE DJIBOUTI'S STABILITY".
- ^ https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-d-etudes-africaines-2019-2-page-483.html
- ^ "France's Ivorian quagmire". 8 November 2004.
- ^ "Bangladesh Just Became a Vassal State". The Diplomat. 4 October 2016.
- ^ "Not Only in Ladakh, India Losing Ground in Bangladesh Too". South Asia Journal. 18 June 2020.
- ^ "India treating Bhutan as 'protectorate', says Chinese commentary". The Hindu. 5 August 2013.
- ^ "What Were China's Objectives in the Doklam Dispute?". RAND Corporation. 8 September 2017.
- ^ "Iraq is a Client State of Iran". International Policy Digest. 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ www.idf.il https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/iran/iran-in-syria/the-future-of-irans-presence-in-syria/. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Barfi, Barak (2016-01-24). "The Real Reason Why Iran Backs Syria". The National Interest. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ "Saudi airstrikes in Yemen may have stopped, but the conflict rages on". Middle East Monitor. April 24, 2015.
- ^ "Belarus and Russia ease tensions over oil supplies". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ^ "Cooley: Kyrgyzstan is entering a new era as a Russian client state". www.ponarseurasia.org. 2014-09-19. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ "With Massive Russian Military Aid, Is Kyrgyzstan Becoming A Client State?". Eurasianet. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ "New Armenia Will Stay With Russia, If Reluctantly (Op-ed)". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
- ^ Knight, Amy (2015-10-08). "Why Russia Needs Syria". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ^ "Analysis: Despite Icy Relations With U.S., Could Putin End Syrian War?". NBC News. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ^ Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2019-11-18). "Is Russia the Middle East's New Hegemon? | by Shlomo Ben-Ami". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ^ "Former local U.S. Congressman Sweeney defends Russian bank work | The Daily Gazette". dailygazette.com. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ Fisher, Max (2011-09-21). "Obama's UN Address and the Bahrain Exception". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ "NATO's Rogue Member Meddles in Another Conflict". Cato Institute. September 29, 2020.
- ^
Ladwig, Walter C. (2017). The Forgotten Front: Patron-Client Relationships in Counter Insurgency. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 9781107170773. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
As with their Cold War counterparts, it was erroneous for American policymakers to believe that the governments of contemporary client states, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, necessarily shared their desire to defeat radical Islamic insurgents by adhering to the prescriptions of U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine.
- ^ Fisher, Max (2011-09-27). "The Decline of American Client States". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ Jegic, Denijal. "Trump's Kosovo-Serbia normalisation deal is all about Israel". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- ^ Mason, Mark (2018-01-15). "'Pakistan Is a Fractured Client State of the US Empire, Afghanistan a US Colony'". TheCitizen.in. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
- ^ Steger, Isabella. "Australia is at a point where it has to choose between its ally America and its economic backer". Quartz. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ Facebook; Twitter; options, Show more sharing; Facebook; Twitter; LinkedIn; Email; URLCopied!, Copy Link; Print (1989-07-02). "Denmark Becomes 51st State Every Fourth of July". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Lieven, Anatol (2007-11-14). "A Tale of Two Client States". The National Interest. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
- ^ "Deutschland, Kolonie der USA – Die Weichen wurden in der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit gestellt". Westend Verlag GmbH (in German). 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
- ^ "Dominica: The Push for Annexation with the United States". www.thedominican.net. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
- ^ C., Johnathan (April 11, 1996). "U.S. COPTERS FERRY HUNDREDS OUT OF CHAOTIC LIBERIA". New York Times.
- ^ Dubovyk, Volodymyr (2017-02-16). "Is Ukraine a "Client State" of the United States?". PonarsEuarasia - Policy Memos.
- ^ "David Leigh and Richard Norton-Taylor: We are now a client state". the Guardian. 2003-07-17. Retrieved 2021-02-17.