Zhoushan

Zhoushan

On 8 July 2011, the central government approved Zhoushan as Zhoushan Archipelago New Area, a state-level new area.

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The archipelago was inhabited 6,000 years ago, during the

After suppression of the pirates, Zhoushan became an important commercial port of entry. Under the early Qing dynasty, it played a similar role to Xiamen and Guangzhou as a frequent port of call for Western traders.^[7] Changguo Prefecture became Dinghai County within Zhejiang Province in 1688 under the Qing. The restriction of all European trade to the port of Guangzhou in 1760 forced Westerners to leave Zhoushan. One of the requests of Lord Macartney's embassy to the Qianlong Emperor in 1793 was an acquisition of "a small unfortified island near Zhoushan for the residence of English traders, storage of goods, and outfitting of ships." The Qianlong Emperor denied this request together with all the rest.^[8]

British forces under Captain

Zhoushan was promoted to a prefecture-level "city" on 27 January 1987, with Dinghai and Putuo Counties upgraded to districts. The municipal People's Government was established on 8 March of that year. April of the same year, the ports of Zhoushan became open to foreign ships. On 10 April 1988, it became a coastal economic open zone.

Zhoushan administers two

Map
Dinghai Putuo Daishan County Shengsi County
Subdivision	Hanzi	Pinyin	Population ( 2010 )	Terrestrial Area (km2)
Dinghai District	定海区	Dìnghǎi Qū	464,184	568.8
Putuo District	普陀区	Pǔtuó Qū	378,805	458.6
Daishan County	岱山县	Dàishān Xiàn	202,164	326.5
Shengsi County	嵊泗县	Shèngsì Xiàn	76,108	86

• Dinghai District
  (13 divisions, including 10 sub-districts and 3 towns)
  • Sub-district: Jiefang (解放), Changguo (昌国), Huannan (環南), Chengdong (城東), Yancang (盐倉), Lincheng (临城), Qiandao (千島), Xiaosha (小沙), Ma'ao (馬岙), Cengang (岑港)
  • Town: Baiquan (白泉), Jintang (金塘), Ganlan (干𬒗)
• Putuo District
  (9 divisions, including 4 sub-districts and 5 towns)
  • Sub-district: Shenjiamen (沈家门), Donggang (东港), Zhanmao (展茅), Zhujiajian (朱家尖)
  • Town: Putuoshan (普陀山), Dongji (东极), Taohua (桃花), Xiazhi (蝦峙), Liuheng (六橫)
• Daishan County (7 divisions, including 6 towns and 1 township)
  • Town: Gaoting (高亭), Qushan (衢山), Changtu (長涂), Dongsha (東沙), Daidong (岱東), Daixi (岱西)
  • Township: Xiushan (秀山)
• Shengsi County (7 divisions, including 3 towns and 4 townships)
  • Town: Caiyuan (菜園), Yangshan (洋山), Shengshan (嵊山)
  • Township: Wulong (五龍), Huanglong (黃龍), Gouqi (枸杞), Huaniao (花鳥)

In particular, Qiandao and Lincheng sub-districts of Dinghai District are governed by a special new town administration committee of Zhoushan.

Skyline of Dinghai harbor waterfront

The Zhoushan Archipelago, comprising 1,390 islands and 3,306 reefs, is outside of Hangzhou Bay. It is the largest archipelago of China. Among these islands, 103 are inhabited all year round, 58 are larger than 1 square kilometer (0.39 sq mi), and only 12 have populations over 10,000. Below is a list of major inhabited islands.

(DH = Dinghai District, PT = Putuo District, DS = Daishan County, SS = Shengsi County)

There are six major islands (over 50 km² (19 sq mi)):

• Zhoushan Island (舟山岛), 502.65 km² (194.07 sq mi), 635,595 (DH/PT)
• Daishan Island
  (岱山岛), 119.32 km² (46.07 sq mi), 111,765 (DS)
• Liuheng Island (六横岛), 109.40 km² (42.24 sq mi), 59,102 (PT)
• Jintang Island (金塘岛), 82.11 km² (31.70 sq mi), 37,321 (DH)
• Zhujiajian Island (朱家尖岛), 75.84 km² (29.28 sq mi), 27,981 (PT)
• Qushan Island (衢山岛/大衢岛), 73.57 km² (28.41 sq mi), 53,016 (DS)

There are 11 middle-size islands (between 10 and 50 km² (3.9 and 19.3 sq mi)):

• Taohua Island (桃花岛), 44.43 km² (17.15 sq mi), 10,867 (PT)
• Greater Changtu Island (大长涂山), 40.62 km² (15.68 sq mi), 1,750 (DS)
• Xiushan Island (秀山岛), 26.33 km² (10.17 sq mi), 10,106 (DS)
• Sijiao Island (泗礁山), 25.88 km² (9.99 sq mi), 39,008 (SS)
• Xiazhi Island (虾峙岛), 18.59 km² (7.18 sq mi), 11,247 (PT)
• Dengbu Island (登步岛), 16.72 km² (6.46 sq mi), 2,479 (PT)
• Mount Putuo (普陀山), 16.06 km² (6.20 sq mi), 10,337 (PT)
• Cezi Island (册子岛), 14.97 km² (5.78 sq mi), 6,334 (DH)
• Changbai Island (长白岛), 14.16 km² (5.47 sq mi), 3,066 (DH)
• Lesser Changtu Island (小长涂山), 13.33 km² (5.15 sq mi), 19,750 (DS)
• Dayu Island (大鱼山), 11.03 km² (4.26 sq mi), 788 (DS)

Zhoushan includes 20,800 km² (8,031 sq mi) of marine territory, but only 1,440.12 km² (556 sq mi) of land, 183.19 km² (71 sq mi) of which are submerged during high tides. It is 182 km (113 mi) east-west and 169 km (105 mi) north-south and although heavily populated now has few farms.

Zhoushan has a four-season, monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with cool, damp winters, and hot, humid summers. Conditions, especially during summer, are generally moderated by the surrounding waters of the East China Sea, bringing a January average of 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) and August average of 27.8 °C (82.0 °F), with an annual mean of 17.1 °C (62.8 °F). Precipitation is significant throughout the year, with the greatest rainfall during summer. With 1,823.7 hours of bright sunshine annually, ranging from 30% sunshine in June to 53% in July and August, the second half of the year is sunnier.

According to the report from the

• Although named after
  Jinjiang. The construction of the airport began in March 1997 and completed in August 1997 with an investment of 410 million RMB yuan, and is rated as a 4D airport. As of 2016, Zhoushan Airport is the 86th largest civic airport in Mainland China
  in terms of passengers handled with a total of 800.9 thousand users. Expansion including a new terminal and 2,500 by 23 meters (8,202 by 75 ft) taxiway is under construction.

• Zhenhai District of Ningbo to be specific. These five bridges are Cengang Bridge (岑港大桥), Xiangjiaomen Bridge (响礁门大桥), Taoyaomen Bridge (桃夭门大桥), Xihoumen Bridge (西堠门大桥) and Jintang Bridge
  (金塘大桥). The painstaking huge project, started in 1999 and completed in 2010, is the largest bridge group in China. Xihoumen Bridge, in particular, is the world's second-longest suspension bridge in terms of the length of the central span.

• China National Highway 329, which starts from Hangzhou and ends in Zhujiajian Sub-district of Zhoushan with a current length of 292 km (181 mi), is the only national highway serving the city of Zhoushan. It is also the shortest national level highway that runs in the east–west direction. Before reaching Zhoushan, Highway 329 passes through municipalities of Shaoxing and Ningbo. The route between the boundaries of Ningbo and Zhoushan is built in the form of ferry, which is also unique in the national highway system. The ferry dock on Ningbo's side is named Baifeng, and the one on Zhoushan's side is named Yadanshan. The route of Highway 329 in Zhoushan has undergone several changes and adjustments. Initially the route went through the southern shoreline of Zhoushan Island and ended in Shenjiamen. However, with the construction of Zhujiajian Bridge, the route was extended all the way to Nansha Beach of Zhujiajian Island. Later, with the development Dinghai and Lincheng, part of Highway 329 was designated as urban roads instead of a rapid passing corridor. Therefore, Highway 329 went on to take the route of the outer ring road of Dinghai and Highway Baiquan-Shenjiamen. Recently to optimize the highway structure of Zhoushan, Highway 329 is undergoing another large modification in its route. The new route, designed with a series of tunnels and interchanges, will run at the center of Zhoushan Island to form its backbone. Seven tunnels on the new route account for a length of 11,187 meters (36,703 ft). A total of 5 interchanges are designed along the new route. The project, projected to spend 5 billion yuan, is set to finish in 2015.^[20]
• Zhoushan bus rapid transit (舟山快速公交) is the rapid transit system with dedicated lanes between urban agglomerations on Zhoushan Island. Line One, designed with a route of 25 km (16 mi), started to operate since 1 October 2013 connecting Dinghai and Donggang, Putuo. A total of 10 BRT stops are set on Line One: Dinghai Dongmen (定海东门总站), Dinghai Tanfeng (定海檀枫), Dinghai Chengdong (定海城东), Xincheng Nanhai (新城南海), Xincheng Central (新城总站), Xincheng Zhoushan Hospital (新城舟山医院), Xincheng Fulidao Road (新城富丽岛路), Putuo Puxi (普陀浦西), Putuo Chengbei (普陀城北总站), and Putuo Donggang Gymnasium (普陀东港体育馆). The service time for Line One starts at 6:30 and ends at 20:00 with a frequency of approximately 120 daily. The standard fare is 2 yuan regardless of stops traveled. Passengers with public transit IC cards are eligible for a 20 percentage discount per trip. Passengers can transfer to normal public transit buses once for free within one hour of initial aboard time. All buses are covered with 4G wireless signal. Other lines are being planned and will be constructed in the near future.^[21]

• The under construction Ningbo–Zhoushan railway will start from Ningbo Station and end in Zhoushan Baiquan Station, with a total length of 80.8 kilometers (50.2 mi). The line is planned to include 9 stations. The section between Ningbo East Station and Jintang Station runs passenger and freight trains, while the section between Jintang Station and Baiquan Station is a dedicated line for passengers.^{[citation needed]}

• Two major ferry routes with high frequency (intervals vary from fifteen minutes to an hour) connect Zhoushan Main Island to Shanghai to the north and Ningbo to the south. Besides, there are scheduled ships travelling between Zhoushan and other ports, such as Wenzhou and Fuzhou. Major inhabited islands within the municipality are served by smaller scale ferries and speedboat fleets. Frequencies depend on levels of population.^{[citation needed]}

There exist 2 power connections: HVDC Zhoushan, the first HVDC built in China and Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie with the tallest electricity pylons in the world, as well as the world's longest span.^{[citation needed]}

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Zhoushan, which proudly boasts two national level key scenic areas (Mount Putuo and Shengsi Islands) and two provincial level key scenic areas (Taohua Island and Daishan), is always praised to be the "backyard garden" of

Mount Putuo National Scenic Area (普陀山国家级重点风景名胜区) consists of two parts, Mount Putuo and Zhujiajian Eastern Coast, although most people would easily ignore the latter part due to its overwhelming fame of Mount Putuo. The scenic area, with a total area of 41.85 square kilometers (16.16 sq mi), is the only place in China where combines the mountain and sea views, and religious culture perfectly.

On a visit in the early 1830s, missionary Karl Gützlaff noted that the island of "Poo-to" boasted two large and 60 small temples, attended by 2,000 monks,

To every person who visits this island, it appears at first like a fairy land, so romantic is everything which meets the eye. Those large inscriptions hewn in solid granite, the many temples which appear in every direction, the highly picturesque scenery itself, with its many-peaked, riven, and detached rocks, and above all a stately mausoleum, the largest which I have ever seen, containing the bones and ashes of thousands of priests, quite bewilder the imagination.^[23]

Zhujiajian (朱家尖) is the fifth largest island of the archipelago and a newly developed seaside resort with intriguing seascapes, unmarred beaches, dense woods, sheer rock cliffs, hills for hiking, extraordinary seafood and displays of fishermen folk culture. It is home to the Zhoushan International Sand Sculpture Festival, which is held on the Nansha Beach, one of the five consecutive beaches, at the turn of summer and autumn every year.^[24] Daqing Mountain is the best location to get the incomparable view of southern Zhoushan Islands and the continental China (Chuanshan Peninsula) on clear days. It is also an ideal place for extreme sports, such as car racing, mountain cycling, gliding, rock climbing and bungee jumping. Baishan Mountain features huge natural rocks of different shapes, Guanyin carving on the cliff, and the Putuo Impression show, directed by Zhang Yimou. Zhujiajian is also the site for Mount Putuo Buddhist Academy. Wushitang (Dark Stone Beach) is the 500-meter (1,600 ft) beach consisting of numerous dark colored pebbles.

Daishan Provincial Level Scenic Area

Daishan (岱山), originally known as Penglai, is believed to have been reached by

Eastern China

. It is an ideal place for camping, flying kites, and movie-shooting. The beach is also the location for yearly worship services or matsuris of the ocean for fishing harvest. Dongsha Ancient Town was once the county seat of Daishan, with hundreds years of commercial and exchange activities associated to traditional fishing industry. Several major buildings and facilities have been well protected. Shuanghe features wonderful large-scale man-made cliffs and precipices which are the result of hundreds years of carving for granite materials for architectural purposes. Daishan has the reputation of being a county of museums. Its collection of museums include themes such as fishing culture, Zhoushan dialect, typhoon, lighthouse, salt production, etc. Besides the above-stated attractions on Daishan Island, other islands are noteworthy as well. For example, Xiushan Island features the only inter-tidal mud theme park in China. Qushan Island features Mount Guanyin, which is also a bodhimanda of Guanyin. Changtu is a traditional fishing port.

Other attractions

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• Dongji Islands (东极岛), formerly known as Zhongjieshan Chain of Islands (中街山列岛), is a group of islands located at the eastmost end of the Zhoushan Archipelago, extending far into the East China Sea. It is famous for well-preserved original fishing villages, and unpolluted natural seascapes.
• Shenjiamen Fishing Port (沈家门渔港) is the traditional center of Zhoushan Fishery and the largest fishing port of China. Its seafront promenade of open-air seafood restaurants is widely appreciated for fresh seafood served, wonderful views of the port and plenty of strolling musicians.
• Opium War Memorial (Zhushan Park) (鸦片战争遗址公园(竹山公园)) is an urban park at the southwestern corner of
  Dinghai
  county town in memory of the battle fought between Zhoushaners and the British around 1840, notably the heroic deeds of three generals, Ge Yunfei, Wang Xipeng and Zheng Guohong.

• He Wei (何爲; 1922–2011), writer
• Sanmao
  (三毛; 1943–1991), Taiwanese writer
• Wong Kar-wai (王家衛; born 1958), Hong Kong filmmaker
• Michael Miu (苗僑偉; born 1958), Hong Kong TVB actor
• Wu Shanzhuan (吳山專; born 1960), artist
• He Saifei (何賽飛; born 1964), actress
• Sandy Lam (林憶蓮; born 1966), Hong Kong singer

• K. H. Ting (丁光训; 1915–2012), vice-chairman of the 10th CPPCC National Committee, chairman of the China Amity Foundation
• Qiao Shi (乔石; 1924–2015), former chairman of People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
• Tung Chee Hwa
  (董建華; born 1937), the first elected Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
• Chai Songyue (柴松岳; born 1941), former governor of Zhejiang Province (1997–2002)
• Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor
  (林鄭月娥; born 1957), the fifth elected Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

• Tung Chao Yung
  (董浩雲; 1912–1982), shipping tycoon and founder of several major shipping companies
• Yang Yuanqing (杨元庆; born 1964), chief executive officer of Lenovo
• Jin Zhuanglong (金壮龙; born 1964), chairman of Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China Ltd

• Xu Jingbo (徐靜波; born 1963), journalist and founder of Asian News Agency
• Ji Xiaohua (嵇晓华; born 1977), founder of popular science website guokr.com

Zhoushan City has 111 licensed kindergartens, 62 primary schools, 34 middle schools, 16 high schools, 7 vocational schools, and 3 higher-educational level colleges and universities.

• City of Greater Geraldton, Western Australia, Australia
• Cangzhou, Hebei
• Richmond, California, United States
• La Spezia, Province of La Spezia, Italy
• Szekszárd, Tolna County, Hungary
• Tinos, Cyclades, Greece
• Lefkada, Ionian Islands, Greece
• Kesennuma, Miyagi, Japan
• Ganghwa County, Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea
• Gokseong County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea
• Sacheon City, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea
• Imus, Cavite, Philippines
• Zamboanga City, Philippines

• List of islands of China
• East Sea Fleet

1. mountain
   " but also frequently refers to ranges (Chinese uses few plural forms), hills (properly 小山 or "little mountains"), and to islands ("mountains-in-the-sea") in proper names.

References

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b} "China: Zhèjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
2. ^ 浙江省统计局. 2021年浙江统计年鉴 17-2 各市国民经济主要指标（2021年） (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
3. ^ Wang, Wenhong. 舟山岛的地名来历. Sina Blog (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 December 2014.
4. ^ Gernet 2002, pages 182–183.
5. ^ David McCraw (2003). "Magic Precincts: Five Buddhist temples and How They Grew" (PDF). Center for Chinese Studies, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2009.
6. ^ Gernet 2002, page 422.
7. ^ Spence 1991, page 120.
8. ^ "Emperor Ch'ien lung to King George III (1793)". web.jjay.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on 4 May 1999. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
9. ^ Spence 1991, page 156.
10. ^ Welsh 1997, page 108.
11. ^ Spence 1991, page 157.
12. ^ Walter Graham Blackie (1875). The Imperial Gazetteer. London. p. 696.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
13. ^ 1991-2020 normals "Climate averages from 1991 to 2020". China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023.
14. ^ 1981-2010 extremes 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data [China Meteorological Data Network - WeatherBk Data] (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
15. ^ "Sina Visitor System" 【浙江高温可能破纪录】今天最新预报，杭州报8月4日42℃，绍兴报8月3-4日43℃，如果实现都将打破当地观测史最高气温纪录。图3简单列举了部分浙江城市的观测史最高气温纪录。 (in Simplified Chinese). weatherman_信欣 on Weibo. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
16. ^ 2008舟山统计年鉴. Zstj.net. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
17. ^ 舟山市2016年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (in Chinese).
18. ^ 舟山网·大海网:宁波舟山港货物吞吐量全球第一. Zhoushan.cn. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
19. ^ 舟山市2012年国民经济和社会发展统计公报. Zsdx.gov.cn. 20 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
20. ^ 舟山网·大海网:带你认识一个全新的国道. Zhoushan.cn. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
21. ^ BRT来了 舟山快速公交一号线指南-定海新闻网. Dhnews.zjol.com.cn. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
22. ^ 舟山市2012年国民经济和社会发展统计公报. Stats-sh.gov.cn. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
23. ^ Gützlaff, Karl Friedrich A (1840). Journal of Three Voyages Along the Coast of China, in 1831, 1832 and 1833 With Notices of Siam, Corea, and the Loo-Choo Islands. p. 444.
24. ^ "Undiscovered Zhoushan". Archived from the original on 14 June 2012.
25. ^ "Taohua (Peach Plossom) Island". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.
26. ^ 舟山教育网. Zsjy.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.

Bibliography

•  This article incorporates text from The Imperial Gazetteer, by Walter Graham Blackie, a publication from 1875, now in the public domain in the United States.
• Gernet, Jacques (2002). A History of Chinese Civilization. translated by J.R. Foster and Charles Hartmann (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 0-521-49781-7
  .
• ISBN 0-393-30780-8
  .
• Welsh, Frank (1997). A History of Hong Kong (revised ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers.
  ISBN 0-00-638871-X
  .

Further reading

• China. Statistical Dept (1880). Special catalogue of the Ningpo collection of exhibits for the international fishery exhibition, Berlin, 1880: Preceded by a description of the fisheries of Ningpo and the Chusan Archipelago. SHANGHAI: STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE INSPECTORATE GENERAL: Statistical Dept. p. 132. Retrieved 1 March 2012.(the New York Public Library)(Digitized 2 December 2009)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zhoushan.

• Government website of Zhoushan (in Chinese)
• New Area website of Zhoushan (in Chinese)
• Government website of Zhoushan
• 舟山网 (Zhoushan Net) (in Chinese): Local news and info
• "Undiscovered Zhoushan" : Maps and tourist information