Afghan cuisine

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Afghan cuisine is influenced to a certain extent by

The cuisine of Afghanistan is halal and has elements from various places, for example garam masala from India, coriander and mint from Iran, dumplings and noodles from Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China, and baklava from Turkey.^[8][9] The similarities can be seen in the use of spices like cumin and cinnamon (as in Indian cuisine), green cardamom flavors (as in Chinese tea), and kebabs and yoghurts (as in Turkish and Arab cuisines).^[10]

Staple foods

Rice

Rice is a core staple food in Afghan cuisine and the most important part of any meal.

• Kabuli palaw (the national dish^[7]
  ) – meat and stock are added, plus a topping of fried raisins, slivered carrots, and pistachios
• Yakhni palaw – meat and stock are added to give the rice a brown color
• Zamarod palaw – spinach qorma is mixed in before the baking process, hence zamarod, meaning "emerald"
• Bore palaw – lawand is added giving the rice a yellow color
• Landi palaw – a traditional meal of rice (with stock made from chicken or mutton that has been salted and dried in the sun)
• Bonjan-e-roomi palaw – bonjan-e-roomi (tomato qorma) is added during baking giving the rice a red color
• Serkah palaw – similar to yakhni pulao, but with vinegar and other spices
• Shibet palaw – fresh dill and raisins are added during baking
• Narenj palaw – a sweet elaborate rice dish made with saffron, orange peel, pistachios, almonds, and chicken
• Maash palaw – a strictly vegetarian sweet-and-sour pilaf baked with mung beans, apricots, and bulgur wheat
• Alou balou palaw – a sweet rice dish with plums and chicken

Afghan bread

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Afghan bread is flat and cooked in a tanoor or tandoor (a vertical ground clay oven). The bread is slapped onto a stone wall to cook. Tabakhai is a flatbread cooked on a flat upside-down pan.

Major dishes

Steamed dumplings

There is a wide variety of dumplings. Known under the name khameerbob and often eaten as dumplings, these native dishes are popular. Due to the long time required to make the dough for the dumplings, they are rarely served at large gatherings, such as weddings. They are instead served on special occasions at home.^{[citation needed]}

• Aushak – dumplings filled with a mixture consisting mainly of leeks, topped with either garlic-mint qoroot or a garlic yogurt sauce, sautéed tomatoes, red kidney beans, and a well-seasoned ground-meat mixture (It is a dish associated with Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan.)
• Mantu
  – steamed dumplings filled with onion and ground beef or lamb, usually topped with a tomato- and yogurt- or qoroot-based sauce and then garnished with dried mint and coriander (The yogurt-based topping is usually a mixture of yogurt, garlic, and split chickpeas. The qoroot-based sauce is made of goat's cheese and also mixed with garlic; a qoroot and yogurt mixture will sometimes be used.)

Qormah

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Other popular kabobs include the lamb chop, ribs, kofta (ground beef), and chicken.

Chapli kebab, a specialty of eastern Afghanistan, is a patty of minced beef. It is a popular barbecue meal in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is prepared flat and round and served with naan. The original recipe of chapli kabob dictates a half-meat, half-flour mixture which renders it lighter in taste and less expensive.

Chicken

Afghan chicken or murgh-e is a classic example of one of the most famous dishes of Afghanistan. Chicken dishes are usually found in restaurants and at outdoor street vendor stalls. Unlike in the Indian cooking style, chicken in Afghan cuisine is often used with the intention that it be halal. Cream, butter, and curd are customary ingredients in all chicken recipes, whether served as an appetizer or a main course.

Quroot

Quroot (or qoroot) is a reconstituted dairy product, traditionally a by-product of butter made from sheep's or goat's milk. The residual buttermilk remaining after churning butter is soured further (by keeping it at room temperature for a few days), treated with salt, and then eventually boiled. The precipitated casein is filtered through cheesecloth, pressed in order to remove liquid, and then shaped into balls; the product is thus a hard and very sour cottage cheese. Though it can be eaten raw as a savory snack, it is typically served with cooked Afghan dishes such as aushak, mantu, and kichri qoroot.

Miscellaneous

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• 
  Bolani
• 
  Cooked okra is also served for lunch or as a side dish
• 
  Afghan lamb kebab with yellow saffron rice
• 
  Roasted chicken
• 
  Samples of some native Afghan fruits

Desserts and snacks

As a desert after a meal, most Afghans generally eat fresh fruit. For snacks, they may drink tea with something sweet like cakes, cookies or pastries. On occasions, they also eat dried fruits which are widely available in every Afghan market. Other typical desserts include the following:

• Afghan cake (similar to pound cake, sometimes with real fruit or jelly inside)
• Baklava (pastry)
• Bastani
• Cream roll (pastry)
• Falooda or Faloodeh
• Firini^[16]
• Fernea, sometimes spelled feereny, (
  cornstarch
  help make this very sweet, similar to rice pudding without the rice)
• Kolcha (variety of cookies, baked in clay ovens with charcoal)
• Sheer yakh, a traditional wet ice cream
• Sheer khurma, a traditional dessert
• Sheer berinj (rice pudding
  )

Soups

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• Shorba (Afghan soup similar to borscht
  )
• Shorwa-E-Tarkari[17] (meat and vegetable soup)
• Peyawa or Eshkana (a soup based on flour, similar to a gravy, but mixed with chopped onion, potatoes, and eggs)
• Aushe Sarka (vinegar-based flat noodle soup)

Drinks

Chai

Chai is tea in Afghanistan, which can either be green or black. It is consumed at all times, especially a short time after finishing a meal or with guests during any social gathering. Most people drink green tea with no sugar. Some add cardamom, saffron, or sugar.

Sheer chai (which translates from "milk tea") is also consumed but mostly in the morning and on special occasions. It is a type of

.

Doogh

Doogh

(also known by some Afghans as shomleh or shlombeh) is a cold drink made by mixing water with yogurt and then adding fresh or dried mint. Some variations of doogh include the addition of crushed or diced cucumber chunks. It is the second most widely consumed drink in Afghanistan (the first being tea), especially during lunchtime in summer. Doogh can be found at almost every Afghan grocery store and is served in restaurants.

Eating habits

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Sub-cuisines

While Afghans have a common cuisine, certain ethnicities form sub-variations of it.

Pashtun cuisine

Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, constituting about 42% of the country's total population.^[18] A major dish in Pashtun culture are Rosh (cooked lamb and mutton with no spices)^[15] and Sohbat, found at traditional gatherings and events.^[19][20] Other major Pashtun dishes include lamb-skewered sajji and chapli kebab. The name dampukht stands for steamed meat, and Khaddi kebab is the Afghan shashlik, which is grilled on an open fire, on a spit.^[21]

Although it differs from region to region, Pashtun cuisine is meat-heavy and often includes caramelized rice. For example, the dish known as bolani in the north and east is often called borogyen in the south and west of Afghanistan.

Common summer beverages include shlombeh, also known in Persian as doogh, a drink consisting of liquid yogurt, mint, and bedreng (Afghan cucumber). Sherbet is an ice-sugared cold drink. Sheer yakh is a sweet ice-like product, literally translating to "cold milk".^[21]

Hazara cuisine

The Hazara people in central Afghanistan (in the region of Hazarajat) and western Pakistan (Balochistan province) have their own fare. The Hazaragi cuisine shares some similarities with neighboring regional cuisines, so it is mainly influenced by Central Asian, Persian, and South Asian cooking. However, cooking methods vary in some of the dishes of these neighboring cuisines.

Dining etiquette

Traditionally, dinners are served on a tablecloth on the floor, which is called the dastarkhan. Meals are normally eaten with the right hand. After a meal, tea with dessert is served.^[9]

Special occasions

Serving tea and white sugared almonds (called nuql) is customary during Afghan festivals.^[3][22]

See also

• Culture of Afghanistan
• Economy of Afghanistan

References

Further reading

• Helen J. Saberi (1997). "Travel and Food in Afghanistan". In Harlan Walker (ed.). Food on the Move: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1996. Prospect Books.
  ISBN 978-0-907325-79-6
  .

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