Anti-Black sentiment
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Anti-Black sentiment, also called anti-Black racism, anti-Blackness or Negrophobia. It is characterized by prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination or extreme aversion towards people who are considered Black people, such as sub-Saharan Africans, as well as a loathing of Black culture worldwide. Caused, among other factors, by racism and traumatic events and circumstances, symptoms of this form of xenophobia include, but are not limited to: the attribution of negative characteristics to Black and Coloured people; the fear or strong dislike or dehumanization of Black and Coloured men; and the objectification (including sexual objectification) of Black and Coloured women.[1]
The
What is particularly noteworthy about the classification of "Coloured persons" is that it included individuals of Black African descent, who were commonly known as Negroes. As a result, Coloureds or Cape Coloureds, as a group of mixed-race descent individuals, also have Black African ancestry and can be considered part of the broader African diaspora.[5]
The racial category of Coloureds is a multifaceted and heterogeneous group that exhibits great diversity. Analogously, they can be compared to
While Coloureds in South Africa do have Black African ancestry, it is important to recognize that they have a distinct identity and experiences that differ from those of Black South Africans.
Despite this, there are instances where Coloureds may face discrimination and prejudice based on their mixed-race descent and Black African ancestry.
Furthermore, some individuals who hold prejudiced attitudes towards Black people may also hold negative attitudes towards Coloureds, viewing them as inferior or less desirable due to their mixed-race heritage.
Definitions
Debates over definitions
There are differences in the senses that are applied to negrophobes or the noun Negrophobia. Some senses use the term to describe a
Overview
Historical context
In Europe, anti-black sentiment finds its roots in the 17th century due to its extensive historical
Anti-black sentiment and identity
More specifically on Fanon's analysis of anti-black sentiment, the psychiatrist was the first to introduce the concept of internalized anti-black sentiment, pointing to the hatred of Black people and Black culture
While the latter theoretical framework is academically debated, Fanon insists on the nature of anti-black sentiment as a socio-diagnosis, thus characterising not individuals but rather entire societies and their patterns.
Anti-black sentiment and law
The notion of involuntary anti-black sentiment is highly debated in the academic and
Anti-blackness in education and organization studies
In response to Black Lives Matter organizing contemporary scholars of Education, Human Resource Development, and Critical Management Studies have begun focusing on anti-Blackness in schools and places of business.[22][23][24][25][26] These efforts build on established critical race discourses in their respective field and incorporate concepts from Afropessimism.[27][page needed]
In the US
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See also
- Negrophilia
- Afrophobia
- Missing white woman syndrome
- Discrimination based on skin color
- Ethnocentrism
- Index of racism-related articles
- List of phobias
- Nativism (politics)
- Racial bias in criminal news
- Racism against African Americans
- Stereotypes of Africa
- Stereotypes of African Americans
- Supremacism#Racial
- Xenophobia
References
- ^ a b c d e f Brooks, Adia A. (2012). "Black Negrophobia and Black Self-Empowerment: Afro-Descendant Responses to Societal Racism in São Paulo, Brazil" (PDF). UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research. XV: 2. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ Kline Jr. 1958, p. 8254.
- ^ Stevenson & Waite 2011, p. 283.
- ^ "Is the word 'coloured' offensive?". BBC News. 9 November 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- .
- ^ Khan, Razib (June 16, 2011). "The Cape Coloureds are a mix of everything". Discover. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- JSTOR 20004271.
- ^ Wolfrum 1999, p. 492.
- ^ Hankela 2014, p. 88.
- ^ McCulloch 2002, p. 73.
- ^ Maddow, Rachel (July 21, 2010). "Scaring white people for fun and profit". MSNBC.
- ^ James 2019.
- ^ Armour 1997, p. 2.
- ^ Bauerlein 2001, p. 3.
- ^ HarperCollins Publishers (2022). "Negrophobia". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Une Autre Histoire (13 January 2015). "Négrophobie". une-autre-histoire.org. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-134-65657-8.
- ^ a b c Maleki, Nasser and Haj'jari and Mohammad-Javad (2015). "Negrophobia and Anti-Negritude in Morrison's The Bluest Eye". Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies. 8: 69. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- ^ a b Armour 1997, p. 64.
- ^ a b Armour 1997, p. 65.
- ^ a b Armour 1997, p. 66.
- S2CID 224844343.
- S2CID 236294224.
- S2CID 147252566.
- S2CID 147319546.
- S2CID 240576110.
- ^ Wilderson 2021.
Works cited
- Achola, Paul P.W. (1992). "9". In Ndeti, Kivuto; Gray, Kenneth R. (eds.). The Second Scramble for Africa: A Response & a Critical Analysis of the Challenges Facing Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa. Kenya: Professors World Peace Academy - Kenya. ISBN 978-9966-835-73-4.
- Adem, Seifudein; Mazrui, Ali A. (2 May 2013). Afrasia: A Tale of Two Continents. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-4772-4.
- Armour, Jody David (1997). Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism: The Hidden Costs of Being Black in America. NYU Press. JSTOR j.ctt9qfpg3.
- Bauerlein, Mark (2001). Negrophobia: A Race Riot in Atlanta, 1906. Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-893554-23-8.
- Hankela, Elina (28 May 2014). Ubuntu, Migration and Ministry: Being Human in a Johannesburg Church. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-27413-6.
- James, Darius (19 February 2019). Negrophobia: An Urban Parable. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-68137-348-5.
- Klaffke, Pamela (2003). Spree: A Cultural History of Shopping. Arsenal pulp press. ISBN 9781551521435.
- Kline Jr., Hibberd V. B. (1958). "The Union of South Africa". The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 17. Chicago, Field Enterprises Educational Corp.
- Lincoln, Abraham (2013). Ball, Terence (ed.). Lincoln: Political writings and speeches. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-0521897280.
- McCulloch, Jock (16 May 2002). Black Soul, White Artifact: Fanon's Clinical Psychology and Social Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52025-6.
- Rieger, Jeorg (2013). Religion, Theology, and Class: Fresh Engagements after Long Silence. New Approaches to Religion and Power. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-1-137-33924-9.
- Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011). "Coloured". Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960111-0.
- Wilderson, Frank B. (28 September 2021). Afropessimism. National Geographic Books. ISBN 978-1-324-09051-9.
- Wolfrum, Rüdiger (7 September 1999). Frowein, Jochen A.; Wolfrum, Rüdiger (eds.). Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-9753-5.