São Paulo: Difference between revisions
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{{Quote box |width=20em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE |title=Historical affiliations|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|POR|1640}} [[Portuguese Empire]] 1554–1815<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag United Kingdom Portugal Brazil Algarves.svg|border}} [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] 1815–1822<br/>{{flag|Empire of Brazil}} 1822–1889<br/>{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Republic of Brazil]] 1889–present |
{{Quote box |width=20em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE |title=Historical affiliations|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|POR|1640}} [[Portuguese Empire]] 1554–1815<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag United Kingdom Portugal Brazil Algarves.svg|border}} [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] 1815–1822<br/>{{flag|Empire of Brazil}} 1822–1889<br/>{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Republic of Brazil]] 1889–present |
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The region of modern-day São Paulo, then known as Piratininga plains around the [[Tietê River]], was inhabited by the [[Tupi people]], such as the [[Tupiniquim]], Guaianás, and [[Guaraní people|Guarani]]. Other tribes also lived in areas that today form the metropolitan region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman, Edward Julius |title=The Explorers of South America |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1992 |location=Oklahoma}}</ref> |
The region of modern-day [https://ceprua.net/ddd/uf/sp/sao-paulo São Paulo], then known as Piratininga plains around the [[Tietê River]], was inhabited by the [[Tupi people]], such as the [[Tupiniquim]], Guaianás, and [[Guaraní people|Guarani]]. Other tribes also lived in areas that today form the metropolitan region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman, Edward Julius |title=The Explorers of South America |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1992 |location=Oklahoma}}</ref> |
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The region was divided in Caciquedoms (chiefdoms) at the time of encounter with the Europeans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steward, Julian Haynes |title=Handbook of South American Indians |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1946 |isbn=9780806124209 |location=Washington D.C}}</ref> The most notable [[cacique]] was [[Tibiriçá]], known for his support for the Portuguese and other European colonists. Among the many indigenous names of places, rivers, neighborhoods, etc., that survive today are [[Tietê, São Paulo|Tietê]], [[Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]], [[Tamanduateí River|Tamanduateí]], [[Vale do Anhangabaú|Anhangabaú]], [[Piratininga]], [[Itaquaquecetuba]], [[Cotia]], [[Itapevi]], [[Barueri]], [[Embu-Guaçu]], etc. |
The region was divided in Caciquedoms (chiefdoms) at the time of encounter with the Europeans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steward, Julian Haynes |title=Handbook of South American Indians |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1946 |isbn=9780806124209 |location=Washington D.C}}</ref> The most notable [[cacique]] was [[Tibiriçá]], known for his support for the Portuguese and other European colonists. Among the many indigenous names of places, rivers, neighborhoods, etc., that survive today are [[Tietê, São Paulo|Tietê]], [[Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]], [[Tamanduateí River|Tamanduateí]], [[Vale do Anhangabaú|Anhangabaú]], [[Piratininga]], [[Itaquaquecetuba]], [[Cotia]], [[Itapevi]], [[Barueri]], [[Embu-Guaçu]], etc. |
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The [[Coffee cycle|expansion of coffee production]] was a major factor in the growth of São Paulo, as it became the region's chief export crop and yielded good revenue. It was cultivated initially in the [[Paraíba Valley]] region in the East of the State of São Paulo, and later on in the regions of [[Campinas]], [[Rio Claro, São Paulo|Rio Claro]], [[São Carlos]] and [[Ribeirão Preto]]. |
The [[Coffee cycle|expansion of coffee production]] was a major factor in the growth of São Paulo, as it became the region's chief export crop and yielded good revenue. It was cultivated initially in the [[Paraíba Valley]] region in the East of the State of São Paulo, and later on in the regions of [[Campinas]], [[Rio Claro, São Paulo|Rio Claro]], [[São Carlos]] and [[Ribeirão Preto]]. |
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From 1869 onward, São Paulo was connected to the port of Santos by the [[Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí]] (Santos-Jundiaí Railroad), nicknamed'' The Lady''. In the late 19th century, several other railroads connected the interior to the state capital. São Paulo became the point of convergence of all railroads from the interior of the state. Coffee was the economic engine for major economic and population growth in the State of São Paulo. |
From 1869 onward, São Paulo was connected to the port of Santos by the [[Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí]] (Santos-Jundiaí Railroad), nicknamed'' The Lady''. In the late 19th century, several other railroads connected the interior to the state capital. São Paulo became the point of convergence of all railroads from the interior of the state. Coffee was the economic engine for major economic and population growth in the [https://ceprua.net/sp/municipios State of São Paulo]. |
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In 1888, the "Golden Law" (''[[Lei Áurea]]'') was sanctioned by [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]], abolishing the institution of slavery in Brazil. Slaves were the main source of labor in the coffee plantations until then. As a consequence of this law, and following governmental stimulus towards the increase of immigration, the province began to receive a large number of immigrants, largely Italians, Japanese and Portuguese peasants, many of whom settled in the capital. The region's first industries also began to emerge, providing jobs to the newcomers, especially those who had to learn Portuguese. |
In 1888, the "Golden Law" (''[[Lei Áurea]]'') was sanctioned by [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil]], abolishing the institution of slavery in Brazil. Slaves were the main source of labor in the coffee plantations until then. As a consequence of this law, and following governmental stimulus towards the increase of immigration, the province began to receive a large number of immigrants, largely Italians, Japanese and Portuguese peasants, many of whom settled in the capital. The region's first industries also began to emerge, providing jobs to the newcomers, especially those who had to learn Portuguese. |
Revision as of 11:28, 30 March 2024
São Paulo | |
---|---|
Municipal Theatre | |
São Paulo–Congonhas Airport Campo de Marte Airport | |
Interstates | |
Rapid Transit | São Paulo Metro |
Commuter Rail | CPTM |
Website | Capital.sp.gov.br |
São Paulo (
Having the largest economy by
The metropolis is also home to several of
São Paulo is a
History
Pre-colonial period
Portuguese Empire 1554–1815
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1815–1822
Empire of Brazil 1822–1889
Republic of Brazil 1889–present
The region of modern-day São Paulo, then known as Piratininga plains around the Tietê River, was inhabited by the Tupi people, such as the Tupiniquim, Guaianás, and Guarani. Other tribes also lived in areas that today form the metropolitan region.[22]
The region was divided in Caciquedoms (chiefdoms) at the time of encounter with the Europeans.[23] The most notable cacique was Tibiriçá, known for his support for the Portuguese and other European colonists. Among the many indigenous names of places, rivers, neighborhoods, etc., that survive today are Tietê, Ipiranga, Tamanduateí, Anhangabaú, Piratininga, Itaquaquecetuba, Cotia, Itapevi, Barueri, Embu-Guaçu, etc.
Colonial period
The Portuguese village of
They first had a small structure built of rammed earth, made by Native Indian workers in their traditional style. The priests wanted to evangelize these Indians who lived in the Plateau region of Piratininga and convert them to Christianity. The site was separated from the coast by the Serra do Mar mountain range, called "Serra Paranapiacaba" by the Indians.
The college was named for a Christian saint and its founding on the feast day of the celebration of the conversion of the Apostle
The settlement of the region's Courtyard of the College began in 1560. During the visit of Mem de Sá, Governor-General of Brazil, the Captaincy of São Vicente, he ordered the transfer of the population of the Village of São Bernardo do Campo to the vicinity of the college. It was then named "College of St. Paul of the Piratininga". The new location was on a steep hill adjacent to a large wetland, the Várzea do Carmo. It offered better protection from attacks by local Indian groups. It was renamed Vila de São Paulo, belonging to the Captaincy of São Vicente.
For the next two centuries, São Paulo developed as a poor and isolated village that survived largely through the cultivation of
On 22 March 1681, Luís Álvares de Castro, the Second Marquis de Cascais and donee of the Captaincy of São Vicente, moved the capital to the village of São Paulo (see Timeline of São Paulo), designating it the "Head of the captaincy". The new capital was established on 23 April 1683, with public celebrations.
The Bandeirantes
In the 17th century, São Paulo was one of the poorest regions of the Portuguese colony. It was also the center of interior colonial development. Because they were extremely poor, the Paulistas could not afford to buy African slaves, as did other Portuguese colonists. The discovery of gold in the region of Minas Gerais, in the 1690s, brought attention and new settlers to São Paulo. The Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas de Ouro (see Captaincies of Brazil) was created on 3 November 1709, when the Portuguese crown purchased the Captaincies of São Paulo and Santo Amaro from the former grantees.[25]
Conveniently located in the country, up the steep
On 11 July 1711, the town of São Paulo was elevated to city status. Around the 1720s, gold was found by the pioneers in the regions near what are now
Imperial period
After Brazil became independent from Portugal in 1822, as declared by Emperor Pedro I where the Monument to the Independence of Brazil is located, he named São Paulo as an Imperial City. In 1827, a law school was founded at the Convent of São Francisco, today part of the University of São Paulo. The influx of students and teachers gave a new impetus to the city's growth, thanks to which the city became the Imperial City and Borough of Students of St. Paul of Piratininga.
The
From 1869 onward, São Paulo was connected to the port of Santos by the Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí (Santos-Jundiaí Railroad), nicknamed The Lady. In the late 19th century, several other railroads connected the interior to the state capital. São Paulo became the point of convergence of all railroads from the interior of the state. Coffee was the economic engine for major economic and population growth in the State of São Paulo.
In 1888, the "Golden Law" (Lei Áurea) was sanctioned by Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, abolishing the institution of slavery in Brazil. Slaves were the main source of labor in the coffee plantations until then. As a consequence of this law, and following governmental stimulus towards the increase of immigration, the province began to receive a large number of immigrants, largely Italians, Japanese and Portuguese peasants, many of whom settled in the capital. The region's first industries also began to emerge, providing jobs to the newcomers, especially those who had to learn Portuguese.
Old Republican period
By the time Brazil became a republic on 15 November 1889, coffee exports were still an important part of São Paulo's economy. São Paulo grew strong in the national political scene, taking turns with the also rich state of Minas Gerais in electing
Industrialization was the economic cycle that followed the coffee plantation model. By the hands of some industrious families, including many immigrants of Italian and Jewish origin, factories began to arise and São Paulo became known for its smoky, foggy air. The cultural scene followed modernist and naturalist tendencies in fashion at the beginning of the 20th century. Some examples of notable modernist artists are poets Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade, artists Anita Malfatti, Tarsila do Amaral and Lasar Segall, and sculptor Victor Brecheret. The Modern Art Week of 1922 that took place at the Theatro Municipal was an event marked by avant-garde ideas and works of art. In 1929, São Paulo won its first skyscraper, the Martinelli Building.[26]
The modifications made in the city by Antônio da Silva Prado, Baron of Duprat and
In 1924 the city was the stage of the São Paulo Revolt, an armed conflict fought in working-class neighborhoods near the center of São Paulo that lasted 23 days, from 5 to 28 July, leaving hundreds dead and thousands injured. The confrontation between the federal troops of president Artur Bernardes against rebels of the Brazilian Army and the Public Force of São Paulo was classified by the federal government as a conspiracy, a mutiny and a "revolt against the Fatherland, without foundation, headed by disorderly members of the Brazilian Army".[27] To face the rebels, the federal government launched an indiscriminate artillery bombardment against the city, which affected mostly civilian targets; as a result of the bombing, a third of São Paulo's 700,000 inhabitants fled the city. The revolt has been described as "the largest urban conflict in the history of Brazil".[28]
Revolution of 1932 and contemporary era
In 1932, São Paulo mobilized in its largest civic movement: the Constitutionalist Revolution, when the entire population engaged in the war against the "Provisional Government" of Getúlio Vargas. In 1934, with the reunion of some faculties created in the 19th century, the University of São Paulo (USP) was founded, today the largest in Brazil.[29][30]
The first major project for industrial installation in the city was the industrial complex of
In 1947, São Paulo gained its first paved highway: the
In the period from the 1930s to the 1960s, the great entrepreneurs of São Paulo's development were mayor
At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century, São Paulo became the main financial center in South America and one of the most populous cities in the world. As the most influential Brazilian city on the global stage, São Paulo is currently classified as an alpha global city.[7] The metropolis has one of the largest GDP in the world, representing, alone, 11% of all Brazilian GDP,[12] and is also responsible for one third of the Brazilian scientific production.[36]
Geography
São Paulo is the capital of the most populous state in Brazil, São Paulo, located at latitude 23°33'01'' south and longitude 46°38'02'' west. The total area of the municipality is 1,521.11 square kilometres (587.30 sq mi), according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), being the ninth largest in the state in terms of territorial extension.[38] Of the entire area of the municipality, 949,611 square kilometres (366,647 sq mi) are urban areas (2015), being the largest urban area in the country.[39]
The city is on a
Hydrography
The
No large natural lakes exist in the region, but the Billings and Guarapiranga reservoirs in the city's southern outskirts are used for power generation, water storage and leisure activities, such as sailing. The original flora consisted mainly of broadleaf evergreens. Non-native species are common, as the mild climate and abundant rainfall permit a multitude of tropical, subtropical and temperate plants to be cultivated, especially the ubiquitous eucalyptus.[44]
The north of the municipality contains part of the 7,917 hectares (19,560 acres)
Parks and biodiversity
São Paulo is located in an ecotone area between 3 biomes: mixed ombrophilous forest, dense ombrophilous forest and cerrado; the latter had some plant species native to the pampas in the city. There were several species typical of both biomes, among them we can mention: araucarias, pitangueiras, cambucís, ipês, jabuticabeiras, queen palms, muricís-do-campo, etc.[47]
In 2010, São Paulo had 62 municipal and state parks,[48] such as the Cantareira State Park, part of the São Paulo Green Belt Biosphere Reserve and home to one of the largest urban forests on the planet with 7,900 hectares (20,000 acres) of extension,[49] the Fontes do Ipiranga State Park, the Ibirapuera Park, the Tietê Ecological Park, the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area, the Serra do Mar State Park, Villa-Lobos State Park, People's Park, and the Jaraguá State Park, listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994.[50]
In 2009, São Paulo had 2,300 hectares (5,700 acres) of green area, less than 1.5% of the city's area[51] and below the 12 square metres (130 sq ft) per inhabitant recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).[52] About 21% of the municipality's area is covered by green areas, including ecological reserves (2010 data).[53][54]
In the municipality it is possible to observe forest birds that usually appear in the spring, due to the belt of native forest that still surrounds the metropolitan region. Species such as the
Environment
The stretch of the Tietê River that runs through the city is the most polluted river in Brazil.[60] In 1992, the Tietê Project began, with the aim to clean up the river by 2005. 8.8 billion reais was spent on the failed project.[61] In 2019, the Novo Rio Pinheiros Project began, under the administration of João Doria, with the aim to reduce sewage discharged into the Tietê's tributary, the Pinheiros River.[62][63]
The problem of balanced water supply for the city - and for the metropolis, in general - is also a worrying issue: São Paulo has few sources of water in its own perimeter, having to seek it in distant hydrographic basins. The problem of water pollution is also aggravated by the irregular occupation of watershed areas, caused by urban expansion, driven by the difficulty of access to land and housing in central areas by the low-income population[64] and associated with real estate speculation and precariousness in new subdivisions. With this, there is also an overvaluation of individual transport over public transport – leading to the current rate of more than one vehicle for every two inhabitants and aggravating the problem of environmental pollution.[65]
Climate
According to the
Rainfall is abundant, annually averaging 1,454 millimeters (57.2 in).
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana, 1991–2020, extremes 1887–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.4 (92.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.7 (96.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.7 (99.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.8 (100.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.7 (38.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
0.8 (33.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 292.1 (11.50) |
257.7 (10.15) |
229.1 (9.02) |
87.0 (3.43) |
66.3 (2.61) |
59.7 (2.35) |
48.4 (1.91) |
32.3 (1.27) |
83.3 (3.28) |
127.2 (5.01) |
143.9 (5.67) |
231.3 (9.11) |
1,658.3 (65.29) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 17 | 14 | 13 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 110 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76.9 | 75.0 | 76.6 | 74.6 | 75.0 | 73.5 | 70.8 | 68.2 | 71.3 | 73.7 | 73.7 | 73.9 | 73.6 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
13.1 (55.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 139.1 | 153.5 | 161.6 | 169.3 | 167.6 | 160.0 | 169.0 | 173.1 | 144.5 | 157.9 | 152.8 | 145.1 | 1,893.5 |
Source 1: ) | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[84][69][85] |
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 34.6 (94.3) |
35.8 (96.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
34.3 (93.7) |
34.6 (94.3) |
33.9 (93.0) |
35.8 (96.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.9 (76.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
19.5 (67.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.6 (65.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
9.7 (49.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.7 (56.7) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
0.4 (32.7) |
3.0 (37.4) |
5.7 (42.3) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 245.6 (9.67) |
243.8 (9.60) |
159.2 (6.27) |
76.0 (2.99) |
59.7 (2.35) |
58.7 (2.31) |
53.1 (2.09) |
39.9 (1.57) |
76.2 (3.00) |
162.7 (6.41) |
195.7 (7.70) |
220.6 (8.69) |
1,591.3 (62.65) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 16 | 14 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 113 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
81.0 | 80.4 | 80.3 | 81.2 | 80.5 | 79.2 | 77.4 | 74.6 | 76.2 | 79.3 | 79.4 | 80.4 | 79.2 |
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).[86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1872 | 31,385 | — |
1890 | 64,934 | +106.9% |
1900 | 239,820 | +269.3% |
1920 | 579,033 | +141.4% |
1940 | 1,326,261 | +129.0% |
1950 | 2,198,096 | +65.7% |
1960 | 3,781,446 | +72.0% |
1970 | 5,924,615 | +56.7% |
1980 | 8,493,226 | +43.4% |
1991 | 9,646,185 | +13.6% |
2000 | 10,434,252 | +8.2% |
2010 | 11,253,503 | +7.9% |
2022 | 11,451,245 | +1.8% |
[95] |
São Paulo's population has grown rapidly. By 1960 it had surpassed that of Rio de Janeiro, making it Brazil's most populous city. By this time, the urbanized area of São Paulo had extended beyond the boundaries of the municipality proper into neighboring municipalities, making it a metropolitan area with a population of 4.6 million. Population growth has continued since 1960, although the rate of growth has slowed.[96]
In 2013, São Paulo was the most populous city in Brazil and in South America.
In 2010, the city had 2,146,077 opposite-sex couples and 7,532
Immigration and migration
São Paulo is considered the most
The main groups, considering all the metropolitan area, are: 6 million people of
Even today, Italians are grouped in neighborhoods like Bixiga, Brás, and Mooca to promote celebrations and festivals. In the early twentieth century, Italian and its dialects were spoken almost as much as Portuguese in the city, which influenced the formation of the São Paulo dialect of today. Six thousand pizzerias are producing about a million pizzas a day. Brazil has the largest Italian population outside Italy, with São Paulo being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world.[110]
The
From the nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century, São Paulo also received
"A French observer, travelling to São Paulo at the time, noted that there was a division of the capitalist class, by nationality (...) Germans, French and Italians shared the dry goods sector with Brazilians. Foodstuffs was generally the province of either Portuguese or Brazilians, except for bakery and pastry which was the domain of the French and Germans. Shoes and tinware were mostly controlled by Italians. However, the larger metallurgical plants were in the hands of the English and the Americans. (...) Italians outnumbered Brazilians two to one in São Paulo."
— [112]
Until 1920, 1,078,437
São Paulo also is home of the largest
Research conducted by the University of São Paulo (USP) shows the city's high ethnic diversity: when asked if they are "descendants of foreign immigrants", 81% of the students reported "yes". The main reported ancestries were: Italian (30.5%), Portuguese (23%), Spanish (14%), Japanese (8%), German (6%), Brazilian (4%), African (3%), Arab (2%) and Jewish (1%).[116]
The city once attracted numerous immigrants from all over Brazil and even from foreign countries, due to a strong economy and for being the hub of most Brazilian companies.[117] São Paulo is also receiving waves of immigration from Haiti and from many countries of Africa and the Caribbean. Those immigrants are mainly concentrated in Praça da Sé, Glicério and Vale do Anhangabaú in the Central Zone of São Paulo.
Since the 19th century people began migrating from
Metropolitan area
The nonspecific term "Grande São Paulo" ("Greater São Paulo") covers multiple definitions. The legally defined Região Metropolitana de São Paulo consists of 39 municipalities in total and a population of 21.1 million[119] inhabitants (as of the 2014 National Census[update]).
The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo is known as the financial, economic, and cultural center of Brazil. Among the largest municipalities,
Because São Paulo has
Religion
Like the cultural variety verifiable in São Paulo, there are several religious manifestations present in the city. Although it has developed on an eminently
According to data from the
The Catholic Church divides the territory of the municipality of São Paulo into four ecclesiastical circumscriptions: the
The city has the most diverse Protestant or Reformed creeds, such as the Evangelical Community of Our Land, Maranatha Christian Church,
Public security
In 2008, the city of São Paulo ranked 493rd on the list of the most violent cities in Brazil. Among the capitals, it was the fourth least violent, registering, in 2006, homicide rates higher only than those of Boa Vista, Palmas and Natal.[124][125] In November 2009, the Ministry of Justice and the Brazilian Public Security Forum released a survey that identified São Paulo as the safest Brazilian capital for young people.[126] Between 2000 and 2010, the city of São Paulo reduced its homicide rate by 78%.[127]
According to the 2011 Global Homicide Study, released by the United Nations (UN), in the period between 2004 and 2009 the homicide rate fell from 20.8 to 10.8 murders per hundred thousand inhabitants. In 2011, the UN pointed to São Paulo as an example of how large cities can reduce crime.[128] In a survey on the Adolescent Homicide Index (AHI) in 2010, the city of São Paulo was considered the least lethal for adolescents, among 283 municipalities surveyed, with more than 100,000 inhabitants.[129] According to data from the "Map of Violence 2011", published by the Sangari Institute and the Ministry of Justice, the city had the lowest homicide rate per hundred thousand inhabitants that year among all the state capitals in Brazil.[130]
Crime indicators, such as homicide, according to data from April 2017, showed a reduction in the capital of São Paulo, compared to 2016. In the same period, there was a 12.64% reduction in homicides, the number of robbery records fell by eleven to seven (34% reduction), and there was an 8.09% reduction in rape cases.[131] The 9th DP in the Carandiru neighborhood was considered, in March 2007, one of the five best police stations in the world and the best in Latin America.[132]
Based on data from IBGE and the Ministry of Health, it is considered the 2nd safest capital[133] and the least lethal capital in the country, according to the 2023 Brazilian Public Security Yearbook.[134]
Social challenges
Since the beginning of the 20th century, São Paulo has been a major economic center in Latin America. During two World Wars and the Great Depression, coffee exports (from other regions of the state) were critically affected. This led wealthy coffee farmers to invest in industrial activities that turned São Paulo into Brazil's largest industrial hub.
- Crime rates consistently decreased in the 21st century. The citywide homicide rate was 6.56 in 2019, less than a fourth of the 27.38 national rate.[135]
- Air quality[56] has steadily increased during the modern era.
- The two major rivers crossing the city, Tietê and Pinheiros, are highly polluted. A major project to clean up these rivers is underway.[41][42]
- The Clean City Law or antibillboard, approved in 2007, focused on two main targets: anti-publicity and anti-commerce. Advertisers estimate that they removed 15,000 billboards and that more than 1,600 signs and 1,300 towering metal panels were dismantled by authorities.[136]
- São Paulo metropolitan region, adopted vehicle restrictions from 1996 to 1998 to reduce air pollution during wintertime. Since 1997, a similar project was implemented throughout the year in the central area of São Paulo to improve traffic.[137]
- There were more than 30,000 homeless people in 2021 according to official data. It increased by 31% in two years, and doubled in 20 years.[138]
Languages
The primary language is
The Italian influence in São Paulo accents is evident in the Italian neighborhoods such as Bela Vista, Mooca, Brás and Lapa. Italian mingled with Portuguese and as an old influence, was assimilated or disappeared into spoken language. The local accent with Italian influences became notorious through the songs of Adoniran Barbosa, a Brazilian samba singer born to Italian parents who used to sing using the local accent.[139]
Other languages spoken in the city are mainly among the Asian community: São Paulo is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan. Although today most Japanese-Brazilians speak only Portuguese, some of them are still fluent in Japanese. Some people of Chinese and Korean descent are still able to speak their ancestral languages.
Sexual diversity
The
Strongly supported by the State and the City of São Paulo government authorities, in 2010, the city hall of São Paulo invested R$1 million reais in the parade and provided a solid security plan, with approximately 2,000 policemen, two mobile police stations for immediate reporting of occurrences, 30 equipped ambulances, 55 nurses, 46 medical physicians, three hospital camps with 80 beds. The parade, considered the city's second largest event after the
Education
São Paulo has public and private primary and secondary schools and vocational-
The city of São Paulo is also home to research and development facilities and attracts companies due to the presence of regionally renowned universities. Science, technology and innovation is leveraged by the allocation of funds from the state government, mainly carried out by means of the Foundation to Research Support in the State of São Paulo (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP), one of the main agencies promoting scientific and technological research.[146]
Health care
São Paulo is one of the largest health care hubs in Latin America. Among its hospitals are the Albert Einstein Israelites Hospital, ranked the best hospital in all Latin America[149] and the Hospital das Clínicas, the largest in the region, with a total area of 600,000 square meters and offers 2,400 beds, distributed among its eight specialized institutes and two assisting hospitals.[150]
The main hospitals in the city of São Paulo concentrate in the upper-income areas, the majority of the population of the city has a private health insurance. This can includes hospitals, private practices and pharmacies. The city of São Paulo has the largest number of foreigners comparing with any other Brazilian city and an intense
The private health care sector is very large and most of Brazil's best hospitals are in the city. As of September 2009, the city of São Paulo had: 32,553 ambulatory clinics, centers and professional offices (physicians, dentists and others); 217 hospitals, with 32,554 beds; 137,745 health care professionals, including 28,316 physicians.[152]
The municipal government operates public
The Sistema Integrado de Gestão de Assistência à Saúde de São Paulo – SIGA Saúde (Integrated Health Care Management System in São Paulo) has been operating in the city of São Paulo since 2004. Today there are more than 22 million registered users, including the people of the Greater São Paulo, with a monthly average of 1.3 million appointments.[153]
Government
As the capital of the state of São Paulo, the city is home to the Bandeirantes Palace (state government) and the Legislative Assembly. The Executive Branch of the municipality of São Paulo is represented by the mayor and his cabinet of secretaries, following the model proposed by the Federal Constitution.[154] The organic law of the municipality and the Master Plan of the city, however, determine that the public administration must guarantee to the population effective tools of manifestation of participatory democracy, which causes that the city is divided in regional prefectures, each one led by a Regional Mayor appointed by the Mayor.[155]
The legislative power is represented by the Municipal Chamber, composed of 55 aldermen elected to four-year posts (in compliance with the provisions of Article 29 of the Constitution, which dictates a minimum number of 42 and a maximum of 55 for municipalities with more than five million inhabitants). It is up to the house to draft and vote fundamental laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the municipal budget (known as the Law of Budgetary Guidelines).[156] In addition to the legislative process and the work of the secretariats, there are also a number of municipal councils, each dealing with different topics, composed of representatives of the various sectors of organized civil society. The actual performance and representativeness of such councils, however, are sometimes questioned.
The following municipal councils are active: Municipal Council for Children and Adolescents (CMDCA); of Informatics (WCC); of the Physically Disabled (CMDP); of Education (CME); of Housing (CMH); of Environment (CADES); of Health (CMS); of Tourism (COMTUR); of Human Rights (CMDH); of Culture (CMC); and of Social Assistance (COMAS) and Drugs and Alcohol (COMUDA). The Prefecture also owns (or is the majority partner in their social capital) a series of companies responsible for various aspects of public services and the economy of São Paulo:
- São Paulo Turismo S/A (SPTuris): company responsible for organizing large events and promoting the city's tourism.
- Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego (CET):[157] subordinated to the Municipal Transportation Department, is responsible for traffic supervision, fines (in cooperation with DETRAN) and maintenance of the city's road system.
- Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo (COHAB): subordinate to the Department of Housing, is responsible for the implementation of public housing policies, especially the construction of housing developments.
- Empresa Municipal de Urbanização de São Paulo (EMURB): subordinate to the Planning Department, is responsible for urban works and for the maintenance of public spaces and urban furniture.
- Companhia de Processamento de Dados de São Paulo (PRODAM): responsible for the electronic infrastructure and information technology of the city hall.
- São Paulo Transportes Sociedade Anônima (SPTrans): responsible for the operation of the public transport systems managed by the city hall, such as the municipal bus lines.
Subdivisions
São Paulo is divided into 32 subprefectures, each with an administration ("subprefeitura") divided into several districts ("distritos").[155] The city also has a radial division into nine zones for purpose of traffic control and bus lines, which do not fit into the administrative divisions. These zones are identified by colors in the street signs. The historical core of São Paulo, which includes the inner city and the area of Paulista Avenue, is in the Subprefecture of Sé. Most other economic and tourist facilities of the city are inside an area officially called Centro Expandido (Portuguese for "Broad Center", or "Broad Downtown"), which includes Sé and several other subprefectures, and areas immediately around it.
Subprefectures of São Paulo[158] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subprefecture | Area | Population | Subprefecture | Area | Population | |||
1 | Aricanduva/Vila Formosa | 21.5 km2 | 266 838 | 17 | Mooca | 35.2 km2 | 305 436 | |
2 | Butantã | 56.1 km2 | 345 943 | 18 | Parelheiros | 353.5 km2 | 110 909 | |
3 | Campo Limpo | 36.7 km2 | 508 607 | 19 | Penha | 42.8 km2 | 472 247 | |
4 | Capela do Socorro | 134.2 km2 | 561 071 | 20 | Perus | 57.2 km2 | 109 218 | |
5 | Casa Verde/Cachoeirinha | 26.7 km2 | 313 176 | 21 | Pinheiros | 31.7 km2 | 270 798 | |
6 | Cidade Ademar | 30.7 km2 | 370 759 | 22 | Pirituba/Jaraguá | 54.7 km2 | 390 083 | |
7 | Cidade Tiradentes | 15 km2 | 248 762 | 23 | Sé | 26.2 km2 | 373 160 | |
8 | Ermelino Matarazzo | 15.1 km2 | 204 315 | 24 | Santana/Tucuruvi | 34.7 km2 | 327 279 | |
9 | Freguesia do Ó/Brasilândia | 31.5 km2 | 391 403 | 25 | Jaçanã/Tremembé | 64.1 km2 | 255 435 | |
10 | Guaianases | 17.8 km2 | 283 162 | 26 | Santo Amaro | 37.5 km2 | 217 280 | |
11 | Ipiranga | 37.5 km2 | 427 585 | 27 | São Mateus | 45.8 km2 | 422 199 | |
12 | Itaim Paulista | 21.7 km2 | 358 888 | 28 | São Miguel Paulista | 24.3 km2 | 377 540 | |
13 | Itaquera | 54.3 km2 | 488 327 | 29 | Sapopemba | 13.4 km2 | 296 042 | |
14 | Jabaquara | 14.1 km2 | 214 200 | 30 | Vila Maria/Vila Guilherme | 26.4 km2 | 302 899 | |
15 | Lapa | 40.1 km2 | 270 102 | 31 | Vila Mariana | 26.5 km2 | 311 019 | |
16 | M'Boi Mirim | 62.1 km2 | 523 138 | 32 | Vila Prudente | 33.3 km2 | 480 823 |
International relations
São Paulo is twinned with:[159]
- Amman, Jordan
- Asunción, Paraguay
- Beijing, China
- Belmonte, Portugal
- Bucharest, Romania
- Chicago, United States
- Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Coimbra, Portugal
- Córdoba, Spain
- Damascus, Syria
- Funchal, Portugal
- Góis, Portugal
- Hamburg, Germany
- Havana, Cuba
- Huaibei, China
- İzmir, Turkey
- Lima, Peru
- Leiria, Portugal
- Luanda, Angola
- Macau, China
- Mendoza, Argentina
- Milan, Italy
- Naha, Japan
- Ningbo, China
- Osaka, Japan
- La Paz, Bolivia
- Santiago, Chile
- Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Seoul, South Korea
- Shanghai, China
- Tel Aviv, Israel
- Toronto, Canada
- Yerevan, Armenia
Economy
São Paulo is considered the "financial capital of Brazil", as it is the location for the headquarters of major corporations and of banks and financial institutions. São Paulo is Brazil's highest GDP city and one of the largest in the world,[162][163]
According to data from the IBGE, its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 was R$450 billion,[164] approximately US$220 billion, 12.26% of Brazilian GDP and 36% of all production of goods and services of the State of São Paulo.[165]
According to
As of 2014[update], São Paulo is the third largest exporting municipality in Brazil after
The
São Paulo's economy is going through a deep transformation. Once a city with a strong industrial character, São Paulo's economy has followed the global trend of shifting to the tertiary sector of the economy, focusing on services. The city is unique among Brazilian cities for its large number of foreign corporations.[171]
63% of all the international companies with business in Brazil have their head offices in São Paulo. São Paulo has one of the largest concentrations of German businesses worldwide[172] and is the largest Swedish industrial hub alongside Gothenburg.[173]
São Paulo ranked second after New York in
The per capita income for the city was R$32,493 in 2008.[175] According to Mercer's 2011 city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees, São Paulo is now among the ten most expensive cities in the world, ranking 10th in 2011, up from 21st in 2010 and ahead of London, Paris, Milan and New York City.[176][177]
The
Tourism
Large hotel chains whose target audience is the corporate traveler are in the city. São Paulo is home to 75% of the country's leading business fairs. The city also promotes one of the most important fashion weeks in the world, São Paulo Fashion Week, established in 1996 under the name Morumbi Fashion Brasil, is the largest and most important fashion event in Latin America.[184] Besides, the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade, held since 1997 on Paulista Avenue is the event that attracts more tourists to the city.[185]
The annual March For Jesus is a large gathering of Christians from Protestant churches throughout Brazil, with São Paulo police reporting participation in the range of 350,000 in 2015.
Cultural tourism also has relevance to the city, especially when considering the international events in the metropolis, such as the São Paulo Art Biennial, that attracted almost 1 million people in 2004.
The city has a nightlife that is considered one of the best in the country, and is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight.[188] There are cinemas, theaters, museums, and cultural centers. The Rua Oscar Freire was named one of the eight most luxurious streets in the world, according to the Mystery Shopping International,[189] and São Paulo the 25th "most expensive city" of the planet.[190]
According to the International Congress & Convention Association, São Paulo ranks first among the cities that host international events in
The cuisine of the region is a tourist attraction. The city has 62 cuisines across 12,000 restaurants.[193] During the 10th International Congress of Gastronomy, Hospitality and Tourism (Cihat) conducted in 1997, the city received the title of "World Gastronomy Capital" from a commission formed by 43 nations' representatives.[194]
Urban infrastructure
Since the beginning of the 20th century, São Paulo has been one of the main economic centers of
São Paulo is practically all served by the water supply network. The city consumes an average of 221 liters of water/inhabitant/day while the UN recommends the consumption of 110 liters/day. The water loss is 30.8%. However, between 11 and 12.8% of households do not have a sewage system, depositing waste in pits and ditches. Sixty percent of the sewage collected is treated. According to data from IBGE and Eletropaulo, the electricity grid serves almost 100% of households. The fixed telephony network is still precarious, with coverage of 67.2%. Household garbage collection covers all regions of the municipality but is still insufficient, reaching around 94% of the demand in districts such as Parelheiros and Perus. About 80% of the garbage produced daily by Paulistas is exported to other cities, such as Caieiras and Guarulhos.[197] Recycling accounts for about 1% of the 15,000 metric tons of waste produced daily.[197]
Urban planning
São Paulo has a myriad of urban fabrics. The original nuclei of the city are vertical, characterized by the presence of commercial buildings and services; And the peripheries are generally developed with two to four-story buildings – although such generalization certainly meets with exceptions in the fabric of the metropolis. Compared to other global cities (such as the island cities of New York City and Hong Kong), however, São Paulo is considered a "low-rise building" city. Its tallest buildings rarely reach forty stories, and the average residential building is twenty. Nevertheless, it is the fourth city in the world in quantity of buildings, according to the page specialized in research of data on buildings Emporis Buildings,[198] besides possessing what was considered until 2014 the tallest skyscraper of the country, the Mirante do Vale, also known as Palácio Zarzur Kogan, with 170 meters of height and 51 floors.[199]
Such tissue heterogeneity, however, is not as predictable as the generic model can make us imagine. Some central regions of the city began to concentrate indigents,
São Paulo has a history of actions, projects and plans related to urban planning that can be traced to the governments of Antonio da Silva Prado, Baron Duprat, Washington and Luis Francisco Prestes Maia. However, in general, the city was formed during the 20th century, growing from village to metropolis through a series of informal processes and irregular urban sprawl.[201]
Urban growth in São Paulo has followed three patterns since the beginning of the 20th century, according to urban historians: since the late 19th century and until the 1940s, São Paulo was a condensed city in which different social groups lived in a small urban zone separated by type of housing; from the 1940s to the 1980s, São Paulo followed a model of center-periphery social segregation, in which the upper and middle-classes occupied central and modern areas while the poor moved towards precarious, self-built housing in the periphery; and from the 1980s onward, new transformations have brought the social classes closer together in spatial terms, but separated by walls and security technologies that seek to isolate the richer classes in the name of security.[202] Thus, São Paulo differs considerably from other Brazilian cities such as Belo Horizonte and Goiânia, whose initial expansion followed determinations by a plan, or a city like Brasília, whose master plan had been fully developed prior to construction.[203]
The effectiveness of these plans has been seen by some planners and historians as questionable. Some of these scholars argue that such plans were produced exclusively for the benefit of the wealthier strata of the population while the working classes would be relegated to the traditional informal processes. In São Paulo until the mid-1950s, the plans were based on the idea of "demolish and rebuild", including former Mayor Francisco Prestes Maia's road plan for São Paulo (known as the Avenues Plan) or Saturnino de Brito's plan for the Tietê River. The Plan of the Avenues was implemented during the 1920s and sought to build large avenues connecting the city center with the outskirts. This plan included renewing the commercial city center, leading to real estate speculation and gentrification of several downtown neighborhoods. The plan also led to the expansion of bus services, which would soon replace the trolley as the preliminary transportation system.[204] This contributed to the outwards expansion of São Paulo and the peripherization of poorer residents. Peripheral neighborhoods were usually unregulated and consisted mainly of self-built single-family houses.[202]
In 1968 the Urban Development Plan proposed the Basic Plan for Integrated Development of São Paulo, under the administration of Figueiredo Ferraz. The main result was zoning laws. It lasted until 2004 when the Basic Plan was replaced by the current Master Plan.
Transport
Air
São Paulo has two main airports, São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport for international flights and national hub, and São Paulo–Congonhas Airport for domestic and regional flights. Another airport, the Campo de Marte Airport, serves private jets and light aircraft. The three airports together moved more than 58.000.000 passengers in 2015, making São Paulo one of the top 15 busiest in the world, by number of air passenger movements. The region of Greater São Paulo is also served by Viracopos International Airport, São José dos Campos Airport and Jundiaí Airport.
Congonhas Airport operates flights mainly to Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte and Brasília. Built in the 1930s, it was designed to handle the increasing demand for flights, in the fastest growing city in the world. Located in Campo Belo District, Congonhas Airport is close to the three main city's financial districts: Paulista Avenue, Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue and Engenheiro Luís Carlos Berrini Avenue.
The São Paulo–Guarulhos International, also known as "Cumbica", is 25 km (16 mi) north-east of the city center, in the neighboring city of Guarulhos. Every day nearly 110.000 people pass through the airport, which connects Brazil to 36 countries around the world. 370 companies operate there, generating more than 53.000 jobs. The international airport is connected to the metropolitan rail system, with Line 13 (CPTM).
Campo de Marte is in Santana district, the northern zone of São Paulo. The airport handles private flights and air shuttles, including air taxi firms. Opened in 1935, Campo de Marte is the base for the largest helicopter fleet in Brazil and the world's, ahead of New York and Tokyo.[211] This airport is the home base of the State Civil Police Air Tactical Unit, the State Military Police Radio Patrol Unit and the São Paulo Flying Club.[212] From this airport, passengers can take advantage of some 350 remote helipads and heliports to bypass heavy road traffic.[213]
Roads
Automobiles are the main means to get into the city. In March 2011, more than 7 million vehicles were registered.[214] Heavy traffic is common on the city's main avenues and traffic jams are relatively common on its highways.
The city is crossed by 10 major motorways:
The
Buses
Bus transport (government and private) is composed of 17,000 buses (including about 290 trolley buses).[218] The traditional system of informal transport (dab vans) was later reorganized and legalized. The trolleybus systems provide a portion of the public transport service in Greater São Paulo with two independent networks.[219][216] The SPTrans (São Paulo Transportes) system opened in 1949 and serves the city of São Paulo, while the Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de São Paulo (EMTU) system opened in 1988 and serves suburban areas to the southeast of the city proper. Worldwide, São Paulo is one of only two metropolitan areas possessing two independent trolleybus systems, the other being Naples, Italy.[216]
São Paulo Tietê Bus Terminal is the second largest bus terminal in the world, after PABT in New York.[217] It serves localities across the nation, with the exception of the states of Amazonas, Roraima and Amapá. Routes to 1,010 cities in five countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay) are available. It connects to all regional airports and a ride sharing automobile service to Santos.[217]
The Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal is much smaller and is connected to the Palmeiras-Barra Funda metro and Palmeiras-Barra Funda CPTM stations. It serves the southwestern cities of Sorocaba, Itapetininga, Itu, Botucatu, Bauru, Marília, Jaú, Avaré, Piraju, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, Ipaussu, Chavantes and Ourinhos (on the border with Paraná State). It also serves São José do Rio Preto, Araçatuba and other small towns on the northwest of São Paulo State.
Urban rail
São Paulo has an urban rail transit system (São Paulo Metro and São Paulo Metropolitan Trains) that serves 184 stations and has 377 km (234 mi) of track,[220] forming the largest metropolitan rail transport network of Latin America.[221] The underground and urban railway lines together carry some 7 million people on an average weekday.[222]
The São Paulo Metro operates 104 kilometers (65 mi) of rapid transit system, with six lines in operation, serving 91 stations.[223] In 2015, the metro reached the mark of 11.5 million passengers per mile of line, 15% higher than in 2008, when 10 million users were taken per mile. It is the largest concentration of people in a single transport system in the world, according to the company. In 2014, the São Paulo Metro was elected the best metro system in the Americas.[224]
The company ViaQuatro, a
The
CCR Group (through the ViaQuatro and ViaMobilidade concessionaires) operates subway lines 4–Yellow and 5–Lilac, in addition to managing (through the ViaMobilidade concessionaire) lines 8-Diamond and 9-Emerald of the metropolitan train system. Metro and metropolitan train networks transport an average of nearly 7 million people a day, while another 2 million passengers are transported by EMTU buses daily.[229]
The two major São Paulo
Culture
Music
Adoniran Barbosa was a samba singer and composer who became successful during São Paulo's early radio era. Born in 1912 in the town of Valinhos, Barbosa was known as the "composer to the masses", particularly Italian immigrants living in the quarters of Bela Vista, also known as "Bexiga" and Brás, as well as those who lived in the city's many 'cortiços' or tenements. His songs drew from the life of urban workers, the unemployed and those who lived on the edge. His first big hit was "Saudosa Maloca" ("Shanty of Fond Memories" – 1951), wherein three homeless friends recall with nostalgia their improvised shanty home, which was torn down by the landowner to make room for a building. His 1964 Trem das Onze ("The 11 pm Train"), became one of the five best samba songs ever, the protagonist explains to his lover that he cannot stay any longer because he has to catch the last train to the Jaçanã suburb, for his mother will not sleep before he arrives home. Another important musician with a similar style is Paulo Vanzolini. Vanzolini is a PhD in biology and a part-time professional musician. He composed a song depicting a love murder scene in São Paulo called "Ronda".
In the late 1960s, a psychedelic rock band called
In the early 1980s, a band called Ultraje a Rigor (Elegant Outrage) emerged. They played a simple and irreverent style of rock. The lyrics depicted the changes in society and culture that Brazilian society was experiencing. A late punk and garage scene became strong in the 1980s, perhaps associated with the gloomy scenario of unemployment during an extended recession. Bands originating from this movement include Ira!, Titãs, Ratos de Porão and Inocentes. In the 1990s, drum and bass arose as another musical movement in São Paulo, with artists such as DJ Marky, DJ Patife, XRS, Drumagick and Fernanda Porto.[232] Many heavy metal bands also originated in São Paulo, such as Angra, Project46, Torture Squad, Korzus and Dr. Sin. Famous electro-pop band Cansei de Ser Sexy, or CSS (Portuguese for "tired of being sexy") also has its origins in the city.
Many of the most important classical Brazilian living composers, such as
São Paulo's opera houses are:
Literature
São Paulo was home to the first
Brazilian elite culture was originally strongly tied to
Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade were the prototypical modernists. With the urban poems of "Paulicéia Desvairada" and "Carefree Paulistan land" (1922), Mário de Andrade established the movement in Brazil. His rhapsodic novel Macunaíma (1928), with its abundance of Brazilian folklore, represents the apex of modernism's nationalist prose through its creation of an offbeat native national hero. Oswald de Andrade's experimental poetry, avant-garde prose, particularly the novel Serafim Ponte Grande (1933) and provocative manifestos exemplify the movement's break with tradition.[235]
Modernist artists and writers chose the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo to launch their Modernist manifesto. The site happened to be a bastion of European culture with opera and classical music presentations from Germany, France, Austria and Italy. They defied the high society that frequented the venue and who insisted on speaking only foreign languages such as French, behaving as if Brazilian culture did not matter.[235]
Theaters
Many historians believe that the first theatrical performance in Brazil was held in São Paulo. The Portuguese
During the 1960s, major theater productions in São Paulo and Brazil were presented by two groups. Teatro de Arena began with a group of students from Escola de Arte Dramática (Drama Art School), founded by Alfredo Mesquita, in 1948. In 1958, the group excelled with the play "Eles não usam black tie" by Gianfrancesco Guarnieri which was the first in the history of the Brazilian drama to feature labor workers as protagonists.[236]
After the military coup of 1964, plays started focusing on Brazilian history (Zumbi, Tiradentes). Teatro de Arena and Teatro Oficina supported the democratic resistance during the military dictatorship period, marked by its censorship. The Tropicalist movement began there. A number of plays represented historic moments, notably "O Rei da Vela", "Galileu Galilei" (1968), "Na Selva das Cidades" (1969) and "Gracias Señor" (1972).
The district of Bixiga concentrates the greatest number of
Museums
São Paulo has many neighborhoods and buildings of historical value. The city has a large number of museums and art galleries. Among the museums in the city are
The
The
Stretching over 78 thousand square meters (0.84 million square feet),
Hospedaria do Imigrante (Immigrant's Hostel) was built in 1886 and opened in 1887. Immigrant's Hostel was built in Brás to welcome the immigrants who arrived in Brazil through the Port of Santos, quarantining those who were sick and helping new arrivals to find work in coffee plantations in Western, Northern and Southwestern São Paulo State and Northern Paraná State. From 1882 to 1978, 2.5 million immigrants of more than 60 nationalities and ethnicities were guests there,[238] all of them duly registered in the museum's books and lists. The hostel hosted approximately 3,000 people on average, but occasionally reached 8,000. The hostel received the last immigrants in 1978.[239]
In 1998 the hostel became a museum, where it preserves the immigrants' documentation, memory and objects. Located in one of the few remaining centenarian buildings, the museum occupies part of the former hostel. The museum also restores wooden train wagons from the former
Located next to the Luz metro station, the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo was projected by architect Ramos de Azevedo in 1895. It was constructed to house an Arts Lyceum. In 1911, it became a museum, where it hosts a number of art exhibitions, such as bronze statues of French sculptor Auguste Rodin took place in 2001. There is also a permanent exhibition on the "Resistance" movement that took place during military dictatorship in the Republican period, including a reconstructed prison cell where political prisoners were kept.
The
Museu da Imagem e do Som (Image and Sound Museum) preserves music, cinema, photography and graphical arts. MIS has a collection of more than 200,000 images. It has more than 1,600 fiction videotapes, documentaries and music and 12,750 titles recorded in Super 8 and 16 mm film. MIS organizes concerts, cinema and video festivals and photography and graphical arts exhibitions.
The Museum of Art of the Parliament of São Paulo is a contemporary art museum housed in the Palácio 9 de Julho, the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo house. The museum is run by the Department of Artistic Heritage of the Legislative Assembly and has paintings, sculpture, prints, ceramics and photographs, exploring the Brazilian contemporary art.
The Museu do Futebol (Football Museum) is at the famous soccer stadium Paulo Machado de Carvalho, which was built in 1940 during Getúlio Vargas presidency. The museum shows the history of soccer with a special attention to the memories, emotions and cultural values promoted by the sport during the 20th and 21st centuries in Brazil. The visit also includes fun and interactive activities, 16 rooms from the permanent collection, plus a temporary exposition.
Media
São Paulo is home to the two most important daily newspapers in Brazil,
Two of the five major television networks are based in the city,
Many of the major AM and FM radio networks of Brazil are headquartered in São Paulo, such as Jovem Pan, Rádio Mix, Transamérica, BandNews FM, CBN, 89 A Radio Rock, Kiss FM and Band FM. The telephone area code for the city of São Paulo is 11.[242]
Sports
The city hosts sporting events of national and international importance, such as the
As in the rest of Brazil,
Volleyball, basketball, skateboard and tennis are other major sports. There are several traditional
The
In Bom Retiro district, there is a public baseball stadium, Estádio Mie Nishi, while Santo Amaro district is the seat of the Núcleo de Alto Rendimento (NAR) is a high performance sports center focused on Olympic athletes. São Paulo is also rugby union's stronghold in Brazil, with the main rugby field in the city being at the São Paulo Athletic Club, São Paulo's oldest club, founded by the British community. The Cobras Brasil XV, Brazilian professional franchise that plays the Super Rugby Americas, is based in São Paulo.
The city has five major stadiums:
Notable people
See also
- ABCD Region
- Japanese cuisine in São Paulo
- Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
- Largest cities in the Americas
- List of municipalities in the state of São Paulo by population
- OPENCities
- Caminhada Noturna (night walk)
- Department of Historic Heritage of São Paulo
References
Bibliography
- Lawrence, Rachel (January 2010). Alyse Dar (ed.). Brazil (Seventh ed.). Apa Publications GmbH & Co. / Discovery Channel. pp. 183–204.
Notes
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{{cite web}}
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External links
- Official websites
- São Paulo City Hall (in Portuguese)
- São Paulo City Council (in Portuguese)
- São Paulo Metro (in Portuguese)
- São Paulo Stock Exchange
- Other websites
- São Paulo travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Geographic data related to São Paulo at OpenStreetMap
- São Paulo at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- The New York Times, "36 Hours in São Paulo".
- U.S. News & World Report, "São Paulo Travel Guide"
- Forbes, "All You Need To Know About Sao Paulo, Brazil's Largest City"
- National Geographic, "A writer's perfect day in São Paulo"