Gliwice
Gliwice | ||
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Car plates SG | | |
Climate | Cfb | |
Primary airport | Katowice Airport | |
Highways | ||
Website | http://www.gliwice.eu/ |
Gliwice (Polish:
Gliwice is the westernmost city of the
Founded in the 13th century, Gliwice is one of the oldest settlements in Upper Silesia, with a preserved Old Town core. Gliwice's most historical structures include St Bartholomew's Church (15th century), Gliwice Castle and city walls (14th century), Armenian Church (originally a hospital, 15th century) and All Saints Old Town Church (15th century). Gliwice is also known for its Radio Tower, where Gleiwitz incident happened shortly before the outbreak of World War II and which is thought to be the world's tallest wooden construction,[3] as well as Weichmann Textile House, one of the first buildings designed by world-renowned architect Erich Mendelsohn. Gliwice hosted the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 which took place on 24 November 2019.[4]
Etymology
In Slavic languages, the root gliw or gliv suggests terrain characterized by loam or wetland. In South Slavic languages, glive or gljive refers to mushrooms, with gljivice meaning little mushrooms.[citation needed]
History
Early history
Gliwice was first mentioned as a town in 1276, however, it was granted
According to 14th-century writers, the town seemed defensive in character, when under rule of Siemowit of Bytom.[6] In the Middle Ages the city prospered mainly due to trade and crafts, especially brewing.[5]
On 17 April 1433, Gliwice was captured by the Duke Bolko V, who joined the Hussites after they captured Prudnik.[7]
Early Modern Age
After the dissolution of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz in 1532, it was incorporated as Gleiwitz into the Habsburg monarchy. Because of the vast expenses incurred by the Habsburg monarchy during their 16th century wars against the Ottoman Empire, Gleiwitz was leased to Friedrich Zettritz for the amount of 14,000 thalers. Although the original lease was for a duration of 18 years, it was renewed in 1580 for 10 years and in 1589 for an additional 18 years. Around 1612, the Reformed Franciscans came from Kraków, and then their monastery and Holy Cross Church were built.[8] The city was besieged or captured by various armies during the Thirty Years' War.[5] In 1645 along with the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz it returned to Poland under the House of Vasa, and in 1666 it fell to Austria again. In 1683 Polish King John III Sobieski stopped in the city before the Battle of Vienna.[5] In the 17th and 18th century, the city's economy switched from trading and brewing beer to clothmaking, which collapsed after the 18th-century Silesian Wars.[5]
During the mid 18th century Silesian Wars, Gleiwitz was taken from the Habsburg monarchy by the Kingdom of Prussia along with the majority of Silesia. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Gleiwitz was administered in the Prussian district of Tost-Gleiwitz within the Province of Silesia in 1816. The city was incorporated with Prussia into the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany. In 1897 Gleiwitz became its own Stadtkreis, or urban district.
Industrialization
The first coke-fired
Other features of the 19th century industrialized Gleiwitz were a
20th century
According to the
After the end of World War I, clashes between Poles and Germans occurred during the Polish insurrections in Silesia. Some ethnically Polish inhabitants of Upper Silesia wanted to incorporate the city into the Second Polish Republic, which just regained independence. On 1 May 1919, a Polish rally was held in Gliwice.[9] Seeking a peaceful solution to the conflict, the League of Nations held a plebiscite on 20 March 1921 to determine which country the city should belong to. In Gleiwitz, 32,029 votes (78.7% of given votes) were for remaining in Germany, Poland received 8,558 (21.0%) votes, and 113 (0.3%) votes were declared invalid. The total voter turnout was listed as 97.0%. This prompted another insurrection by Poles. The League of Nations determined that three Silesian cities: Gleiwitz (Gliwice), Hindenburg (Zabrze) and Beuthen (Bytom) would remain in Germany, and the eastern part of Upper Silesia with its main city of Katowice (Kattowitz) would join restored Poland. After delimiting the border in Upper Silesia in 1921, Gliwice found itself in Germany, but near the border with Poland – the nearby Knurów was already in Poland.
During the
On 9 June 1933, Gliwice was the site of the first conference of the Nazi anti-Polish organization Bund Deutscher Osten in Upper Silesia.[11] In a secret Sicherheitsdienst report from 1934, Gliwice was named one of the main centers of the Polish movement in western Upper Silesia.[12] Polish activists were increasingly persecuted starting in 1937.[13]
During early 1940, the advanced shaped charge explosive developed for the attack on Fort Ében-Émael as part of the Blitzkreig attack on the Maginot Line on May 10, 1940 were tested at places in Gleiwitz to ensure secrecy.[14]
The
On 24 January 1945, Gliwice was occupied by the Red Army. In February 1945, the Soviets carried out deportations of local men to Soviet mines.[30] Under borders changes dictated by the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference, Gliwice fell inside Poland's new borders after Germany's defeat in the war. It was incorporated into Poland's Silesian Voivodeship on 18 March 1945, after almost 300 years of being outside of Polish rule.
In 1956, Gliwice was the site of a manifestation of solidarity with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and local Poles raised funds and donated blood for the Hungarian insurgents (see also Hungary–Poland relations).[31]
Demographics
Population development
The earliest population estimate of Gliwice from 1880, gives 1,159 people in 1750.[32] The same source cites population to have been 2,990 in 1810, 6,415 in 1838, and 10,923 in 1861. A census from 1858 reported the following ethnic makeup: 7,060 - German, 3,566 - Polish, 11 - Moravian, 1 - Czech. Since the Industrial Revolution, Gliwice saw rapid economic growth which fuelled fast population increase. In 1890 Gliwice had 19,667 inhabitants, and this number has increased over twofold over the next 10 years to 52,362 in 1900.[33] Gliwice gained its status of a large city (Großstadt in German) in 1927, when population reached 102,452 people.
In 1945, with the approaching Red Army, a significant number of residents were either evacuated or fled the city at their own discretion. Following the
As of December 31, 2016, Gliwice's population stood at 182,156 people, a decrease of 1,236 over the previous year. Gliwice faces a continuous population decline since 1988, which is credited to very low birth rates (exceeded by death rates) and suburbanisation.
Nationality, ethnicity and language
Historically, Gliwice was ethnically diverse, initially inhabited by
According to the
Religion
Except for a short period immediately after Reformation, Gliwice has always had a Catholic majority, with sizeable Protestant and Jewish minorities. According to the population estimate in 1861, 7,476 people (68.4 percent) were Catholic, 1,555 (14.2 percent) Protestant, and 1,892 Jewish (17.3 percent, highest share in city history).[32][35]
Currently, as of 2011 census, 84.7 percent of inhabitants claim they belong to a religion. The majority – 82.73 percent – belongs to the Catholic Church. This is significantly lower than the Polish average, which is 89.6 and 88.3 percent, respectively. According to the Catholic Church in Poland, weekly mass attendance in the Diocese of Gliwice is at 36.7 percent of obliged, on par with Polish average.[36] Other larger denominations include Jehovah's Witnesses (0.56 percent or 1,044 adherents) and Protestants (0.37 percent or 701 adherents).[34]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1950 | 119,968 | — |
1960 | 135,300 | +12.8% |
1970 | 172,000 | +27.1% |
1980 | 197,467 | +14.8% |
1990 | 214,202 | +8.5% |
2000 | 205,092 | −4.3% |
2010 | 195,472 | −4.7% |
2020 | 177,049 | −9.4% |
source [37] |
Gliwice is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gliwice, which has 23 parish churches in the city. Gliwice is also the seat of one of the three Armenian Church parishes in Poland (the other being in Warsaw and Gdańsk), which is subject to the Holy See directly. Other denominations present in the city include a Greek Catholic Church parish, an Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession parish, a Methodist parish, 9 Jehovah Witnesses halls (including one offering English-language services), several evangelical churches, a Buddhist temple and a Jewish prayer house.
Jews in Gliwice
Gliwice's Jewish population reached its height in 1929 at approximately 2,200 people, but started to decline in the late 1930s, as the
Only 25 Jews from Gliwice's pre-war Jewish population survived World War II in the city, all of them being in mixed marriages with gentiles.[41] Immediately after the War, Gliwice became a congregation point for Jews who had survived The Holocaust, with the Jewish population standing at around a 1,000 people in 1945. Since then, the number of Jews in Gliwice has declined as survivors moved to larger cities or emigrated to Israel, the United States, and other western counties.[35] Currently, Gliwice's Jewish community is estimated at around 25 people and is part of the Katowice Jewish Religious Community.
Gliwice has one Jewish prayer house, where religious services are held every Sabbath and on holidays. It is located in the house that the Jewish Religious Community elected in 1905.
Notable members of the Jewish community in Gliwice include:
- Wilhelm Freund (1806–1894), philologist and director of the Jewish school.
- Oscar Troplowitz (1863–1918), German pharmacist, owner of Beiersdorf AG and inventor of Nivea skin cream.
- Eugen Goldstein (1850–1930), German physicist, discoverer of anode rays, sometimes credited for the discovery of the proton.
- Julian Kornhauser (b. 1946), Polish poet and father of current first lady Agata Kornhauser-Duda, born in Gliwice to a Jewish father and Polish Silesian mother from Chorzów.
Sights and architecture
- Market Square (Rynek) with the Town Hall (Ratusz), Neptune Fountain and colourful historic townhouses, located in the Old Town
- The Gliwice Radio Tower of Radiostacja Gliwicka ("Radio Station Gliwice") in Szobiszowice is the only remaining radio tower of wood construction in the world, and with a height of 118 meters, is perhaps the tallest remaining construction made out of wood in the world. It is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland and now it is a branch of the local museum.
- Piast Castle dates back to the Middle Ages and hosts a branch of the local museum.
- Museum in Gliwice (Muzeum w Gliwicach), a local museum
- Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gliwice, and other historic churches
- Medieval fortified Old Saint Bartholomew church
- Medieval town walls
- Redemptorist monastery from the 17th century (former Reformed Franciscan monastery)[8]
- Piłsudski Square with a monument of pre-war Polish leader Józef Piłsudski
- Chopin Park with a monument to the Polish composer Fryderyk Chopinand the Municipal Palm House
- Culture and Recreation Park in Gliwice
- Various historic public buildings, including the Main Post Office, Voivodeship Administrative Court, the district court
- Teatr Miejski (Municipal Theatre)
- Chrobry Park
- Monuments to Adam Mickiewicz and Tadeusz Kościuszko
- Gliwice Trynek narrow-gauge station is a protected monument. The narrow-gauge line to Racibórz via Rudy closed in 1991 although a short section still remains as a museum line.
- The Weichmann Textile House was built during the Summers of 1921 and 1922 . It was never referred to as Weichmann Textile House from its completion in Summer 1922 until its closing in 1943. Rather it was founded under the name Seidenhaus Weichmann (“Allied bombing raid, which marked the end of Seidenhaus Weichmann.
Higher education and science
Gliwice is a major applied science hub for the Metropolis GZM. Gliwice is a seat of:
- Silesian University of Technology with about 32,000 students (Politechnika Śląska)
- Akademia Polonijna of Częstochowa, branch in Gliwice
- Gliwice College of Entrepreneurship (Gliwicka Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości)[42]
- Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk)
- Institute of Theoretical And Applied Informatics
- Institute of Chemical Engineering
- Carbochemistry branch
- Institute of Theoretical And Applied
- Other (commercial or government funded) applied research centers:
- OncologicalResearch Center (Centrum Onkologii)
- Inorganic ChemistryResearch Institute (Instytut Chemii Nieorganicznej)
- Research Institute of Refractory Materials (Instytut Materiałów Ogniotrwałych)
- Research Institute for Non-Ferrous Metals(Instytut Metali Nieżelaznych)
- Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy (Polish: Instytut Metalurgii Żelaza)
- Welding Research Institute (Instytut Spawalnictwa)
Transport
The Polish north–south A1 and east–west A4 motorways, which are parts of the European routes E75 and E40, respectively, run through Gliwice, and their junction is located in the city. In addition the Polish National roads 78 and 88 also run through the city.
Water transport
The Gliwice Canal (Kanał Gliwicki) links the harbour to the Oder River and thus to the waterway network across much of Germany and to the Baltic Sea. There is also an older Kłodnica Canal (Kanał Kłodnicki) which is no longer operational.
Sports
- Piast Gliwice – men's football team playing in the Ekstraklasa (since season 2008–09), 2019 Polish champions and 2016 runner–ups
- Carbo Gliwice – men's footballteam
- Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League: 10th place in 2003/2004 season
- Gliwickie Towarzystwo Koszykówki – men's basketball team
- P.A. Nova Gliwice – men's futsal team playing in 1st league (4 times Champion of Poland)
- Gliwice Cricket Club[43]
- K.S. Kodokan Gliwice [44] – martial arts team and club
- Gliwice LIONS [45] – American Football team
Politics
The city's President (i.e. Mayor) is Adam Neumann. He succeeded Zygmunt Frankiewicz who was mayor for 26 years (1993–2019) before being elected as a Polish Senator.
Gliwice has 21 city districts, each of them with its own Rada Osiedlowa. They include, in alphabetical order: Bojków, Brzezinka, Czechowice, Kopernik, Ligota Zabrska, Łabędy, Obrońców Pokoju, Ostropa, Politechnika, Sikornik, Sośnica, Stare Gliwice, Szobiszowice, Śródmieście, Żwirki I Wigury, Trynek, Wilcze Gardło, Wojska Polskiego, Wójtowa Wieś, Zatorze, Żerniki.
Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency
Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency include: Brzeziński Jacek (PO), Chłopek Aleksander (PiS), Gałażewski Andrzej (PO), Głogowski Tomasz (PO), Kaźmierczak Jan (PO), Martyniuk Wacław (LiD), Religa Zbigniew (PiS), Sekuła Mirosław (PO), Szarama Wojciech (PiS), Szumilas Krystyna (PO).
Notable people
- John Baildon (1772–1846), Scottish engineer
- Helmut Bartuschek (1905–1984), translator and poet
- Horst Bienek (1930–1990), German author of novels about Upper Silesia
- William Blandowski (1822–1878), German explorer, zoologist, photographer
- Sebastian Boenisch (born 1987), Polish-German footballer who plays for the Poland national football team
- German Democratic Republic
- Agata Buzek (born 1976), Polish actress, daughter of Jerzy Buzek
- Jerzy Buzek (born 1940), professor of chemistry, Prime Minister of Poland 1997–2001, MEP since 2004 and president of European Parliament since 2009
- Ernst Degner (1931–1983), German Grand Prix motorcycle racer and designer
- Robert Dziekański, Polish immigrant to Canada who was tasered 5 times and killed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police at Vancouver International Airport
- Gottfried Bermann Fischer (1897–1995), German publisher
- Christian Ganczarski (born 1966), German citizen of Polish descent, convert to Islam and convicted terrorist
- Eugen Goldstein (1850–1930), German physicist
- Sophia Grojsman (Khodosh) (born 1945), internationally famous American perfumer
- Hans Hanke (1912–1981), German military officer (World War Two)
- Rudolf Herrnstadt (1903–1966), German journalist
- Adalbert Kelm (1856–1939), architect, important for the enlargement of the town in the 1890s..
- Wojciech Kocyan, Polish pianist
- Włodzimierz Lubański (born 1947), Polish football player
- Adam Matuszczyk (born 1989), Polish football player
- People's Republic of Poland1983–1985, prime minister 1985–1988
- Gustav Neumann (1838–1881), German chess player
- Lukas Podolski (born 1985), Polish-German football player
- Wojciech Pszoniak (1942–2020), Polish film and theatre actor
- Tadeusz Różewicz (1921–2014), Polish poet and writer
- Zofia Rydet (1911–1997), Polish photographer
- Stanisław Sojka (born 1959), Polish musician
- Oskar Troplowitz (1863–1918), German pharmacist and owner of Beiersdorf AG, inventor of Nivea and other products
- Richard Wetz (1875–1935), German composer
- Erich Peter Wohlfarth (1924–1988), German physicist
- Leo Yankevich (1961–2018), American poet and translator
- Adam Zagajewski (1945–2021), Polish poet
- Krystian Zimerman (born 1956), Polish pianist and conductor
Twin towns – sister cities
- Bottrop, Germany
- Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
- Doncaster, England, United Kingdom
- Kežmarok, Slovakia
- Nacka, Sweden
- Salgótarján, Hungary
- Valenciennes, France
See also
- Gliwice County
- Gliwice incident
References
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Sources
- Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 – 1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4).
- Rosenbaum, Sebastian; Węcki, Mirosław (2010). Nadzorować, interweniować, karać. Nazistowski obóz władzy wobec Kościoła katolickiego w Zabrzu (1934–1944). Wybór dokumentów (in Polish). ISBN 978-83-8098-299-4.
External links
- Um.gliwice.pl
- Web.archive.org
- Jewish Community in Gliwice on Virtual Shtetl
- Polsl.pl
- Gliwice.pl
- Gliwice.com
- Gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl Archived 2020-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
- Forumgliwice.com
- Gliwice.info.pl
- Aegee-gliwice.org Archived 2016-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Travel Guide
Further reading
- Max Lamla: Merkwürdiges aus meinem Leben (1917–1999), Saarbrücken 2006, ISBN 3-00-018964-5
- Boleslaw Domanski (2000) "The Impact of Spatial and Social Qualities on the Reproduction of Local Economic Success: The Case of the Path Dependent Development of Gliwice", in: Prace Geograficne, zeszyt 106, Cracow, pp 35–54.
- B. Nietsche, Geschichte der Stadt Gleiwitz (1886)
- Seidel, Die königliche Eisengiesserei zu Gleiwitz (Berlin, 1896)