Yorkshire
Yorkshire | |
---|---|
Area and historic county | |
Location of Yorkshire from 1851 | |
Area | |
• Coordinates | 54°N 1°W / 54°N 1°W |
History | |
• Origin | Kingdom of Jórvík |
• Succeeded by | Various |
Status | Historic county |
Chapman code | YKS |
Contained within | |
• Region (most of) | Yorkshire and the Humber |
• Ceremonial counties (most of) | North Yorkshire • East Riding of Yorkshire • South Yorkshire • West Yorkshire |
• Ceremonial counties (part of) | Greater Manchester • Lancashire • Cumbria • County Durham |
Subdivisions | |
• Type | Ridings (largest & most notable of differing former subdivisions) |
• Units | 1 North • 2 West • 3 East |
Yorkshire (/ˈjɔːrkʃər, -ʃɪər/ YORK-shər, -sheer) is an area of Northern England which was historically a county.[1] Despite no longer being used for administration, Yorkshire retains a strong regional identity.[2] The county was named after its original county town, the city of York.
The south-west of Yorkshire is densely populated, and includes the cities of Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, and Wakefield. The north and east of the county are more sparsely populated, however the north east includes the southern part of the Teesside conurbation, and the port city of Kingston upon Hull is located in the south-east. York is located near the centre of the county. Yorkshire has a coastline to the North Sea to the east. The North York Moors occupy the north east of the county, and the centre contains the Vale of Mowbray in the north and the Vale of York in the south. The west contains part of the Pennines, which form the Yorkshire Dales in the north-west.
The historic county was bordered by
Yorkshire Day is observed annually on 1 August and is a celebration of the general culture of Yorkshire, including its history and dialect.[4] Its name is used by several institutions, for example the Royal Yorkshire Regiment of the British Army,[5] in sport, and in the media. The emblem of Yorkshire is a white rose, which was originally the heraldic badge of the British royal House of York. The county is sometimes referred to as "God's own country".[6] Yorkshire is represented in sport by Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Yorkshire Rugby Football Union.
Definitions
There are several ways of defining Yorkshire, including the historic county and the group of four modern ceremonial counties. The county boundaries were reasonably stable between 1182, when it ceded western areas to the new county of Lancashire,[7] and 1889 when administrative counties were created, which saw some adjustments to the boundaries with County Durham, Lancashire and Lincolnshire.[8][3] After 1889 there were occasional adjustments to accommodate urban areas which were developing across county boundaries, such as in 1934 when Dore and Totley were transferred from Derbyshire to Yorkshire on being absorbed into the borough of Sheffield.[9]
More significant changes in 1974 saw the historic county divided between several counties. The majority of the area was split between North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, which all kept the Yorkshire name. A large part of the east of the county went to the new county of Humberside, and an area in the north-east went to the new county of Cleveland. Some more rural areas at the edges of the historic county were transferred to County Durham, Cumbria, Lancashire and Greater Manchester, whilst South Yorkshire also included areas which had been in Nottinghamshire.[10]
Cleveland and Humberside were both abolished in 1996, since when there have been four ceremonial counties with Yorkshire in their names: East Riding of Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, which together cover most of the historic county.[11]
There is a region called Yorkshire and the Humber which covers a similar area to the combined area of the four Yorkshire ceremonial counties, the exceptions being that the region excludes the parts of North Yorkshire which had been in Cleveland, but includes North East Lincolnshire and North Lincolnshire (which had been in Humberside). Until 2009 some government powers in the region were devolved to the Yorkshire and Humber Assembly; since 2009 the region has been used primarily for presentation of statistics.
Etymology
Yorkshire is so named as it is the shire (administrative area or county) of the city of York, or York's Shire. The word “York” has an interesting etymology, first it is believed to have originated from the Celtic word “Eburakon,” which means “Place of yew trees.” This theory is supported by the fact that yew trees were once abundant in the area around York, and that the city was known for its skilled bow makers who used yew wood to make their bows. This became 'Eboracum' to the Romans, 'Eorfowic' to the Angles and then, most famously, 'Jorvik' to the Vikings. Secondly, and much less reliable, is that it may come from the Old English word “Eow,” which referred to the yew tree (Taxus Baccata). Yew trees were highly valued in ancient times for their durable wood, which was used for making bows, spears, and other tools. Over time, the word evolved into “York,” and it eventually came to refer to the city of York in England. [12] [13]Either way, it is an evolved word for the magical 'Yew' tree.
History
Ancient–500: Hen Ogledd
Early: Celtic Brigantes and Parisi
Early inhabitants of what became Yorkshire were Hen Ogledd Brythonic Celts (old north British Celts), who formed separate tribes, the Brigantes (known to be in the north and western areas of now Yorkshire) and the Parisi (present-day East Riding). The Brigantes controlled territory that later became all of Northern England and more territory than most Celtic tribes on the island of Great Britain. Six of the nine Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the historic county.[14][15]
The Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding, might have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul (known today as Paris, France).[16] Their capital was at Petuaria, close to the Humber Estuary.
43–400s: Britannia Inferior
Although the Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD, the Brigantes remained in control of their kingdom as a client state of Rome for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs Cartimandua and her husband Venutius. The capital was between the north and west ridings Isurium Brigantum (near Aldborough) civitas under Roman rule. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain.[17]
Queen Cartimandua left Venutius for his armour bearer, Vellocatus, setting off a chain of events that changed control of the region. Cartimandua's good relationship with the Romans enabled her to keep control of the kingdom; however, her former husband staged rebellions against her and her Roman allies.[18] At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD.[19]
The fortified city of Eboracum (now York) was named as capital of Britannia Inferior and joint capital of all Roman Britain.[20] The emperor Septimius Severus ruled the Roman Empire from Eboracum for the two years before his death.[21]
Another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Eboracum during a visit in 306 AD. Thereafter his son Constantine the Great, who became renowned for his acceptance of Christianity, was proclaimed emperor in the city.[22] In the early 5th century, Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops. By this stage, the Western Empire was in intermittent decline.[21]
500s–1000s: Germanic landings
500s–800s: Celtic-Anglo kingdoms of Ebrauc, Elmet, Deira and Northumbria
After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in the region, including the kingdoms of
Angles (hailing from southern Denmark and northern Germany, probably along with Swedish Geats[23]) consolidated (merging Ebrauc) under Deira, with York as capital. This in turn was grouped with Bernicia, another former Celtic-Brigantes kingdom that was north of the River Tees and had come to be headed by Bamburgh, to form Northumbria.[24][25] Elmet had remained independent from the Germanic Angles until some time in the early 7th century, when King Edwin of Northumbria expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region to his Deira region. The Celts never went away, but were assimilated. This explains the existence of many Celtic placenames in Yorkshire today, such as Kingston upon Hull and Pen-y-ghent.[26]
As well as the Angles and Geats, other settlers included
At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea and from Edinburgh down to Hallamshire in the south.[29]
800s–900s: Jórvík
, the city controlled by these kings. Norse monarchy controlled varying amounts of Northumbria from 875 to 954, however the area was invaded and conquered for short periods by England between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed into England in 954. It was closely associated with the much longer-lived Kingdom of Dublin throughout this period.An army of
The Danes went on to conquer an even larger area of England that afterwards became known as the
Founded by the Dane Halfdan Ragnarsson in 875,[33] ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and populated by the families and subsequent descendants of Danish Vikings, the leadership of the kingdom nonetheless passed into Norwegian hands during its twilight years.[33] Eric Bloodaxe, an ex-king of Norway who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure in history,[34] and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English sovereignty so readily in the years that followed.
800s–1000s: Yorkshire
After around 100 years of its volatile existence, the Kingdom of Jorvik finally came to an end. The
1000s–1400s: Normans
1000s–1100s: Harrying of the north
In the weeks leading up to the
Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army south, where
The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069 AD, enlisting Sweyn II of Denmark. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could.[36] What followed was the Harrying of the North ordered by William. From York to Durham, crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were scorched. Many villages between the towns were burnt and local northerners were indiscriminately murdered.[37] During the winter that followed, families starved to death and thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger. Orderic Vitalis estimated that "more than 100,000" people from the North died from hunger.[38]
In the centuries following, many abbeys and priories were built in Yorkshire. Norman landowners increased their revenues and established new towns such as Barnsley, Doncaster, Hull, Leeds, Scarborough and Sheffield, among others. Of towns founded before the conquest, only Bridlington, Pocklington, and York continued at a prominent level.[39]
In the early 12th century, people of Yorkshire had to contend with the Battle of the Standard at Northallerton with the Scots. Representing the Kingdom of England led by Archbishop Thurstan of York, soldiers from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots.[40]
1300s: Scottish War of Independence and Mass Deaths
The population of Yorkshire boomed until it was hit by the
1400s–1600s: Royal revolts
1400s: Wars of the Roses
When King Richard II was overthrown in 1399, antagonism between the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, began to emerge. Eventually the two houses fought for the throne of England in a series of civil wars, commonly known as the Wars of the Roses. Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at Wakefield and Towton, the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil.[42] Richard III was the last Yorkist king.
1500: Catholic–Protestant dissolution
The
1600s: Civil war
During the
1500s–1900s: Industry
1500-1600s: Explorative growth
In the 16th and 17th centuries Leeds and other wool-industry-centred towns continued to grow, along with Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield, while coal mining first came into prominence in the West Riding of Yorkshire.[49] The wool textile industry, which had previously been a cottage industry, centred on the old market towns moved to the West Riding where entrepreneurs were building mills that took advantage of water power gained by harnessing the rivers and streams flowing from the Pennines. The developing textile industry helped Wakefield and Halifax grow.[50]
1800s: Victorian revolution
The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the
Canals and turnpike roads were introduced in the late 18th century. In the following century the spa towns of Harrogate and Scarborough flourished, due to people believing mineral water had curative properties.[53]
When elected county councils were established in 1889, rather than have a single Yorkshire County Council, each of the three ridings was made an administrative county with its own county council, and the eight larger towns and cities of Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Hull, Leeds, Middlesbrough, Sheffield and York were made county boroughs, independent from the county councils.[54]
Twentieth century to present
During the
From the late 20th century onwards there have been a number of significant reforms of the local government structures covering Yorkshire, notably in 1968, 1974, 1986, 1996 and 2023, discussed in the governance section below. For most administrative purposes the county had been divided since the Middle Ages; the last county-wide administrative role was the Sheriff of Yorkshire. The sheriff had been a powerful position in the Middle Ages but gradually lost most of its functions, and by the twentieth century was a largely ceremonial role. It was abolished as part of the 1974 reforms to local government, which established instead high sheriffs for each modern county.[10]
Geography
Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was the
Geology
In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major
Rivers
Yorkshire is drained by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire the many rivers flow into the
In the far north of the county the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby.[57] To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull.
The western Pennines are drained by the River Ribble which flows westwards, eventually reaching the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes.[57]
Landscape
The
The highest mountains in Yorkshire all lie in the
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds runs nature reserves such as the one at Bempton Cliffs with coastal wildlife such as the northern gannet, Atlantic puffin and razorbill.[68] Spurn Point is a narrow 3-mile (4.8 km) long sand spit. It is a national nature reserve owned by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust and is noted for its cyclical nature whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years.[69] There are seaside resorts in Yorkshire with sandy beaches; Scarborough is Britain's oldest seaside resort dating back to the spa town-era in the 17th century,[70] while Whitby has been voted as the United Kingdom's best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour".[71]
Towns and cities
There are eight officially designated cities in Yorkshire: Bradford, Doncaster, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds, Ripon, Sheffield, Wakefield, and York. City status is formally held by the administrative territory rather than the urban area.
City | Status conferred | Territory holding status | Population 2021[72] |
---|---|---|---|
Bradford | 1897[73] | Metropolitan borough | 546,500 |
Doncaster | 2022[74][75] | Metropolitan borough | 308,100 |
Kingston upon Hull | 1897[76][77] | Unitary authority | 267,100 |
Leeds | 1893[78] | Metropolitan borough | 812,000 |
Ripon | 1865[79] | Civil parish | 16,589 |
Sheffield | 1893[78] | Metropolitan borough | 556,500 |
Wakefield | 1888[80][81][82] | Metropolitan borough | 353,300 |
York | Time immemorial | Unitary authority | 202,800 |
York is considered to have been a city since time immemorial. The other cities were formally awarded city status by the monarch; in the cases of Ripon and Wakefield following the creation of new Church of England dioceses, and in the other cases following significant urban growth.[83] Middlesbrough is the largest built-up area in Yorkshire not to be a city. The largest built-up areas at the 2021 census were as follows:
Rank | County | Pop. | Rank | County | Pop. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leeds Sheffield |
1 | Leeds | West | 536,280 | 11 | Rotherham | South | 71,535 | Bradford Kingston upon Hull |
2 | Sheffield | South | 500,535 | 12 | Harrogate | North | 75,515 | ||
3 | Bradford | West | 333,950 | 13 | Barnsley | South | 71,405 | ||
4 | Kingston upon Hull | East | 270,810 | 14 | Dewsbury | West | 63,720 | ||
5 | Middlesbrough | North | 148,215 | 15 | Scarborough | North | 59,505 | ||
6 | York | North | 141,685 | 16 | Keighley | West | 48,750 | ||
7 | Huddersfield | West | 141,675 | 17 | Castleford | West | 45,355 | ||
8 | Wakefield | West | 97,870 | 18 | Batley | West | 44,500 | ||
9 | Halifax | West | 88,115 | 19 | Redcar | North | 37,660 | ||
10 | Doncaster | South | 87,455 | 20 | Pudsey | West | 34,850 |
Governance
There is no single Yorkshire-wide administrative body today. The area of the four ceremonial counties is administered by sixteen different local authorities, being nine metropolitan boroughs covering South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire and seven unitary authorities covering East Riding and North Yorkshire (one of which, Stockton-on-Tees, straddles the ceremonial boundary between North Yorkshire and County Durham).[85] Most of the authorities are grouped into combined authorities, each led by a directly elected mayor. The combined authorities for West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and Tees Valley are already operating. A new York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority was established in February 2024 with its first mayor due to be elected in May 2024, and proposals for establishing a combined authority covering Hull and East Riding are being considered.[86]
Administrative hierarchy covering the four ceremonial counties as at March 2024:
Combined authority | Status | Districts |
---|---|---|
South Yorkshire | Combined authority since 2014, led by mayor since 2018 | Barnsley |
Doncaster | ||
Rotherham | ||
Sheffield | ||
Tees Valley | Combined authority since 2016, led by mayor since 2017. Straddles ceremonial counties of North Yorkshire and County Durham. |
Middlesbrough |
Redcar and Cleveland | ||
Stockton-on-Tees (south of River Tees in North Yorkshire, north of river in County Durham) | ||
Also includes Darlington and Hartlepool from County Durham. | ||
West Yorkshire | Combined authority since 2014, led by mayor since 2021 | Bradford |
Calderdale | ||
Kirklees | ||
Leeds | ||
Wakefield | ||
York and North Yorkshire | Established February 2024, first mayor to be elected May 2024 | North Yorkshire |
York | ||
Hull and East Riding | Proposed, not yet operative | East Riding of Yorkshire |
Kingston upon Hull |
The areas from the historic county that are not covered by the four ceremonial counties are now administered as parts of County Durham, Westmorland and Furness, Lancashire and Greater Manchester.
Administrative history
Historically, Yorkshire was divided into three ridings. The term 'riding' is of Viking origin and derives from Threthingr (equivalent to third-ing). The three ridings in Yorkshire were named the
The Sheriff of Yorkshire was the most senior official position within the county in the Middle Ages. In 1547 a separate post of Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire was created, taking some of the functions previously held by the sheriff. The single lieutenancy was split in 1660 into separate posts for the East Riding, North Riding and West Riding. For the purposes of lieutenancy, York was deemed part of the West Riding, and Hull was deemed part of the East Riding.[90][91]
Elected county councils were established in 1889 under the
More significant reviews of local government began to be considered following the Local Government Act 1958. The North Eastern General Review was held from 1962 to 1963, and led to the creation of the County Borough of Teesside in 1968, which covered the abolished county borough of Middlesbrough and several neighbours, including Stockton-on-Tees and Billingham, which had been in County Durham.[94] Teesside was deemed part of the North Riding for ceremonial purposes, although as a county borough it was independent from North Riding County Council.
Almost as soon as Teesside had been created work began on a far more significant overhaul of local government, culminating in the Local Government Act 1972, which took effect on 1 April 1974. The county boroughs and the administrative counties of the ridings were abolished, as were the lower tier municipal boroughs, urban districts and rural districts. A new set of counties and districts was put in place instead. Most of Yorkshire was split between North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Humberside and Cleveland. Some peripheral rural areas were transferred to other counties, notably the Startforth area which went to County Durham, the Sedbergh area which went to Cumbria, the Forest of Bowland area which went to Lancashire, and Saddleworth which went to Greater Manchester.[10] Some of the changes were unpopular, particularly in Humberside.[95][96]
In 1986 the county councils for the
From the 1990s there were attempts to establish a regional tier of local government; a Yorkshire and the Humber region was designated in 1994, covering North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and Humberside. Between 1998 and 2009 there was a Yorkshire and Humber Assembly comprising members of the region's local authorities and other stakeholders. Since 2009 the region has been primarily used for presentation of statistics rather than administration.
In 2014 the first combined authorities started to be established in Yorkshire, with South Yorkshire (which initially branded itself the "Sheffield City Region") and West Yorkshire having Yorkshire's first combined authorities. In 2018, eighteen of the twenty-two local councils in the Yorkshire and Humber region voted to create instead a much larger combined authority, which they proposed calling "One Yorkshire" which would have covered the region except North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire. The plan included provision for a directly elected mayor for the area, and the scheme's supporters estimated that it could create up to 200,000 jobs.[98][99][100] The One Yorkshire proposal was ultimately rejected by the government in 2019, which preferred to continue with rolling out smaller combined authorities for parts of Yorkshire instead.[101]
The districts of North Yorkshire were abolished in 2023, with North Yorkshire County Council taking over their functions to become a unitary authority, and rebranding itself North Yorkshire Council.[102]
Economy
South and West
The City of Leeds is Yorkshire's largest city and the leading centre of trade and commerce. Leeds is also one of the UK's larger financial centres. Leeds's traditional industries were mixed, service-based industries, textile manufacturing and coal mining being examples. Tourism is also significant and a growing sector in the city. In 2015, the value of tourism was in excess of £7 billion.
Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and Huddersfield once were centres of wool milling. Areas such as Bradford, Dewsbury and Keighley have suffered a decline in their economy since.
Coal mining was extremely active in the south of the county during the 19th century and for most of the 20th century, particularly around Barnsley and Wakefield. As late as the 1970s, the number of miners working in the area was still in six figures.[103] The industry was placed under threat on 6 March 1984 when the National Coal Board announced the closure of 20 pits nationwide (some of them in South Yorkshire). By March 2004, a mere three coalpits remained open in the area.[104] Three years later, the only remaining coal pit in the region was Maltby Colliery near Rotherham.[105] Maltby Colliery closed in 2013.[106]
East Riding and North
North Yorkshire has an established tourist industry, supported by the presence of two national parks (Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors), Harrogate, York and Scarborough.
Tourism is a huge part of the economy of York with a value of over £765 million to the city and supporting 24,000 jobs in 2019.[107] Harrogate draws numerous visitors because of its conference facilities. In 2016 such events alone attracted 300,000 visitors to Harrogate.[108]
and SGS Europe.Harrogate and
PD Ports owns and operates Teesport, between Middlesbrough and Redcar. The company also operates the Hull Container Terminal at the Port of Hull and owns a short river port in Howdendyke (near Howden).[109]
Other businesses in the two counties are
Education
Yorkshire has a large base of primary and secondary schools operated by both local authorities and private bodies, and a dozen universities, along with a wide range of colleges and further education facilities. Five universities are based in Leeds, two in Sheffield, two in York, and one each in Bradford, Hull, Middlesbrough and Huddersfield. The largest universities by enrolment are Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Leeds, each with over 31,000 students, followed by Leeds Beckett University, and the most recent to attain university status is the Leeds Arts University. There are also branches of institutions headquartered in other parts of England, such as the Open University and Britain's first for-profit university (since 2012), the University of Law. The tertiary sector is in active cooperation with industry, and a number of spin-off companies have been launched.
Transport
The oldest road in Yorkshire, called the Great North Road, is now known as the A1.[110] This trunk road passes through the centre of the county and is the main route from London to Edinburgh.[111] Another important road is the more easterly A19 road which starts in Doncaster and ends just north of Newcastle upon Tyne at Seaton Burn. The M62 motorway crosses the county from east to west from Hull towards Greater Manchester and Merseyside.[112] The M1 carries traffic from London and the south of England to Yorkshire. In 1999, about 8 miles (13 km) was added to make it swing east of Leeds and connect to the A1.[113] The East Coast Main Line rail link between London and Scotland runs roughly parallel with the A1 through Yorkshire and the Trans Pennine rail link runs east to west from Hull to Liverpool via Leeds.[114]
Before the advent of rail transport, the seaports of Hull and Whitby played an important role in transporting goods. Historically canals were used, including the
Public transport statistics
The average amount of time people spend on public transport in Yorkshire on a weekday is 77 minutes. 26.6% of public transport users travel for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport is 16 minutes, while 24.9% of passengers wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transport is 7 km, while 10% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[118]
Architecture
Fortifications
Throughout Yorkshire many castles were built during the Norman-Breton period, particularly after the Harrying of the North. These included Bowes Castle, Pickering Castle, Richmond Castle, Skipton Castle, York Castle and others.[119] Later medieval castles at Helmsley, Middleham and Scarborough were built as a means of defence against the invading Scots.[120] Middleham is notable because Richard III of England spent his childhood there.[120] The remains of these castles, some being English Heritage sites, are popular tourist destinations.[120]
Stately
There are
Large estates with significant buildings were constructed at
Industrial
Buildings built for industry during the Victorian era are found throughout the region; West Yorkshire has various cotton mills, the Leeds Corn Exchange and the Halifax Piece Hall.[124]
Municipal
There are various buildings built for
- Grade I Wakefield County Hall and York Guildhall
- Grade II* listed; Hull Guildhall, Hull City Hall and Sheffield City Hall.
Religious
Religious architecture includes extant cathedrals as well as the ruins of
Culture
The culture of the people of Yorkshire is an accumulated product of a number of different civilisations who have influenced its history, including; the
The British Library provides a four minute long voice recording made in 1955, by a "female housekeeper", Miss Madge Dibnahon, on its web site and an example of the Yorkshire dialect used at that time, in an unstated location. "Much of her speech remains part of the local dialect to this day", according to the Library.[131][132] Due to the large size of Yorkshire, spoken dialects vary between areas. In fact, the dialect in North Yorkshire and Humberside/East Yorkshire is "quite different [than in West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire] and has a much stronger Scandinavian influence".[133]
One report explains the geographic difference in detail:[133]
This distinction was first recognised formally at the turn of the 19th / 20th centuries, when linguists drew an isophone diagonally across the county from the northwest to the southeast, separating these two broadly distinguishable ways of speaking. It can be extended westwards through Lancashire to the estuary of the River Lune, and is sometimes called the Humber-Lune Line. Strictly speaking, the dialects spoken south and west of this isophone are Midland dialects, whereas the dialects spoken north and east of it are truly Northern. It is possible that the Midland form moved up into the region with people gravitating towards the manufacturing districts of the West Riding during the Industrial Revolution.
Though distinct accents remain, dialect has declined heavily in everyday use. Some have argued the dialect was a fully fledged language in its own right.[134] The county has also produced a set of Yorkshire colloquialisms,[135] which are in use in the county. Among Yorkshire's traditions is the Long Sword dance. The most famous traditional song of Yorkshire is On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at ("On Ilkley Moor without a hat"), it is considered the unofficial anthem of the county.[136]
Literature and art
Although the first Professor of English Literature at
The novelist tradition in Yorkshire continued into the 20th and 21st centuries, with authors such as
Poets include Ted Hughes, W. H. Auden, William Empson, Simon Armitage, David Miedzianik and Andrew Marvell.[145][149][150][151][152] Three well known sculptors emerged in the 20th century; contemporaries
Cuisine
The traditional cuisine of Yorkshire, in common with the
Other foods associated with the county include Yorkshire curd tart, a
In recent years curries have become popular in the county, largely due to the immigration and successful integration of Asian families. There are many famous curry empires with their origins in Yorkshire, including the 850-seater Aakash restaurant in Cleckheaton, which has been described as "the world's largest curry house".[169]
Beer and brewing
Yorkshire has a number of breweries including
The beer style most associated with the county is bitter.[172] As elsewhere in the North of England, when served through a handpump, a sparkler is used giving a tighter, more solid head.[173]Brewing has taken place on a large scale since at least the 12th century, for example at the now derelict Fountains Abbey which at its height produced 60 barrels of strong ale every ten days.[174] Most current Yorkshire breweries date from the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th century.[170]
Music
Yorkshire has a heritage of folk music and folk dance including the
In the field of classical music, Yorkshire has produced some major and minor composers, including
The county is home to successful brass bands such as Black Dyke, Brighouse & Rastrick, Carlton Main Frickley, Hammonds Saltaire, and Yorkshire Imperial.
During the 1970s
Influenced by the local post punk scene, but also by national and international extreme metal acts such as
Television productions
Among prominent British television shows filmed in (and based on) Yorkshire are the
Yorkshire has remained a popular location for filming in more recent times.
Film productions
Several noted films are set in Yorkshire, including
Sport
Yorkshire has a long tradition in the field of sports, with participation in cricket, football, rugby league and horse racing being the most established sporting ventures.[203][204][205][206]
Cricket
Yorkshire County Cricket Club represents the historic county in the domestic first class cricket County Championship; with a total of 33 championship titles (including one shared), 13 more than any other county, Yorkshire is the most decorated county cricket club.[205] Some of the most highly regarded figures in the game were born in the county, amongst them:[207]
The four
Football
Association
Football clubs founded in Yorkshire include, four of which have been
Yorkshire is officially recognised by
Huddersfield were the first club to win three consecutive league titles.[214] Leeds United reached the 2001 UEFA Champions League semi-finals and had a dominance period in the 1970s. Sheffield Wednesday who have had similar spells of dominance, such as the early 1990s. Middlesbrough won the 2004 League Cup and reach the 2006 UEFA Cup Final.[215][216]
Noted players from Yorkshire who have influenced the game include
The
Rugby Union
Yorkshire has along history of rugby union in the county with Leeds Tykes (formerly Yorkshire Carnegie) featuring in the Aviva Premiership for eight seasons between 2001 and 2011 when they were relegated to the Championship. From 2020 the teams has reverted to its amateur status and plays in National League 1. Rotherham Titans also played in the top tier of English rugby in 2000–01 and 2003–04.[222]
Many England international players have emerged from Yorkshire including World Cup winners Jason Robinson and Mike Tindall.[223] Other successful players from the region include Rob Andrew, Tim Rodber, Brian Moore, Danny Care, Rory Underwood and Sir Ian McGeechan.
League | Team | Venue | Capacity | Location, county |
---|---|---|---|---|
RFU Championship | Doncaster Knights | Castle Park | 5,000 (1,650 seats) | Doncaster, South Yorkshire |
National League 2 North | Huddersfield | Lockwood Park | 1,500 (500 seats) | Huddersfield, West Yorkshire |
Hull | Ferens Ground | 1,500 (288 seats) | Kingston upon Hull, East Riding | |
Hull Ionians | Brantingham Park | 1,500 (240 seats) | Brantingham, East Riding | |
Leeds Tykes | The Sycamores | Bramhope, Leeds, West Yorkshire | ||
Otley | Cross Green | 5,000 | Otley (Leeds), West Yorkshire | |
Rotherham Titans | Clifton Lane | 2,500 | Rotherham, South Yorkshire | |
Sheffield | Abbeydale Park | 3,200 (100 seats) | Sheffield, South Yorkshire | |
Sheffield Tigers | Dore Moor | Sheffield, South Yorkshire | ||
Wharfedale | The Avenue | 2,000 | Threshfield, North Yorkshire | |
Regional 1 North East | Cleckheaton | Moorend | Cleckheaton, West Yorkshire | |
Doncaster Phoenix | Castle Park | 5,000 (1,650 seats) | Doncaster, South Yorkshire | |
Driffield | Show Ground | Driffield, East Riding of Yorkshire | ||
Harrogate | Rudding Lane | Harrogate, North Yorkshire | ||
Heath | West Vale | West Vale, Halifax, West Yorkshire | ||
Ilkley | Stacks Field | 2,000 (40 seats) | Ilkley, West Yorkshire | |
Pontefract | Moor Lane | Pontefract, West Yorkshire | ||
Sandal | Milnthorpe Green | Sandal Magna (Wakefield), West Yorkshire | ||
York | Clifton Park | York, North Yorkshire |
Rugby League
The
Multi-sport events
In the area of boxing "Prince" Naseem Hamed from Sheffield achieved title success and widespread fame,[227] in what the BBC describes as "one of British boxing's most illustrious careers".[227] Along with Leeds-born Nicola Adams who in 2012 became the first female athlete to win a boxing gold medal at the Olympics.[228]
A number of athletes from or associated with Yorkshire took part in the
Yorkshire has nine horseracing courses: in North Yorkshire there are Catterick, Redcar, Ripon, Thirsk and York; in the East Riding of Yorkshire there is Beverley; in West Yorkshire there are Pontefract and Wetherby; while in South Yorkshire there is Doncaster.[230]
England's oldest horse race, which began in 1519, is run each year at
Knurr and Spell
The sport of
Cycling
Yorkshire is considered to be particularly fond of cycling. In 2014 Yorkshire hosted the Grand Départ of the Tour de France. Spectator crowds over the two days were estimated to be of the order of 2.5 million people, making it the highest attended event in the UK.[236] The inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held from 1–3 May 2015,[237] with start and finishes in Bridlington, Leeds, Scarborough, Selby, Wakefield and York,[238] watched by 1.2 million.[239] Yorkshire hosted the 2019 UCI Road World Championships between 22 and 29 September, which were held in Harrogate.[240] Notable racing cyclists from Yorkshire include Brian Robinson, Lizzie Deignan and Beryl Burton.[241]
Hockey
Field
Field Hockey is a popular game in Yorkshire with 58 clubs running 271 organised teams.
League | Team | Venue | Location |
---|---|---|---|
MHL Division 1 North | Leeds | Weetwood Playing Fields | Leeds, West Yorkshire |
MHL Conference North | Ben Rhydding | Coutances Way | Ilkley, West Yorkshire |
Doncaster | Town Field Sports Club | Doncaster, South Yorkshire | |
Sheffield Hallam | Abbeydale Park | Sheffield, South Yorkshire | |
Wakefield | College Grove | Wakefield, West Yorkshire |
League | Team | Venue | Location |
---|---|---|---|
WHL Division 1 North | Ben Rhydding | Coutances Way | Ilkley, West Yorkshire |
Wakefield | College Grove | Wakefield, West Yorkshire | |
WHL Conference Midlands | Doncaster | Town Fields Sports Club | Doncaster, South Yorkshire |
WHL Conference North | Harrogate | Granby Hockey Centre | Harrogate, North Yorkshire |
Leeds | Weetwood Playing Fields | Leeds, West Yorkshire |
Other professional sports franchise teams
Sheffield is home to the Sheffield Sharks who play in the British Basketball League and, from 2021, Leeds Rhinos have featured in the Netball Superleague.
Politics and identity
Constituencies
From 1290, Yorkshire was represented by two members of parliament of the
For the
With the
Distinctive identity
A number of claims have been made for the distinctiveness of Yorkshire, as a geographical, cultural and political entity, and these have been used to demand increased political autonomy. In the early twentieth century,
There is something characteristic about the very physiognomy of the Yorkshireman. He is much more of a Dane or a Viking than a Saxon. He is usually a big upstanding man, who looks as if he could take care of himself and those who depend upon him in an emergency. This is indeed the character that his neighbours give him; the southerner may think him a little hard: but if ever our country is let down by its inhabitants, we may be sure that it will not be the fault of Yorkshire.[250]
During the premiership of William Pitt the Younger the hypothetical idea of Yorkshire becoming independent was raised in the British parliament in relation to the question whether Ireland should become part of the United Kingdom. This resulted in the publication of an anonymous pamphlet in London in 1799 arguing at length that Yorkshire could never be an independent state as it would always be reliant on the rest of the United Kingdom to provide it with essential resources.[251]
Although in the devolution debates in the
The relationship between Yorkshire and Scottish devolution was again made in 1975 by Richard Wainwright, MP for Colne Valley, who claimed in a speech in the House of Commons:
The nationalist movement in Scotland is associated with flags, strange costumes, weird music and extravagant ceremonial. When... people go to Yorkshire and find that we have no time for dressing up, waving flags and playing strange instruments—in other words, we are not a lot of Presbyterians in Yorkshire—they should not assume that we do not have the same feelings underneath the skin. Independence in Yorkshire expresses itself in a markedly increasing determination to establish self-reliance.[253]
Following the local government reforms of 1974, Yorkshire lost its overall sheriff and the ridings lost their lieutenants and administrative counties. Although some government officials
In 1998 the Campaign for Yorkshire was established to push for the creation of a Yorkshire regional assembly,[257] sometimes dubbed the Yorkshire Parliament.[258] In its defining statement, the Campaign for Yorkshire made reference to the historical notions that Yorkshire had a distinctive identity:
Yorkshire and the Humber has distinctive characteristics which make it an ideal test bed for further reform. It has a strong popular identity. The region follows closely the historic boundaries of the three Ridings, and there is no serious debate about boundaries. It possesses strong existing regional partnerships including universities, voluntary and church associations. All this makes it realistic to regard Yorkshire and the Humber as the standard bearer for representative regional government.[259]
The Campaign for Yorkshire was led by Jane Thomas as Director
If Yorkshire is arguing for a parliament, there needs to be a cultural argument as well, otherwise why not have a parliament of the north? There is a rediscovery of political and social culture going on in a very similar way to the early assertions of a Scottish identity.[264]
In March 2013, the Yorkshire Devolution Movement was founded as an active campaign group by Nigel Sollitt, who had administered the social media group by that name since 2011, Gareth Shanks, a member of the social media group, and Stewart Arnold, former Chair of the Campaign for Yorkshire. In September 2013, the executive committee was joined by Richard Honnoraty and Richard Carter (as an advisor), who had also been involved in the Campaign for Yorkshire. The Movement campaigns for a directly elected parliament for the whole of the traditional county of Yorkshire with powers second to no other devolved administration in the UK.[265][266]
In 2014, Richard Carter, Stewart Arnold and Richard Honnoraty, founded Yorkshire First, a political party campaigning for the creation of a Yorkshire parliament by 2050 based on the Scottish Parliament. It was later renamed the
Monarchy and peerage
When the territory of Yorkshire began to take shape as a result of the invasion of the Danish Vikings, they instituted a monarchy based at the settlement of Jórvík, York.[268] The reign of the Viking kings came to an end with the last king Eric Bloodaxe dying in battle in 954 after the invasion and conquest by the Kingdom of England from the south. Jórvík was the last of the independent kingdoms to be taken to form part of the Kingdom of England and thus the local monarchal title became defunct.[269]
Though the monarchal title became defunct, it was succeeded by the creation of the Earl of York title of nobility
The peerage was recreated by
Notable people
See also
- Outline of England
- List of collieries in Yorkshire (1984–2015)
- List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire
- List of Jewish communities in Yorkshire
- Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire
- Royal Yorkshire Regiment
- Yorkshire Ambulance Service
- Yorkshire and the Humber
- Yorkshire coast fishery
- Yorkshire Forward
- Yorkshire pudding
- Yorkshire Society
- Yorkshire Terrier
- Yorkshire Wolds
- Yorkshire Air Ambulance
- Historic counties of England
Explanatory notes
- ^ Some areas at the edges of the historic county are not within the four modern ceremonial counties named after Yorkshire, having been transferred to neighbouring counties for administrative and ceremonial purposes, notably in 1974 when areas were transferred to County Durham, Cumbria, Lancashire and Greater Manchester.
- ^ Though the Wars of the Roses were fought between royal houses bearing the names of York and Lancaster, the wars took place over a wide area of England. They were a dynastic clash between cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet. The most prominent family in Yorkshire, below the monarchy, the Nevilles of Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, fought for the Yorkists, as did the Scropes of Bolton, the Latimers of Danby and Snape, as well as the Mowbrays of Thirsk and Burton in Lonsdale. Yet some fought for the Lancastrians, such as the Percies, the Cliffords of Skipton, Ros of Helmsley, Greystock of Henderskelfe, Stafford of Holderness, and Talbot of Sheffield.
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External links
- Images of Yorkshire Archived 25 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- The History of Yorkshire
- Samples of Yorkshire Dialect
- Yorkshire Inquisitions 1275–1295
- Yorkshire: historical and genealogical information at GENUKI
- John Speed's proof map of Yorkshire made between 1603 and 1611, in Cambridge Digital Library
- Welcome to Yorkshire