British Armed Forces
British Armed Forces | |
---|---|
Founded | 1546 (Royal Navy) 1660 (British Army) 1918 (Royal Air Force) |
Service branches | |
Headquarters | Ministry of Defence, London |
Leadership | |
Head of the Armed Forces | King Charles III |
Prime Minister | Rishi Sunak |
Secretary of State for Defence | Grant Shapps |
Chief of the Defence Staff | Admiral Sir Tony Radakin |
Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff | General Gwyn Jenkins |
Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chiefs of Staff Committee | Warrant Officer Class 1 Richard Angove |
Personnel | |
Military age | 16–17 (with parental consent) 18 (without and to serve in combat) |
Conscription | No[a][1] |
Active personnel | |
Reserve personnel | 32,580 ranked 6th) |
Percent of GDP | 1.9% (2021/22)[3] |
Industry | |
Domestic suppliers | |
Foreign suppliers | Conflicts involving the United Kingdom Battles involving the United Kingdom |
Ranks |
The British Armed Forces are the military forces responsible for the defence of the United Kingdom, its Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies. They also promote the UK's wider interests, support international peacekeeping efforts and provide humanitarian aid.[5]
Since the formation of the
The United Kingdom is one of five recognised nuclear powers, a permanent member on the United Nations Security Council, a founding and leading member of NATO and party to the AUKUS security pact and the Five Power Defence Arrangements. Overseas garrisons and training facilities are maintained at Ascension Island, Bahrain, Belize, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, the Falkland Islands, Germany, Gibraltar, Kenya, Montserrat, Nepal, Qatar, Singapore and the United States.[12]
History
Organisational history
With the Acts of Union 1707, the armed forces of England and Scotland were merged into the armed forces of the Kingdom of Great Britain.[6]
There were originally several naval and several military regular and reserve forces, although most of these were consolidated into the Royal Navy or the British Army during the 19th and 20th Centuries (the
Naval forces included the
The British military (those parts of the British Armed Forces tasked with land warfare, as opposed to the naval forces)
The Militia was originally an all infantry force, organised at the city or county level, and members were not required to serve outside of their recruitment area, although the area within which militia units in Britain could be posted was increased to anywhere in the Britain during the Eighteenth Century, and
The other regular military force that existed alongside the British Army was the
Confusingly, and similarly to the dual meaning of the word Corps in the British Army (by example, the 1st Battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps was in 1914 part of the 6th Brigade that was part of the 2nd Infantry Division, which was itself part of 1st Army Corps), the British Army sometimes also used the term expeditionary force or field force to describe a body made up of British Army units, most notably the British Expeditionary Force, or of a mixture of British Army, Indian Army, or Imperial auxiliary units, such as the Malakand Field Force (this is similarly to the naval use of the term task force). In this usage, force is used to describe a self-reliant body able to act without external support, at least within the parameters of the task or objective for which it is employed.
Empire and World Wars
During the later half of the seventeenth century, and in particular, throughout the eighteenth century, British foreign policy sought to contain the expansion of rival European powers through military, diplomatic and commercial means, especially of its chief competitors Spain, the Netherlands, and France. This saw Britain engage in a number of intense conflicts over colonial possessions and world trade, including a long string of Anglo-Spanish and Anglo-Dutch wars, as well as a series of "world wars" with France, such as; the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). During the Napoleonic wars, the Royal Navy victory at Trafalgar (1805) under the command of Horatio Nelson (aboard HMS Victory) marked the culmination of British maritime supremacy, and left the Navy in a position of uncontested hegemony at sea.[42] By 1815 and the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain had risen to become the world's dominant great power and the British Empire subsequently presided over a period of relative peace, known as Pax Britannica.[7][43]
With Britain's old rivals no-longer a threat, the nineteenth century saw the emergence of a new rival, the
The beginning of the twentieth century served to
Although Germany had been defeated during the First World War, by 1933
The Cold War
Post–Second World War economic and political decline, as well as changing attitudes in British society and government, were reflected by the armed forces' contracting global role,
While NATO obligations took increased prominence, Britain nonetheless found itself engaged in a number of low-intensity conflicts, including a spate of insurgencies against colonial occupation.
Since
The armed forces have also been called upon to assist with national emergencies through the provisions of the military aid to the civil authorities (MACA) mechanism. This has seen the armed forces assist government departments and civil authorities responding to flooding, food shortages, wildfires, terrorist attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic;[67] the armed forces' support to the latter falls under Operation Rescript, described as the UK's "biggest ever homeland military operation in peacetime" by the Ministry of Defence.[68]
Figures released by the Ministry of Defence on 31 March 2016 show that 7,185 British Armed Forces personnel have lost their lives in
Today
Command organisation
The
The
Personnel
As of 1 July 2023 the British Armed Forces are a professional force with a total strength of 185,980 personnel, consisting of 140,300 UK Regulars and 4,140 Gurkhas, 33,210 Volunteer Reserves and 8,330 "Other Personnel".[c][73] As a percentage breakdown of UK Service Personnel, 77.1% are UK Regulars and Gurkhas, 18.8% are Volunteer Reserves and 4.1% are composed of Other Personnel.[73] In addition, all ex-Regular personnel retain a "statutory liability for service" and are liable to be recalled (under Section 52 of the Reserve Forces Act (RFA) 1996) for duty during wartime, which is known as the Regular Reserve. MoD publications since April 2013 no longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve, instead they only give a figure for Regular Reserves who serve under a fixed-term reserve contract. These contracts are similar in nature to those of the Volunteer Reserve.[74]
The distribution of personnel between the services and categories of service on 1 July 2023 was as follows:[73]
Service | Regular | Volunteer Reserve |
Other personnel |
Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Navy | 32,360 | 3,370 | 2,480 | 38,220 |
Army and Gurkhas | 80,360 | 26,760, | 4,530 | 111,650 |
Air Force | 31,710 | 3,080 | 1,320 | 36,110 |
Total | 144,330 | 33,210 | 8,330 | 185,980 |
As of 1 October 2017[update], there were a total of 9,330 Regular service personnel stationed outside of the United Kingdom, 3,820 of those were located in Germany. 138,040 Regular service personnel were stationed in the United Kingdom, the majority located in the South East and South West of England with 37,520 and 36,790 Regular service personnel, respectively.[75]
Defence expenditure
According to the
Nuclear weapons
The United Kingdom is one of five recognised nuclear weapon states under the
The House of Commons voted on 18 July 2016 in favour of replacing the Vanguard-class submarines with a new generation of Dreadnought-class submarines.[84] The programme will also contribute to extending the life of the UGM-133 Trident II ballistic missiles and modernise the infrastructure associated with the CASD.[85]
Former weapons of mass destruction possessed by the United Kingdom include both biological and chemical weapons. These were renounced in 1956 and subsequently destroyed.
Overseas military installations
The British Armed Forces historically relied on four
The British Armed Forces today maintain a number of overseas garrisons and military facilities which enable the country to conduct operations worldwide. The majority of Britain's permanent military installations are located on British Overseas Territories (BOTs) or former colonies which retain close diplomatic ties with the United Kingdom, and located in areas of strategic importance.[12] The most significant of these are the "Permanent Joint Operating Bases" (PJOBs), located on the four overseas territories of Cyprus (British Forces Cyprus), Gibraltar (British Forces Gibraltar), the Falkland Islands (British Forces South Atlantic Islands) and Diego Garcia (British Forces British Indian Ocean Territories).[101] While not a PJOB, Ascension Island (another BOT) is home to the airbase RAF Ascension Island, notable for use as a staging post during the 1982 Falklands War, the territory is also the site of a joint UK-US signals intelligence facility.[12]
Qatar is home to
Some British Overseas Territories also maintain locally raised units and regiments;
Since 1969 Britain has had a military satellite communications system, Skynet, initially in large part to support East of Suez bases and deployments. Since 2015 Skynet has offered near global coverage.[115]
Expeditionary forces
The British Armed Forces place significant importance in the ability to conduct
In 2010, the governments of the United Kingdom and
The Armed Forces
The Royal Navy is a technologically sophisticated naval force,
The Surface Fleet consists of
A submarine service has existed within the Royal Navy for more than 100 years. The
Royal Marines
The Royal Marines are the Royal Navy's amphibious troops. Consisting of a single manoeuvre brigade (
British Army
The British Army is the land force of the British Armed Forces, and is made up of the Regular Army and the part-time
Deployable combat formations are;[127][128]
- 1st (UK) Division, consisting of 16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team and four other Light, Light Mechanised, and Security Force Assistance Brigade Combat Teams, with supporting engineering, logistic, intelligence and signals units.[129]
- 1st Deep Recce Strike Brigade Combat Team, 7 Air Defence Group, and two Armoured Brigade Combat Teams, with supporting engineering, logistic, intelligence and signals units.[129]
- 6th (UK) Division, consisting of the new Ranger Regiment, in Army Special Operations Brigade; and 77 Brigade, a psychological operations unit.[129]
The Infantry of the British Army has a strength of 48 battalions (32 regular and 16 reserve), structured under 17 unique regiments.[130] These battalions are trained and equipped for specific roles within their respective Brigade Combat Teams (BCT); Light Infantry, such as the famous 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards, within the 4th Light Brigade Combat Team, fight on foot without armoured vehicles; Light Mechanised Infantry, such as the 1st Battalion Royal Yorkshire Regiment, within the 7th Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Team, operate the Foxhound protected mobility vehicle; Armoured Infantry (to become Heavy Mechanised Infantry under Future Soldier), such as the 1st Battalion Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, within the 20th Armoured Infantry Brigade Combat Team, operate the Warrior infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), but will be equipped with the new Boxer mechanised infantry vehicle from 2024.[131][128][132]
The four battalions of the Parachute Regiment, forming 16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team and part of Special Forces Support Group, are the British Army's elite airborne infanteers, held at high readiness and specialising in rapid deployment by parachute and helicopter, widely regarded as the "fittest, most aggressive, resilient and disciplined regiment in the British Army."[133][134][135][136]
The Royal Armoured Corps provides the armoured capability of the British Army. The Royal Tank Regiment, Queen's Royal Hussars and Royal Wessex Yeomanry (of the Army Reserve) operate Challenger 2 main battle tanks, which are being upgraded to Challenger 3, and are part of 3rd (UK) Division's Armoured Brigade Combat Teams. Armoured Cavalry regiments, such as the Royal Dragoon Guards, currently operate the Warrior IFV on an interim basis, until Ajax reaches full operating capability. There are six Light Cavalry regiments (three Regular + three Reserve) equipped with the Jackal 2 and Coyote TSV, tasked with providing reconnaissance and fire support. The Household Cavalry, made up of the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals, operate in a dual role of Armoured Cavalry and Mounted Ceremonial on Horse Guards in London, and for state occasions.[137][138][139][128][140]
Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force has a large operational fleet that fulfils various roles, consisting of both
The Royal Air Force operates multi-role and single-role fighters, reconnaissance and patrol aircraft, tankers, transports, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and various types of training aircraft.[146]
Ground units are also maintained by the Royal Air Force, most prominently the
Ministry of Defence
The Ministry of Defence maintains a number of civilian agencies in support of the British Armed Forces. Although they are civilian, they play a vital role in supporting Armed Forces operations, and in certain circumstances are under military discipline:
- The landing ship dockvessels. It is manned by 1,850 civilian personnel and is funded and run by the Ministry of Defence.
- The Ministry of Defence Police (MDP) has an established strength of 2,700 police officers which provide armed security, counter terrorism, uniformed policing and investigative services to Ministry of Defence property, personnel, and installations throughout the United Kingdom.
- The Minister for Defence Equipment, Support and Technology.
- The , on Admiralty Way and has a workforce of approximately 1,000 staff.
Recruitment
All three services of the British Armed Forces recruit primarily from within the United Kingdom, although citizens from the Commonwealth of Nations and the Republic of Ireland are equally eligible to join.[150] The minimum recruitment age is 16 years (although personnel may not serve on armed operations below 18 years, and if under 18 must also have parental consent to join); the maximum recruitment age depends whether the application is for a regular or reserve role; there are further variations in age limit for different corps/regiments. The normal term of engagement is 22 years; however, the minimum service required before resignation is 4 years, plus, in the case of the Army, any service person below the age of 18.[151] At present, the yearly intake into the armed forces is 11,880 (per the 12 months to 31 March 2014).[152]
Excluding the Brigade of Gurkhas and the Royal Irish Regiment, as of 1 April 2014 there are approximately 11,200 Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) persons serving as Regulars across the three service branches; of those, 6,610 were recruited from outside the United Kingdom. In total, Black and Minority Ethnic persons represent 7.1% of all service personnel, an increase from 6.6% in 2010.[152]
Since the year 2000,
Role of women
In August 2011, it was announced that a female lieutenant commander, Sarah West, was to command the
March
See also
- Armed Forces Day (United Kingdom)
- List of military equipment of the United Kingdom
- Atholl Highlanders – The only legal private army in Europe under the command of the Duke of Atholl in Scotland
- Banknotes of the British Armed Forces
- British Forces Broadcasting Service
- Community Cadet Forces
- Military Covenant– The mutual obligations between the nation and its Armed Forces.
- information systems. Similar to the US concept of network-centric warfare.
- The Championships, Wimbledon#Services stewards
- Uniforms of the British Armed Forces
- Military history of Scotland
- Armed forces in Scotland
- Armed forces of Wales
Notes
- ^ National Service ended in 1960, though periods of deferred service still had to be completed. The last national servicemen were discharged in 1963.
- Admiralty, the War Office and the Air Ministry
- ^ Other Personnel includes personnel of the Military Provost Guard Service, Regular Reserves called up for duty and the Sponsored Reserves.[73]
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External links
- British Ministry of Defence (gov.uk)
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom (.da.mod.uk)
- Royal Navy official website (royalnavy.mod.uk)
- Royal Marines official webpage (royalnavy.mod.uk)
- British Army official website (army.mod.uk)
- Royal Air Force official website (raf.mod.uk)