History of Lesotho
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The history of people living in the area now known as Lesotho (/ləˈsuːtuː, -ˈsoʊtoʊ/[1][2]) goes back as many as 400 years. Present Lesotho (then called Basotholand) emerged as a single polity under King Moshoeshoe I in 1822. Under Moshoeshoe I, Basotho joined other clans in their struggle against the Lifaqane associated with famine and the reign of Shaka Zulu from 1818 to 1828.
The subsequent evolution of the state was shaped by contact with the British and Dutch
The extent to which the British exerted direct control over Basotholand waxed and waned until Basotholand’s independence in 1966 when it became the
Ancient history
Lesotho's southern and eastern mountains (including
At some stage, during their
Medieval history
The Lesotho highlands attracted migrations by local hunter-gatherers between 550 and 1300 during the Medieval Warm Period, while the Drakensberg area was completely abandoned. Some of the highland inhabitants at the time also held cattle for food.[7]
Early modern history
There were several severe disruptions to the Basotho people in the early 19th century. One view states that the first of these were marauding
However, this interpretation of history for the entire southern region of Africa is a matter of dispute. One attempt at refutation came by Norman Etherington in The Great Treks: The Transformation of Southern Africa, 1815-1854 (Longman, 2001). Etherington argues that no such thing as the Mfecane occurred, the Zulu were no more marauding than any other group in the region, and the land the Voortrekkers saw as empty was not settled by either Zulu or Basotho because those people did not value open lowland plains as pasture.[8]
Basutoland
Free State–Basotho Wars
In 1818, Moshoeshoe I /moʊˈʃweɪʃweɪ/ consolidated various Basotho groupings and became their king. During Moshoeshoe's reign (1823–1870), a series of wars (1856–68) were fought with the Boers who had settled in traditional Basotho lands. These wars resulted in the extensive loss of land, now known as the "Lost Territory".
A treaty was signed with the Boers of
Fearing defeat, Moshoeshoe made further appeals to
Annexation by the Cape Colony
In 1871 the protectorate was annexed to the
Return to crown colony
Cape Town's inability to control the territory led to its return to crown control in 1884 as the
When the Union of South Africa was founded in 1910 the colony was still controlled by the British and moves were made to transfer it to the Union. However, the people of Basutoland opposed this and it did not occur.
During World War I, over 4,500 Basuto enlisted into the military, most of whom served in the South African Native Labour Corps which fought on the Western Front. In 1916, Basutoland raised over £40,000 for the war effort. A year later, the troopship SS Mendi was sunk off the coast of the Isle of Wight, and over 100 Basuto were killed in the sinking.[12]
The differing fates of the seSotho-speaking peoples in the Protectorate of Basotholand and in the lands that became the Orange Free State are worth noting. The Orange Free State became a
Following the British entry into
From 1948, the South African National Party put its apartheid policies into place, indirectly terminating any support among Basutos and/or UK colonial authorities for the country's incorporation in South Africa.
After a 1955 request by the Basutoland Council to legislate its internal affairs, in 1959 a new constitution gave Basutoland its first elected legislature. This was followed in April 1965 with general legislative elections with universal adult suffrage in which the Basotho National Party (BNP) won 31 and the Basutoland Congress Party (BCP) won 25 of the 65 seats contested.
Kingdom of Lesotho
On October 4, 1966, the Kingdom of Lesotho attained full independence, governed by a
Under a January 1986 Military Council decree, state executive and legislative powers were transferred to the King who was to act on the advice of the Military Council, a self-appointed group of leaders of the
In February 1990, King Moshoeshoe II was stripped of his executive and legislative powers and exiled by Lekhanya, and the Council of Ministers was purged. Lekhanya accused those involved of undermining discipline within the armed forces, subverting existing authority, and causing an impasse on foreign policy that had been damaging to Lesotho's image abroad.
Transition to democracy
Lekhanya announced the establishment of the National
Because Moshoeshoe II initially refused to return to Lesotho under the new rules of the government in which the King was endowed only with ceremonial powers, Moshoeshoe's son was installed as King Letsie III. In 1992, Moshoeshoe II returned to Lesotho as a regular citizen until 1995 when King Letsie abdicated the throne in favor of his father. After Moshoeshoe II died in a car accident in 1996, King Letsie III ascended to the throne again.
In 1993, a new constitution was implemented leaving the King without any executive authority and proscribing him from engaging in political affairs. Multiparty elections were then held in which the BCP ascended to power with a landslide victory. Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle headed the new BCP government that had gained every seat in the 65-member National Assembly. In early 1994, political instability increased as first the army, followed by the police and prison services, engaged in mutinies. In August 1994, King Letsie III, in collaboration with some members of the military, staged a coup, suspended Parliament, and appointed a ruling council. As a result of domestic and international pressures, however, the constitutionally elected government was restored within a month.
In 1995, there were isolated incidents of unrest, including a police strike in May to demand higher wages. For the most part, however, there were no serious challenges to Lesotho's constitutional order in the 1995-96 period. In January 1997, armed soldiers put down a violent police mutiny and arrested the mutineers.
In 1997, tension within the BCP leadership caused a split in which Dr. Mokhehle abandoned the BCP and established the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) followed by two-thirds of the parliament. This move allowed Mokhehle to remain as prime minister and leader of a new ruling party while relegating the BCP to opposition status. The remaining members of the BCP refused to accept their new status as the opposition party and ceased attending sessions. Multiparty elections were again held in May 1998.
Although Mokhehle completed his term as prime minister, due to his failing health, he did not vie for a second term in office. The elections saw a landslide victory for the LCD, gaining 79 of the 80 seats contested in the newly expanded Parliament. As a result of the elections, Mokhehle's Deputy Prime Minister, Pakalitha Mosisili, became the new prime minister. The landslide electoral victory caused opposition parties to claim that there were substantial irregularities in the handling of the ballots and that the results were fraudulent. The conclusion of the Langa Commission, a commission appointed by Southern African Development Community (SADC) to investigate the electoral process, however, was consistent with the view of international observers and local courts that the outcome of the elections was not affected by these incidents. While the report found the election results to be free of fraud or malpractice, opposition protests in the country intensified. The protests culminated in a violent demonstration outside the royal palace in early August 1998 and an unprecedented level of violence, looting, casualties, and destruction of property. In early September, junior members of the armed services mutinied. The Government of Lesotho requested that a SADC task force intervene to prevent a military coup and restore stability to the country. To this end, joint force, consisting of South African and (later) Botswana troops, entered Lesotho on September 22, 1998, to put down the mutiny and restore the democratically elected government. The army mutineers were brought before a court-martial.
After stability returned to Lesotho, the SADC task force withdrew from the country in May 1999, leaving only a small task force (joined by Zimbabwe and troops) to provide training to the LDF. In the meantime, an Interim Political Authority (IPA), charged with reviewing the electoral structure in the country, was created in December 1998 and devised a proportional electoral system to ensure that there be opposition in the National Assembly. The new system retained the existing 80 elected Assembly seats but added 40 seats to be filled on a proportional basis. Elections were held under this new system in May 2002, and the LCD won again, gaining 54% of the vote. For the first time, however, opposition political parties won significant numbers of seats, and despite some irregularities and threats of violence from Major General Lekhanya, Lesotho experienced its first peaceful election. Nine opposition parties now hold all 40 of the proportional seats, with the BNP having the largest share (21). The LCD has 79 of the 80 constituency-based seats.[20]
In June 2014, Prime Minister
On 19 May 2020, Thomas Thabane formally stepped down as prime minister of Lesotho following months of pressure after he was named as a suspect in the murder of his ex-wife.[22] Moeketsi Majoro, the economist and former Minister of Development Planning, was elected as Thabane's successor.[23]
On 28 October 2022, Sam Matekane was sworn in as Lesotho's new prime minister after forming a new coalition government. His Revolution for Prosperity party, formed earlier same year, won the 7 October elections.[24]
See also
- History of Africa
- History of South Africa
- History of Southern Africa
- History of Eswatini
- List of heads of government of Lesotho
- List of Kings of Lesotho
- Politics of Lesotho
References
- ^ "Lesotho". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
- ^ "Lesotho". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
- ^ ELDREDGE, EA 1993, A South African Kingdom: The pursuit of security in nineteenth-century Lesotho, Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Rosenberg, Weisfelder & Frisbie-Fulton 2004, p. 12.
- ^ a b "The birth and the existence of Lesotho: A diplomatic lesson | DiploFoundation". www.diplomacy.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
- ^ Oliver 1977, p. 614.
- ^ Mitchell et al. 2022, pp. 172–173.
- ISBN 978-1-86814-699-4
- ^ "Basotho Wars 1858 - 1868". South African History Online (SAHO). Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ^ a b c About Lesotho Archived 2016-01-30 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Lesotho
- ^ Kagan, Douglas (1973-07-01). "The Basuto rebellion, civil war and reconstruction, 1880-1884". Student Work.
- ^ a b c Rosenberg, Weisfelder & Frisbie-Fulton 2004, pp. 403–404.
- ^ Shackleton 1997, pp. 95–97.
- ^ Sipho Simelane 1993, pp. 545–548.
- ^ Sipho Simelane 1993, pp. 555–563.
- ^ Nombulelo Ntabeni 2008, pp. 49–53.
- ^ a b Clothier 1991.
- ^ Shackleton 1997, pp. 215–230.
- ^ Shackleton 1997, pp. 271–275.
- ^ "LESOTHO: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 2002". archive.ipu.org.
- ^ a b Lesotho 'coup' forces PM Thabane to South Africa, BBC News
- ^ "Thomas Thabane resigns as Lesotho prime minister". BBC News. 19 May 2020.
- ^ "Majoro ready to take over". Lesotho Times. 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
- ^ "Sam Matekane sworn in as Lesotho's New Prime Minister | Friedrich Naumann Foundation". www.freiheit.org.
Sources
- Clothier, Norman (1991). "The Erinpura: Basotho Tragedy". South African Military History Society Journal. 8 (5). ISSN 0026-4016. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
- Mitchell, Peter; Arthur, Charles; Pinto, Hugo; Capelli, Christian (2022). "Moshebi's shelter at fifty: reinvestigating the Later Stone Age of the Sehlabathebe Basin, Lesotho". Quaternary International. 611–612: 163–176. .
- Nombulelo Ntabeni, Mary (2008). "Military Labour Mobilisation in Colonial Lesotho During World War II, 1940–1943". Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. 36 (2) (online ed.): 36–58. OCLC 786943260. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
- OCLC 59023418.
- Rosenberg, Scott; Weisfelder, Richard; Frisbie-Fulton, Michelle (2004). Historical Dictionary of Lesotho. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4871-6.
- Shackleton, Deborah Ann (1997). Imperial Military Policy and the Bechuanaland Pioneers and Gunners during the Second World War (PDF) (PhD thesis). Indiana University. ]
- Sipho Simelane, Hamilton (1993). "Labor Mobilization for the War Effort in Swaziland, 1940–1942". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 26 (3): 541–574. JSTOR 220478.