History of the Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was the thirty-third edition of the contest, organised by RTÉ and held on 30 April 1988 at the RDS Simmonscourt in Dublin, Ireland.^[33][180] This was Ireland's third contest, which fell in the same year as the millennium of Dublin's founding.^[181] The same group of countries from 1987 entered, however Cyprus was forced to withdraw at a late stage when it was discovered that their entry had previously competed in the Cypriot national selection in 1984.^[181] The RTÉ production team made a great effort to modernise the contest and attract a younger audience, with a modern stage commissioned, the largest yet seen, which featured two giant video walls, and the first ever use of a computerised scoreboard.^[181][182] In one of the closest contests yet seen, Switzerland emerged victorious by only a single point over the United Kingdom, with a then-unknown Céline Dion earning Switzerland its second victory with "Ne partez pas sans moi".^[90] Although her Eurovision-winning song was not commercially successful, Dion would later become one of the world's best-selling artists, having sold over 200 million records throughout her career.^[183]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1989 was the thirty-fourth edition of the contest, organised by Télévision suisse romande (TSR) on behalf of SRG SSR and held on 6 May 1989 at the Palais de Beaulieu in Lausanne, Switzerland.^[34][184] This marked the second Eurovision to be held in Switzerland, 33 years after the inaugural contest was held in the Alpine country. With Cyprus returning, the final contest of the 1980s equalled the record of 22 competing countries set in 1987.^[185] A modification to the tie-break rule was implemented this year: a count-back would now occur for the countries which were tied for first place, with the country with the most 12 points being declared the winner, with further comparisons against 10 points and lower also conducted if required to break the tie.^[34][185] Two of the competing acts created controversy in the run-up to the contest due to their young age, with France's Nathalie Pâque and Israel's Gili Netanel becoming the youngest ever participants in contest history at 11 and 12 years old respectively.^[34] Yugoslavia recorded their only win in the contest, when Riva took victory with "Rock Me".^[90]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1990 was the thirty-fifth edition of the contest, organised by Radiotelevizija Zagreb (RTZ) on behalf of Jugoslovenska radio-televizija (JRT) and held on 5 May 1990 at the Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall in Zagreb, Yugoslavia.^[35][186] In response to the Israeli and French singers in 1989, the EBU introduced a new age rule, barring anyone below the age of 16 on the day of the contest from competing; this rule means that Sandra Kim, the contest's youngest winner at 13 years old, remains so in perpetuity.^[186][187] Italy's Toto Cutugno became the first winner of the decade, giving Italy its second win with Insieme: 1992, an ode to the planned formation of the European Union in 1992.^[90][187]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was the thirty-sixth edition of the contest, organised by RAI and held on 4 May 1991 at Studio 15 di Cinecittà in Rome, Italy.^[36][188] This was the second edition of the contest to be held in Italy, and was presented by the two previous Italian winners, Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno. The contest was originally planned to be held in Sanremo, the site of the Sanremo Music Festival which was the inspiration for Eurovision, however following the outbreak of the Gulf War, RAI decided to move the contest to the Italian capital to better ensure the security of the foreign delegations.^[188][189] The Netherlands once again withdrew as the contest fell on the Remembrance of the Dead memorial, but Malta made its first appearance in the contest since 1975, keeping the contest participants at 22; Germany also made its first appearance as a unified country following German reunification in October 1990.^[36][189] The closest ever final result was recorded, with Sweden and France both finishing with the same number of points; Sweden was subsequently declared the winner when, in the only ever use of the tie-break rule in contest history, a count-back revealed that Sweden had collected more 10 points than France, after both countries had collected the same number of 12 points.^[36][188] Carola therefore became the third Swedish act to win the contest with "Fångad av en stormvind" in her second participation in the contest, having previously come third in 1983.^[90]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1992 was the thirty-seventh edition of the contest, organised by SVT and held on 9 May 1992 at the Malmö Isstadion in Malmö, Sweden.^{[37][190][191]} A new record 23 countries entered the contest, with the Netherlands making its return.^[37][192] This contest would mark the last appearance of Yugoslavia, having already begun the process of breaking up and now representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.^[190] Ireland's Linda Martin emerged the winner with the Johnny Logan-penned "Why Me?", giving Ireland its fourth win and Logan his third as both performer and songwriter; it was Martin's second contest appearance, having previously come second for Ireland in 1984.^[90] With the United Kingdom and Malta taking second and third, this was the first contest to have solely English-language songs feature in the top 3.^[37][192]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1993 was the thirty-eighth edition of the contest, organised by RTÉ and held on 15 May 1993 at the Green Glens Arena in Millstreet, Ireland.^[39][193] It remains the only Irish production of the contest to be held outside of Dublin and, as a small town of only 1,500 people, Millstreet became the smallest Eurovision host to date, although the Green Glens Arena was able to hold up to 8,000 spectators.^[39][194] Changes in Europe in the 1990s were first reflected at this contest, with several new countries formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and breakup of Yugoslavia wishing to compete for the first time. In order to accommodate this growing number, the first Eurovision pre-selection took place in Ljubljana, Slovenia on 3 April, Kvalifikacija za Millstreet;^[39][195] seven countries competed for three places at the contest, with the former Yugoslav states Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia emerging the winners and joining 22 countries which had taken part in Malmö, with only Yugoslavia absent, banned from competing following UN sanctions.^[196] In order to better manage the participating countries in years to come, a relegation system was introduced, which saw the bottom-placed countries missing out the following year and replaced by new and returning countries.^[39][196] A two-horse race soon developed in the voting between the United Kingdom and Ireland, with the final jury crucial in giving victory to the hosts: Niamh Kavanagh became the first Irish act to win on home soil with "In Your Eyes", their second consecutive win and a record-equalling fifth win in total.^[90][197]

The

The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was the fortieth edition of the contest, organised by RTÉ and held on 13 May 1995 at the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland.^[41][203] RTÉ had concerns about staging the contest for a third consecutive year, and the BBC submitted an offer to take on the event, as well as proposing a joint production in Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland;^[203] ultimately RTÉ decided to produce the contest solo, hosting its third consecutive contest, which remains a record, with the Point Theatre becoming the first venue to host two contests in a row.^[41] The number of competing countries was reduced to 23, with the bottom seven countries from 1994 relegated and the five countries relegated at Millstreet in 1993 returning.^[41][204] Norway scored its second contest victory with the Irish-Norwegian duo Secret Garden and the song "Nocturne";^[90] some criticism arose following its victory that, as a mainly instrumental number containing only 24 words in total, the winning song should not have been eligible for the song contest, to no avail.^[203]

The

UK Singles Chart.^[206][209]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1997 was the forty-second edition of the contest, organised by RTÉ and held on 3 May 1997 at the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland.^[43][137] 25 countries competed in the third contest held at the Point Theatre, with a new relegation system implemented to reduce the number of competing entries: the number of points each country earned in the last four contests was used to calculate an average score for each country, and the countries with the lowest average were made to sit out for a year.^[43][210] Israel withdrew voluntarily due to the contest conflicting with Yom HaShoah, giving a reprieve to Bosnia and Herzegovina which would have otherwise been relegated; Italy also made a brief return after a four-year absence, in what would be their last entry for fourteen years.^[210][211] The first use of televoting was implemented at this contest on a trial basis, with the points from Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom being determined by the viewing public rather than an assembled jury.^[43][137] Full backing tracks were also now permitted without restriction, allowing songs to be performed without live music if desired, although live vocals were still required.^[137][210] The United Kingdom emerged victorious for the fifth time, 16 years after their last win, with Katrina and the Waves and "Love Shine a Light".^[90]

LGBT performer to win the contest in 1998

.

The

National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, United Kingdom.^[44][212] 25 countries were featured in the eighth contest held in the UK, a new record, with Macedonia making its debut appearance.^[44][213] Following the successful trial in 1997 televoting took place in the majority of countries for the first time at this contest.^[44][213] The first result widely determined by the viewing public saw Israel, the UK and Malta vie for first place, with Israel's Dana International declared victorious with the final result, giving Israel its third win with "Diva".^[44][90] Dana International, the contest's first trans performer, had emerged a controversial figure in Israel following her selection for the contest, with criticism being levied by conservative sections of Israeli society and death threats being received from fanatical factions.^[212][214]

The

Big Four" group of countries was formed at this contest, a rule which saw the contest's largest financial backers, Germany, France, Spain and the United Kingdom, now being exempt from relegation and able to participate every year.^[215][216] The contest became a close race between Sweden and Iceland, with Charlotte Nilsson earning Sweden's fourth contest win with "Take Me to Your Heaven".^[90][215] Following the winning reprise the broadcast was concluded by all participating artists assembling on-stage to perform "Hallelujah", the Israeli winning song from 1979, as a tribute to the victims of the then-ongoing war in the Balkans.^[45][215]

2000s

The

Globe Arena in Stockholm, Sweden.^[46][218] 24 countries competed in the contest, with Latvia making its first appearance.^[46] The first contest of the new millennium was held before the biggest crowd yet seen in its history, with over 13,000 spectators witnessing the show in the arena, and it was the first contest to be broadcast live via the internet.^[219][220] Denmark secured its second win, its first since 1963, represented by the Olsen Brothers with the song "Fly on the Wings of Love".^[90] Russia, which had placed second, petitioned for the song's disqualification for the partial use of a vocoder, which was rejected by the EBU.^[219]

The Eurovision Song Contest 2001 was the forty-sixth edition of the contest, organised by DR and held on 12 May 2001 at the Parken Stadium in Copenhagen, Denmark.^[47][221] A retractable roof was specially constructed over the football stadium for the contest, and with 38,000 spectators it became the biggest live audience ever seen at Eurovision, a record which still stands.^[221][222] 23 countries competed in total, and the relegation system was again altered, by removing the average score comparison and bringing back the system used in 1994 and 1995 of relegating the bottom-placed countries, with the Big Four being exempt no matter their placing.^[47][222] Estonia was declared the winner, represented by Tanel Padar, Dave Benton and 2XL with "Everybody".^[90] With its victory, Estonia became the first country from the former Eastern Bloc to win the contest, sparking an eight-year chain of victories for new countries, and Aruba-born Benton became the first black artist to win the contest.^[222]

The

Saku Suurhall in Tallinn, Estonia.^[48][223] 24 countries participated in the first contest to be held behind the former Iron Curtain.^[224] The Marcel Bezençon Awards, a series of additional prizes honouring some of the best songs and artists in each contest's final as voted for by the accredited press, commentators and composers, were first awarded at this contest and have been subsequently featured at every contest since, traditionally handed out backstage shortly before the grand final.^[225] Latvia earned its first title, only two years after their first entry, represented by Marie N and "I Wanna".^[90] Latvia had originally been relegated due to its poor performance in Copenhagen, but was given a reprieve when Portugal decided to withdraw voluntarily.^[223][224]

The Eurovision Song Contest 2003 was the forty-eighth edition of the contest, organised by Latvian Television (LTV) and held on 24 May 2003 at the Skonto Hall in Riga, Latvia.^[49][226] 26 countries took part in the contest, with Ukraine joining the contest for the first time.^[226][227] This would become the last contest to be held over a single evening, with an announcement in January 2003 that from 2004 a semi-final would be introduced: the top 10 countries from the 2003 event alongside the "Big Four" would qualify automatically for the final in 2004, with all other countries competing in the semi-final for 10 qualification places.^[226][228] Turkey gained its first Eurovision win, with Sertab Erener victorious in one of the closest contests ever seen, as "Everyway That I Can" triumphed with only three points separating the top three countries.^[90][227]

The Eurovision Song Contest 2004 was the forty-ninth edition of the contest, organised by the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) and held on 12 and 15 May 2004 at the Abdi İpekçi Arena in Istanbul, Turkey.^[50][229] A record 36 countries competed in the first contest held under the new format, with the relegated countries from 2003 being joined by Albania, Andorra, Belarus and Serbia and Montenegro in their debut appearances, with Monaco also making its first appearance after a 25-year absence.^[228] 22 countries entered the first Eurovision semi-final, with the top 10 joining the 14 automatic qualifiers in the final.^[230] Ukraine emerged the winner, in only their second contest appearance, represented by Ruslana and "Wild Dances".^[90]

The

National Television Company of Ukraine (NTU) and held on 19 and 21 May 2005 at the Palace of Sports in Kyiv, Ukraine.^[51][231] 39 countries competed in total, with debut entries from Moldova and Bulgaria, and a return from Hungary for the first time since 1998.^[232] Lebanon had also planned to make a debut appearance, however they withdrew at a late stage due to issues with competing alongside Israel.^[231] Greece's Helena Paparizou became the winner of the anniversary edition of the contest with "My Number One", the first win for Greece after 31 years of competition.^[90][231]

On 22 October 2005, a special competition was held to celebrate the contest's 50th anniversary. Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest was organised by DR and held at the Forum Copenhagen in Copenhagen, Denmark, hosted by former Eurovision contestants Katrina Leskanich and Renārs Kaupers.^[233] 14 songs from Eurovision history, chosen by fans and the contest's Reference Group, competed to determine the most popular song from the contest's first 50 years.^[234][235] Broadcast live in 31 countries which had competed in Eurovision at that point, the combined votes of the viewing public and juries selected a winner over two rounds.^[236] The winning song, announced at the end of the show, was "Waterloo" by ABBA, the winning song from the 1974 contest for Sweden.^[234]

The

Olympic Indoor Hall in Athens, Greece.^[52][237] 37 nations competed in the contest, with the first appearance of Armenia. Serbia and Montenegro had intended to compete, but controversy over the winner of their national selection resulted in their late withdrawal.^[238] A new landmark was achieved at this contest with the performance of the 1,000th song in Eurovision history, when Ireland's Brian Kennedy performed "Every Song Is a Cry for Love" in the semi-final.^[175] 45 years after first entering the contest, Finland secured its first win, represented by Lordi and "Hard Rock Hallelujah".^[90][237]

The

Hartwall Arena in Helsinki, Finland.^[53][239] A record 42 countries competed in the contest, which saw the debut entries from the Czech Republic, Georgia, Montenegro and Serbia, the latter two as independent countries for the first time. 28 countries competed in the single semi-final, the biggest number of participants ever seen in a Eurovision show.^[240] Serbia became only the second country to win on its debut appearance, represented by Marija Šerifović and "Molitva".^[90]

The

Belgrade Arena in Belgrade, Serbia.^[54][241] A new record 43 countries competed in the contest, with Azerbaijan and San Marino making their first appearances in the contest.^[242] A second semi-final was introduced at this contest, with all countries except the hosts and the "Big Four" now competing on one of the two semi-finals.^[243] Russia gained its first contest win, represented by Dima Bilan and the song "Believe"; it was Bilan's second appearance in the contest, having previously come second for Russia in 2006.^[90]

The Eurovision Song Contest 2009 was the fifty-fourth edition of the contest, organised by Channel One (C1R) and held on 12, 14 and 16 May 2009 at the Olimpiyskiy Arena in Moscow, Russia.^[55][244] 42 countries competed, including Slovakia in its first appearance in 11 years.^[245] Georgia's entry was embroiled in controversy, when it was accused of being critical of Russian leader Vladimir Putin following the recent Russo-Georgian War; after requests made by the EBU to change the lyrics were rejected, Georgia subsequently withdrew.^[246] Juries returned to the contest this year, with the points awarded in the final decided by an equal mix of jury and televoting; the qualifiers from the semi-finals however remained predominantly decided by televoting in this contest.^[247] Norway secured its third contest win, as Alexander Rybak earned a runaway victory with "Fairytale"; with 387 points, Rybak earned the highest points total yet seen in the contest, which remains the highest total under this system.^[90][247]

2010s

The

2007–2008 financial crisis, including Andorra which has yet to make a reappearance, with the crisis also impacting the production of the contest.^[249] The mix of jury and televoting seen in the 2009 final was extended into the semi-finals this year, each with an equal stake in determining the 10 qualifiers in each semi-final.^[250] Germany gained its second contest win, becoming the first "Big Four" country to win since its formation in 1999, with Lena the first German winner in 28 years with "Satellite".^{[90][251][252]}

The

Ell & Nikki and the song "Running Scared".^[90][254]

The Eurovision Song Contest 2012 was the fifty-seventh edition of the contest, organised by İctimai Television (İTV) and held on 22, 24 and 26 May 2012 at the Baku Crystal Hall in Baku, Azerbaijan.^[58] 42 countries competed in the contest; Armenia had originally applied to compete, but withdrew at a late stage due to security concerns related to the ongoing conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan.^[255][256] The contest was also marked by concerns over Azerbaijan's human rights record, as well as tensions with neighbouring Iran over the "anti-Islamic" nature of the contest.^[257][258] Sweden secured its fifth Eurovision title, represented by Loreen and "Euphoria", which would go on to become a great commercial success following the contest, selling over two million copies worldwide.^{[90][259][260]}

The

LGBT nature of some performances, as reasons for their continued non-participation.^[261][262] Denmark won the contest for the third time, represented by Emmelie de Forest and "Only Teardrops".^[90][263]

The

gay propaganda law and the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, were also present in the contest when audible booing could be heard during the Russian entry and voting.^[267]

In celebration of the contest's sixtieth anniversary, the EBU organised a special concert at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, United Kingdom on 31 March 2015.^[268] Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits featured live performances from fifteen previous Eurovision acts from thirteen countries, video montages of past editions of the contest and footage of former entries, and a performance by the cast of Riverdance, originally conceived as the interval performance for the 1994 contest before being developed into a full production.^[269][270] A BBC production, the concert was recorded live and aired as a delayed broadcast on various dates that suited the individual participating broadcasters: the BBC and Ireland's RTÉ were the first to broadcast the event, in a simulcast on 3 April 2015.^[268][269]

The Eurovision Song Contest 2015 was the sixtieth edition of the contest, organised by ORF and held on 19, 21 and 23 May 2015 at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria.^[61] 39 countries were initially announced as appearing at the contest, the first held in Austria since 1967; Australia was later added as the 40th country, making its first appearance in what was billed as a one-off to celebrate the contest's 60th anniversary.^[271][272] Australia would advance directly to the final, meaning 27 countries would compete in the largest final ever seen in the contest.^[272] Sweden earned its sixth contest victory, represented by Måns Zelmerlöw and "Heroes".^[90][273]

The

TVR, leaving 42 countries to compete in Sweden's sixth outing as hosts.^[276][277] The voting system was transformed for the first time in over 30 years at this contest: each country would now award two sets of points, representing the votes of each country's jury and public separately.^[278] Ukraine recorded its second win in the contest, courtesy of Jamala with "1944".^[90][279]

The Eurovision Song Contest 2017 was the sixty-second edition of the contest, organised by the Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (UA:PBC) and held on 9, 11 and 13 May 2017 at the International Exhibition Centre in Kyiv, Ukraine.^[63] 43 countries applied to take part in the contest, however only 42 would subsequently take part in Ukraine's second contest: Russia were unable to compete after Ukrainian authorities banned their selected performer Yuliya Samoylova from entering Ukraine due to illegally entering Crimea in 2015, with proposals for Samoylova to compete via satellite from Russia being rejected by the Russian broadcaster.^{[280][281][282]} Portugal earned its first Eurovision title, 53 years after first entering the contest, with Salvador Sobral earning the biggest points total ever seen in Eurovision history as "Amar pelos dois" gained 758 points.^[90][283]

The

Altice Arena in Lisbon, Portugal.^[64] 43 countries competed in this contest, matching the previous record, with Russia returning after its absence the previous year.^[284] This contest saw the performance of Eurovision's 1,500th song, when former winner Alexander Rybak performed "That's How You Write a Song" in the second semi-final for Norway.^[175][285] Israel gained its fourth Eurovision title, represented by Netta with "Toy".^[90][286]

The

pinkwashing" by the Israeli government.^{[287][288][289]} 42 countries were initially announced as competing in this contest, with Australia having secured participation rights up to 2023.^[290][291] However, only 41 countries entered the contest when Ukraine subsequently withdrew: conflicts between the Ukrainian broadcaster UA:PBC and the winner of its national selection Maruv led to the latter refusing to compete, resulting in its withdrawal after other acts from the selection also declined to partake.^[292][293] The Netherlands recorded its fifth Eurovision win and first in 44 years, courtesy of Duncan Laurence with "Arcade", which would later become a sleeper hit in 2021, becoming the most-streamed Eurovision song on Spotify and the first since "Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit" to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, eventually reaching the top 30 of the chart.^{[90][294][295]}

2020s

The

travel restrictions.^[296][297] In its place, a special broadcast from Media Park in Hilversum, Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light, was held on what would have been the day of the final, in a celebration and showcase of the artists and songs that would have competed in the 2020 contest in a non-competitive format, as well as featuring performances by former Eurovision artists.^[298][299]

The

NPO, NOS and AVROTROS.^[67][300] Rotterdam was revealed as the host city of the 2021 contest during Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light.^[301] Many of the artists which had initially been selected to compete in 2020 were confirmed for their countries once again, however any song entered into the 2020 contest was ineligible for 2021 per the rules of the contest.^[302][303] Pre-recorded backing vocals were permitted for the first time in 2021 on a trial basis, announced as an effort to modernise and increase the sustainability of the contest.^[304] The same 41 countries which had originally planned to enter the 2020 contest were initially announced as competing again in this contest, however, a late withdrawal of Armenia and subsequent disqualification of the entry from Belarus brought the number of competing countries down to 39.^{[305][306][307]} Multiple contingency scenarios were devised in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, ranging from a normal, albeit less-crowded contest (which was the chosen option) to a fully-remote contest with participants performing via 'live-on-tape' recordings.^{[308][309][310]} Australia and Iceland were ultimately unable to perform at the contest live: the Australian delegation opted to use their 'live-on-tape' performance given logistical difficulties in travelling abroad as part of the country's pandemic response; while Iceland competed using rehearsal footage following a COVID-19 outbreak among its delegation.^[311][312] Italy recorded its third Eurovision win, becoming the second "Big Five" country to win since its formation, as Måneskin ended a 31-year wait for victory with "Zitti e buoni".^[90][313] Second-placed France and third-placed Switzerland also achieved their best results since 1991 and 1993 respectively.^[314][315] Måneskin's win in the contest marked the band's international breakthrough, with their releases entering numerous European and global weekly charts in the months following their victory.^[316][317]

The

PalaOlimpico in Turin, Italy and organised by RAI.^[68] 41 countries applied to take part in the contest, with Armenia and Montenegro submitting their first entries since 2019.^[318] Russia, which had initially appeared on the list, was subsequently barred from competing following its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, resulting in 40 countries competing in Italy's third outing as hosts.^[319] Ukraine recorded its third win in the contest, represented by Kalush Orchestra with "Stefania", while the United Kingdom, which placed second, and Spain, which placed third, also achieved their best results since 1998 and 1995 respectively.^{[320][321][322]}

The

global energy crisis.^{[324][325][326]} Substantial changes to the voting system were made for this contest, with full televoting returning to determine the qualifiers from the semi-finals, and viewers from non-participating countries being allowed to vote in all shows, with their votes being aggregated and awarded as one set of points from an "extra country" for the overall public vote.^[327] Loreen, the winner of the 2012 contest, returned for Sweden and became the second artist to record two wins in the contest with "Tattoo", and in doing so giving Sweden a record-tying seventh contest win.^[328][329]

The

Nemo with "The Code".^[334]

The Eurovision Song Contest 2025 will be the sixty-ninth edition of the contest, to be held on 13, 15 and 17 May 2025 at St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland and organised by SRG SSR.^[71] 38 countries initially registered to compete in the third edition to be held in Switzerland, with Montenegro returning after a two-year absence.^[335] Moldova, which had initially appeared on the list, subsequently withdrew due to economic reasons and the perceived quality of its national selection.^[336]

Notes

1. ^ Each country in the first contest was represented by two songs.
2. ^ The 1977 contest was originally scheduled for 2 April, but a strike by BBC camera operators and technicians resulted in a postponement until 7 May.
3. ^ 26 countries were set to perform, but the Netherlands was disqualified from the contest between the second semi-final and the final.
4. ^ Originally to have been used for the cancelled 2020 contest.
5. ^ Later chosen as the permanent slogan for 2024 and all future editions of the contest^[79]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Eurovision Song Contest: Lugano 1956". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Frankfurt 1957". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Hilversum 1958". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Eurovision Song Contest: Cannes 1959". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: London 1960". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Eurovision Song Contest: Cannes 1961". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
7. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Luxembourg 1962". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
8. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: London 1963". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
9. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 1964". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
10. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Naples 1965". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Luxembourg 1966". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
12. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Vienna 1967". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
13. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: London 1968". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
14. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Madrid 1969". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
15. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Amsterdam 1970". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
16. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1971". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Edinburgh 1972". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
18. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Luxembourg 1973". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
19. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Brighton 1974". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
20. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Stockholm 1975". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
21. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: The Hague 1976". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
22. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: London 1977". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
23. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Paris 1978". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
24. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Jerusalem 1979". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
25. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: The Hague 1980". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
26. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1981". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
27. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Harrogate 1982". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
28. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Munich 1983". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
29. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Luxembourg 1984". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
30. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Gothenburg 1985". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
31. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Bergen 1986". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
32. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Brussels 1987". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
33. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1988". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
34. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Lausanne 1989". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
35. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Zagreb 1990". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
36. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Rome 1991". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
37. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Malmö 1992". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
38. ^ "Watch Now #EurovisionAgain: Malmö 1992". European Broadcasting Union. 21 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021.
39. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Eurovision Song Contest: Millstreet 1993". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
40. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1994". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
41. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1995". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
42. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Oslo 1996". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
43. ^ ^{a b c d} "Eurovision Song Contest: Dublin 1997". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
44. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Eurovision Song Contest: Birmingham 1998". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
45. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Jerusalem 1999". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
46. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Stockholm 2000". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
47. ^ ^{a b c} "Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 2001". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
48. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Tallinn 2002". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
49. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Riga 2003". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
50. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Istanbul 2004". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
51. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Kyiv 2005". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
52. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Athens 2006". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
53. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Helsinki 2007". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
54. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Belgrade 2008". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
55. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Moscow 2009". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
56. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Oslo 2010". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
57. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Düsseldorf 2011". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
58. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Baku 2012". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
59. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Malmö 2013". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
60. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 2014". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
61. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Vienna 2015". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
62. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Stockholm 2016". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
63. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Kyiv 2017". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
64. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Lisbon 2018". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
65. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Tel Aviv 2019". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
66. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Rotterdam 2020". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
67. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Rotterdam 2021". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
68. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Turin 2022". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
69. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Liverpool 2023". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
70. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Malmö 2024". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
71. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision Song Contest: Basel 2025". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
72. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest: Logos and Artwork". Eurovision Song Contest. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
73. ^ West 2020, pp. 217–220.
74. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest: Brand". Eurovision Song Contest. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
75. ^ Gleave, Amy (2 May 2023). "Eurovision branding over the years". Dawn Creative. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
76. ^ Groot, Evert (28 October 2018). "Tel Aviv 2019: Dare to Dream". Eurovision Song Contest. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
77. ^ LaFleur, Louise (25 October 2019). "The making of 'Open Up'". Eurovision Song Contest. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
78. ^ "2020 postcard concept revealed as Dutch people can join in on the fun". Eurovision Song Contest. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
79. ^ ^{a b c} "'United By Music' chosen as permanent Eurovision slogan". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
80. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 93–96.
81. Bristol Evening Post. Daily Mail and General Trust
    . In the mid-1950s, the members of the European Broadcasting Union set up an ad hoc committee to investigate ways of rallying the countries of Europe round a light entertainment programme. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organisations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in Devon, United Kingdom. It was on 6 June 1954, that Montreux became the venue for the first transmission by the EBU's Eurovision Network of the Narcissus Festival and its flower-bedecked procession floats. At Monaco, in late January 1955, this committee, chaired by Marcel Bezençon, director general of Swiss Television, came up with the idea of creating a song contest, inspired by the very popular San Remo Festival. The idea was approved by the EBU General Assembly in Rome on 19 October 1955, and it was decided that the first "Eurovision Grand Prix" – so baptised, incidentally, by a British journalist – would take place in spring 1956 at Lugano, Switzerland.
82. ^ ^{a b c d e} Jaquin, Patrick (1 December 2004). "Eurovision's Golden Jubilee". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
83. ^ ^{a b c} Waters, George T. (Winter 1994). "Eurovision: 40 years of network development, four decades of service to broadcasters". ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
84. ^ ^{a b} "Eurovision: About us – who we are". eurovision.net. Eurovision. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
85. ^ Sommerlad, Joe (18 May 2019). "Eurovision 2019: What exactly is the point of the annual song contest and how did it begin?". independent.co.uk. The Independent. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
86. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 8–9.
87. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (19 October 2015). "A diamond day for the Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
88. ^ "Reglement du Grand Prix Européenne 1956 de la Chanson Éuropeenne" [Rules of the 1956 Eurovision Song Contest Grand Prix] (PDF). eurovision.tv (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
89. ^ ^{a b c} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 96–101.
90. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl} "Eurovision Song Contest: Winners". eurovision.tv. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
91. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 10–11.
92. ^ "Looking back to just like it was in 1957". eurovision.tv. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
93. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 152–159.
94. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 12–13.
95. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 160–165.
96. ^ Pierluigi, Panza (17 February 1996). "Piramidi rotanti luci da record e 007 in azione". Corriere della Sera. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2020. Il brano presentato a Sanremo che ha venduto di piu' e' "Nel blu dipinto di blu" di Domenico Modugno (22 milioni di dischi).
97. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 14–15.
98. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 184–192.
99. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 16–17.
100. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 213–224.
101. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 18–19.
102. ^ Roxburgh 2012, pp. 254–264.
103. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 20–21.
104. ^ Roxburgh 2012, pp. 291–299.
105. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 22–23.
106. ^ Roxburgh 2012, pp. 318–333.
107. ^ "Recalling the 50th anniversary of the 1963 contest". eurovision.tv. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
108. ^ ^{a b c d} O'Connor 2010, pp. 24–25.
109. ^ ^{a b c} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 348–358.
110. ^ ^{a b} "Recalling the Copenhagen contest of 50 years ago". eurovision.tv. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
111. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 26–27.
112. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 369–381.
113. ^ ^{a b c d} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 387–396.
114. ^ "Milestone Moments: 1965 – Eurovision Goes Pop!". eurovision.tv. 28 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
115. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 28–29.
116. ^ Roxburgh 2012, pp. 407–417.
117. ^ "1966: Austria's finest hour". eurovision.tv. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
118. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 30–31.
119. ^ Roxburgh 2012, pp. 433–443.
120. ^ ^{a b} Escudero, Victor M. (24 August 2017). "Throwback Thursday: Eurovision 1967". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
121. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 32–35.
122. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 454–470.
123. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 36–39.
124. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2012, pp. 482–493.
125. ^ ^{a b} Escudero, Victor M. (29 March 2019). "50 years ago today: Four winners at Eurovision 1969 in Madrid". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
126. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 40–43.
127. ^ ^{a b c} "Happy 50th Anniversary, Eurovision 1970!". eurovision.tv. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
128. ^ ^{a b c d} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 25–37.
129. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 44–47.
130. ^ ^{a b c} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 51–64.
131. ^ ^{a b} "40 years ago today – Séverine brings Monaco their sole victory". eurovision.tv. 3 April 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
132. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 48–51.
133. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 76–98.
134. ^ ^{a b c} "Seeking out more about the 1972 contest?". eurovision.tv. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
135. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 52–55.
136. ^ ^{a b c d} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 113–128.
137. ^ ^{a b c d} O'Connor 2010, pp. 148–151.
138. ^ "39 years ago today – Luxembourg complete back to back wins". eurovision.tv. 7 April 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
139. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 56–59.
140. ^ ^{a b c} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 142–168.
141. ^ "Milestone Moments: 1974 – The arrival of ABBA". eurovision.tv. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
142. ^ Harrison, Andrew (21 October 2014). "Why are Abba so popular?". bbc.com. BBC Culture. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
143. ISBN 0-214-20480-4
     .
144. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 60–63.
145. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 180–194.
146. ^ ^{a b} "Recalling Sweden's first staging of the contest in 1975". eurovision.tv. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
147. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 64–67.
148. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 227–243.
149. ISBN 978-1-8444-2994-3
     .
150. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 68–71.
151. ^ Roxburgh 2014, pp. 267–287.
152. ^ ^{a b c} Escudero, Victor M. (21 September 2017). "#ThrowbackThursday to 40 years ago: Eurovision 1977". eurovision.tv.
153. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 72–75.
154. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 312–237.
155. ^ ^{a b} "33 years ago today – Izhar Cohen & Alphabeta seal Israel's maiden win". eurovision.tv. 22 April 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
156. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 76–79.
157. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2014, pp. 352–365.
158. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 80–83.
159. ^ ^{a b c} Roxburgh 2016, pp. 39–55.
160. ^ "Milestone Moments: 1980 – Irish eyes are smiling". eurovision.tv. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
161. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 84–87.
162. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2016, pp. 86–103.
163. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 88–91.
164. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2016, pp. 126–143.
165. ^ Jordan, Paul (17 March 2017). "35 years ago: Looking back at Harrogate 1982 with host Jan Leeming". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
166. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 92–95.
167. ^ Roxburgh 2016, pp. 165–180.
168. ^ ^{a b} "Recalling the last win by Luxembourg in 1983". eurovision.tv. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
169. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 96–99.
170. ^ Roxburgh 2016, pp. 200–211.
171. ^ ^{a b c d} O'Connor 2010, pp. 100–103.
172. ^ Roxburgh 2016, pp. 227–239.
173. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 104–107.
174. ^ Roxburgh 2016, pp. 265–276.
175. ^ ^{a b c} Escudero, Victor M. (10 May 2018). "That's how you write the 1,500th Eurovision song!". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
176. ^ "1986: Belgium's greatest year". eurovision.tv. 6 November 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
177. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 108–111.
178. ^ Escudero, Victor M. (10 August 2017). "Throwback Thursday: 1987". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
179. ^ Roxburgh 2016, pp. 302–313.
180. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 112–115.
181. ^ ^{a b c} Roxburgh 2016, pp. 336–350.
182. ^ "Milestone Moments: 1988 – When Celine was crowned Queen". eurovision.tv. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
183. ^ Southern, Kieran (21 May 2019). "Celine Dion and James Corden recreate famous Titanic scene for Carpool Karaoke". Irish Independent. PA Media. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
184. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 116–119.
185. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2016, pp. 371–384.
186. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2020, pp. 34–46.
187. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 120–123.
188. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 124–127.
189. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2020, pp. 65–75.
190. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 128–131.
191. ^ "Watch Now #EurovisionAgain: Malmö 1992". European Broadcasting Union. 21 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021.
192. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2020, pp. 96–110.
193. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 132–135.
194. ^ "Millstreet Town: Green Glens Arena". millstreet.ie. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
195. ^ Roxburgh 2020, pp. 131–146.
196. ^ ^{a b c d e} Jordan, Paul (18 September 2016). "Milestone Moments: 1993/4 – The Eurovision Family expands". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
197. ^ ^{a b} "Fionnuala Sweeney: The atmosphere in Millstreet was electric!". eurovision.tv. 12 November 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
198. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 136–139.
199. ^ ^{a b} "Luxembourg to return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2024". eurovision.tv. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
200. ^ Roxburgh 2020, pp. 168–181.
201. ^ "Riverdance: The Journey". riverdance.com. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
202. ^ "Amazing facts about the Irish dance phenomenon "Riverdance"". IrishCentral.com. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
203. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 140–143.
204. ^ Roxburgh 2020, pp. 210–228.
205. ^ ^{a b c d} O'Connor 2010, pp. 144–147.
206. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2020, pp. 255–277.
207. ^ ^{a b c} "Recalling Ireland's record seventh win in 1996". eurovision.tv. 18 May 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
208. ^ Anderson, Sarah (21 May 2012). "50 best-selling tracks of the '90s". NME. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
209. ^ "Eurovision: Where every UK entry has reached on the Official Singles Chart". officialcharts.com. Official Charts Company. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
210. ^ ^{a b c} Escudero, Victor M. (18 April 2020). "#EurovisionAgain travels back to Dublin 1997". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
211. ^ Roxburgh 2020, pp. 296–309.
212. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 152–155.
213. ^ ^{a b} Roxburgh 2020, pp. 324–346.
214. ^ "Transsexual singer stirs up passions". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 10 May 1998. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
215. ^ ^{a b c d e f} O'Connor 2010, pp. 156–159.
216. ^ ^{a b c} Roxburgh 2020, pp. 367–382.
217. ^ ^{a b c} "13 years ago today: Sweden wins the contest". eurovision.tv. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
218. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 160–163.
219. ^ ^{a b} "The end of a decade: Stockholm 2000". eurovision.tv. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
220. ^ Laven, Philip (July 2002). "Webcasting and the Eurovision Song Contest". ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
221. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 164–167.
222. ^ ^{a b c} "The end of a decade: Copenhagen 2001". eurovision.tv. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
223. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 168–171.
224. ^ ^{a b} "The end of a decade: Tallinn 2002". eurovision.tv. 23 December 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
225. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest: Marcel Bezençon Awards". eurovision.tv. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
226. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 172–175.
227. ^ ^{a b} "The end of a decade: Riga 2003". eurovision.tv. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
228. ^ ^{a b} "The end of a decade: Istanbul 2004". eurovision.tv. 25 December 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
229. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 176–179.
230. ^ "Countdown to Baku – Istanbul 2004". eurovision.tv. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
231. ^ ^{a b c} O'Connor 2010, pp. 180–183.
232. ^ "The end of a decade: Kyiv 2005". eurovision.tv. 27 December 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
233. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 183.
234. ^ ^{a b} "Congratulations Show – Eurovision History". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
235. ^ "Congratulations info". congratulations-info.com. DR. Archived from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
236. ^ "Participating broadcasters in the 50th anniversary show". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
237. ^ ^{a b} O'Connor 2010, pp. 184–187.
238. ^ "The end of a decade: Athens 2006". eurovision.tv. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
239. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 188–191.
240. ^ "The end of a decade: Helsinki 2007". eurovision.tv. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
241. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 192–195.
242. ^ "The end of a decade: Belgrade 2008". eurovision.tv. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
243. ^ "Countdown to Baku – Belgrade 2008". eurovision.tv. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
244. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 196–199.
245. ^ "The end of a decade: Moscow 2009". eurovision.tv. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
246. ^ "Eurovision axes 'anti-Putin' song". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 10 March 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
247. ^ ^{a b} "Countdown to Baku – Moscow 2009". eurovision.tv. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
248. ^ "Exclusive: 39 countries to be represented in Oslo". eurovision.tv. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
249. ^ Moskwa, Wojchich (27 May 2010). "Eurovision song contest feels the pinch". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
250. ^ "Juries also get 50% stake in Semi-Final result". eurovision.tv. 11 October 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
251. ^ "Germany wins, see full results!". eurovision.tv. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
252. ^ "Countdown to Baku – Oslo 2010". eurovision.tv. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
253. ^ "43 nations on 2011 participants list!". eurovision.tv. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
254. ^ "Azerbaijan wins 2011 Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
255. ^ "Armenia withdraws from Eurovision 2012". eurovision.tv. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
256. ^ "Armenia pulls out of Azerbaijan-hosted Eurovision show". BBC News. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
257. ^ Elder, Miriam (25 May 2012). "Eurovision does little to help human rights in Azerbaijan". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
258. ^ "Iran's "gay" Eurovision jibes strain Azerbaijan ties". Reuters. 22 May 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
259. ^ "Sweden wins 2012 Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
260. ^ Copsey, Robert (22 May 2013). "Loreen debuts 'We Got The Power' music video". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
261. ^ "39 countries to take part in Eurovision 2013". eurovision.tv. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
262. ^ "Turkey to return Eurovision 'if no more bearded divas'". Hürriyet Daily News. 4 August 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
263. ^ "Denmark wins 2013 Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
264. ^ "37 countries represented at Eurovision in 2014". eurovision.tv. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
265. ^ "Austria wins 2014 Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
266. ^ Davies, Caroline (11 May 2014). "Conchita Wurst pledges to promote tolerance after jubilant welcome home". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
267. ^ Nelson, Fraser (11 May 2014). "Eurovision 2014: the booing of Russia was a disgrace". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
268. ^ ^{a b} "Official: London to host Eurovision's 60th Anniversary Event". eurovision.tv. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
269. ^ ^{a b} "Tonight: Recording of Eurovision's Greatest Hits". eurovision.tv. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
270. ^ "BBC One – Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits, 03/04/2015". BBC. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
271. ^ "Eurovision 2015: 39 countries represented in Vienna". eurovision.tv. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
272. ^ ^{a b} "Australia to compete in the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
273. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon; Storvik-Green, Simon (24 May 2015). "Sweden wins 2015 Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
274. ^ Jordan, Paul (26 November 2015). "43 countries represented in Stockholm!". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
275. ^ Jordan, Paul (17 November 2015). "Australia to return to the Eurovision Song Contest!". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
276. ^ "TVR (Romania) no longer entitled to take part in Eurovision 2016". eurovision.tv. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
277. ^ Royston, Benny (22 April 2016). "Romania expelled from the Eurovision Song Contest". Metro. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
278. ^ Jordan, Paul (18 February 2016). "Biggest change to Eurovision Song Contest voting since 1975". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
279. ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (15 May 2016). "Ukraine wins the 2016 Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
280. ^ Jordan, Paul (31 October 2016). "43 countries to participate in Eurovision 2017". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
281. ^ "EBU: "Russia no longer able to take part in Eurovision 2017"". eurovision.tv. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
282. ^ "Eurovision threatens to ban Ukraine over Russian singer row". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
283. ^ Jordan, Paul (14 May 2017). "Portugal wins the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest!". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
284. ^ "150 days left until the Grand Final of Eurovision 2018!". eurovision.tv. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
285. ^ Caroline, Westbrook (10 May 2018). "Alexander Rybak's That's How You Write A Song is the 1,500th Eurovision entry". Metro. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
286. ^ Zwart, Josianne (13 May 2018). "Israel's Netta wins the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest!". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
287. ^ Sharon, Jeremy (14 May 2018). "Litzman demands Shabbat not be violated for Eurovision 2019". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
288. ^ Farrell, Stephen (10 May 2019). "Israel counters Eurovision boycott campaign with Google ads". Reuters. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
289. ^ "L'Eurovision comme occasion de pinkwashing pour Israël – la communauté LGBT+ devrait le boycotter" [Eurovision as a pinkwashing opportunity for Israel – the LGBT+ community should boycott it] (in French). Agence Média Palestine. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
290. ^ Groot, Evert (7 November 2018). "42 countries to compete in Eurovision 2019". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
291. ^ Grott, Evert (12 February 2019). "Australia secures spot in Eurovision for the next five years". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
292. ^ Groot, Evert (27 February 2019). "Ukraine withdraws from Eurovision 2019". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
293. ^ Savage, Mark (27 February 2019). "Ukraine pulls out of Eurovision Song Contest 2019". BBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
294. ^ Royston, Benny (19 May 2019). "Duncan Laurence wins Eurovision 2019 for the Netherlands". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
295. ^ Lee Adams, William (31 August 2021). "Eurovision winners Måneskin and Duncan Laurence crack Top 30 on Billboard charts". Wiwibloggs. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
296. ^ "41 countries will 'Open Up' at Eurovision 2020 in Rotterdam". eurovision.tv. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
297. Eurovision.tv. 18 March 2020. Archived
     from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
298. ^ "Eurovision: Europe Shine A Light". eurovision.tv. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
299. ^ "Eurovision still shines despite cancelled final". The Guardian. PA Media. 17 May 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
300. ^ "Dates for Eurovision 2021 announced". eurovision.tv. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
301. ^ "Rotterdam returns as Eurovision Song Contest Host City in 2021". eurovision.tv. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
302. ^ "18 acts are confirmed for Eurovision 2021!". eurovision.tv. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
303. ^ "Rotterdam 2021 FAQs". eurovision.tv. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
304. ^ "Changes announced to ensure Eurovision comes "back for good"". eurovision.tv. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
305. ^ "41 Countries to participate at Eurovision 2021". Eurovision.tv. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
306. ^ "Armenia withdraws from Eurovision Song Contest 2021". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
307. ^ "EBU statement on Belarusian participation". Eurovision Song Contest. 26 March 2021.
308. ^ "The 4 ways to make Eurovision 2021 happen". Eurovision.tv. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
309. ^ "2021 artists to record song "live-on-tape" to ensure Contest will happen". Eurovision.tv. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
310. ^ "Eurovision 2021 organizers set determined yet realistic plans for May". Eurovision.tv. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
311. ^ "Australia to compete from home using 'live-on-tape' performance". European Broadcasting Union. 19 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
312. ^ "EBU Statement regarding Icelandic delegation (Wednesday 19 May)". European Broadcasting Union. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
313. ^ "Congratulations ITALY: Måneskin win Eurovision Song Contest 2021". Eurovision.tv. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
314. ^ Thompson, Hannah (25 May 2021). "Fans celebrate France's highest-ever score at Eurovision". The Connexion. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
315. ^ Granger, Anthony (8 March 2022). "Switzerland Announces Its Eurovision 2022 Act & Song". Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
316. ^ "Chartbreaker: Inside Måneskin's Unlikely, TikTok-Assisted Journey to Rock Stardom". Billboard. 3 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
317. ^ Shaw, Lucas. "Maneskin Is Italy's First Rock Band to Rule the Charts". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
318. ^ "REVEALED: the 41 countries joining Eurovision in Turin 2022". Eurovision.tv. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
319. ^ "EBU statement regarding the participation of Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
320. ^ "Ukraine's Kalush Orchestra wins Eurovision Song Contest 2022!". Eurovision.tv. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
321. ^ Savage, Mark (15 May 2022). "Eurovision 2022: How Sam Ryder turned things around for the UK". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
322. ^ Sanchez Gil, Juan (15 May 2022). "Ukraine, winner of Eurovision 2022: Spain and Chanel's result • The European Times News". The European Times. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
323. ^ "EBU, UA:PBC and BBC agree to host 2023 Eurovision Song Contest in the United Kingdom". Eurovision.tv (Press release). EBU. 25 July 2022. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
324. ^ "Eurovision 2023: Here are the 37 countries competing in Liverpool". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
325. ^ Rosney, Daniel (17 October 2022). "Eurovision: Montenegro and North Macedonia pull out of Liverpool contest". BBC News. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
326. ^ Hallsenius, Hedda (8 November 2022). "Flera länder drar sig ur när Eurovision blir dyrare" [Several countries withdraw when Eurovision becomes more expensive]. SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
327. ^ "Voting changes announced for Eurovision Song Contest 2023". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 22 November 2022. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
328. ^ "Sweden's Loreen wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2023". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
329. ISSN 0261-3077
     . Retrieved 14 May 2023.
330. ^ "Eurovision 2024: 37 broadcasters head to Malmö". eurovision.tv. EBU. 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
331. ^ Marica, Irina (25 January 2024). "Romania will not compete in Eurovision this year". Romania-Insider.com. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
332. ^ Savage, Mark (8 February 2024). "Israel chooses Eurovision 2024 entrant amid calls for a boycott". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
333. ISSN 0362-4331
     . Retrieved 12 May 2024.
334. ISSN 0029-7712
     . Retrieved 12 May 2024.
335. ^ "Eurovision 2025: 38 broadcasters participating in Basel". eurovision.tv. EBU. 12 December 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
336. ^ "Ultima oră! Republica Moldova nu va participa la Eurovision 2025" [Breaking! The Republic of Moldova will not participate in Eurovision 2025] (in Romanian). Teleradio-Moldova (TRM). 22 January 2025.

Sources

• ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1
  .
• Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6
  .
• Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9
  .
• Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9
  .
• Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9
  .
• ISBN 978-1-911545-55-2
  .

External links

• Eurovision Song Contest: History by events Archived 25 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine