List of old-growth forests
This is a list of areas of existing old-growth forest which include at least 10 acres (4.0 hectares) of old growth. Ecoregion information from "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World".[1]
(NB: The terms "old growth" and "virgin" may have various definitions and meanings throughout the world. See old-growth forest for more information.)
Africa
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) |
Country | Area | Old-growth extent | WWF ecoregion | Old-growth forest type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Réunion (France) | Réserve biologique intégrale du Bois des Nèfles | 179 hectares (440 acres) | Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests | |
Réunion (France) | Réserve biologique intégrale du Piton de la Fournaise | 21,005 hectares (51,900 acres) | Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests | |
Réunion (France) | Réserve biologique intégrale du Mazerin | 2,491 hectares (6,160 acres) | Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests | Pandanus scrub |
Kenya | Kakamega Forest[citation needed] |
Australia
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
In Australia, the 1992 National Forest Policy Statement (NFPS) made specific provision for the protection of old growth forests. The NFPS initiated a process for undertaking assessments of forests for conservation values, including old growth values. A working group of state and Australian Government agencies took the NFPS definition into consideration in developing a definition that was accepted by all governments (JANIS 1997).[2]
Old growth forest is ecologically mature forest where the effects of disturbances are now negligible.
— JANIS 1997
In 2008, only a relatively small area (15%) of Australia's forests (mostly tall, wet forests) had been assessed for old-growth values.[3]
Of the 23 million hectares (57 million acres) of forest in Australia assessed for their old-growth status, 5 million hectares (12 million acres) (22%) is classified as old-growth.[4] Almost half of Australia's identified old-growth forest is in NSW, mostly on public land.[3] More than 73% of Australia's identified old-growth forests are in formal or informal nature conservation reserves.[4]
In 2001, Western Australia became the first state in Australia to cease logging in old-growth forests.[5]
Country | Area | Old-growth extent | WWF ecoregion | Old-growth forest type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | Walpole Wilderness Area, Western Australia | Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands
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Australia | Barrington Tops National Park, New South Wales | Eastern Australian temperate forests | temperate rainforest and eucalypt
| |
Australia | Greater Blue Mountains Area, New South Wales | Eastern Australian temperate forests | eucalypt forest | |
Australia | Tarkine, Tasmania | 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) | Tasmanian temperate rain forests
|
Temperate rainforest |
Australia | Tasmanian Wilderness
|
Tasmanian temperate rain forests
|
temperate rainforest and eucalypt forest | |
Australia | Victoria
|
Over 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) | Eastern Australian temperate forests | rare warm temperate/cool temperate "Overlap Rainforest" |
Australia | Blue Tier, Tasmania | 100 hectares (250 acres)[6] | Tasmanian temperate rain forests
|
. |
Australia | Styx Forest, Tasmania | Tasmanian temperate rain forests
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Australia | Weld, Tasmania | Tasmanian temperate rain forests
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Australia | Upper Florentine Valley, Tasmania | Tasmanian temperate rain forests
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Australia | Badja State Forest, New South Wales[7] | Eastern Australian temperate forests | Wet old-growth with sweeping tree-fern understoreys. 10+ threatened species (including squirrel glider and golden-tipped bat )
| |
Australia | Dampier State Forest, New South Wales[7] | Eastern Australian temperate forests | Wet old-growth. Most extensive rainforests in the South Coast. | |
Australia | Wandella / Peak Alone, New South Wales[7] | Eastern Australian temperate forests | High old-growth and threatened species values. Important catchment value. | |
Australia | Monga State Forest / Buckenbowra, New South Wales[7] | Eastern Australian temperate forests | Pristine Buckenbowra River, including an area on the northern side of the river with a golden-tipped bat record. Also an area around McGregors Creek, nominated for wilderness, and important for old-growth and to increase the viability of the connection / link between Buckenbowra and Deua National Park. | |
Australia | Dampier, New South Wales[7] | Eastern Australian temperate forests | Upper Deua River (Identified Wilderness) and Big Belimba Creek catchment and contains extensive old-growth forests. Big Belimba Creek contains giant wet old-growth forest and extensive tree-fern forests. | |
Australia | Tallaganda State Forest, New South Wales[7] | Eastern Australian temperate forests | Tall wet old-growth forest. | |
Australia | Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
|
50 separate reserves totaling 366,500 hectares (906,000 acres) | Subtropical rainforest
|
The most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world. Extremely high conservation value; over 200 rare or threatened plant and animal species. |
The term "old-growth forests" is rarely used in
Eurasia
Country | Area | Old-growth extent | WWF ecoregion | Old-growth forest type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Azerbaijan | Lankaran lowland and Talysh mountains | Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest | temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome | |
Belarus, Poland | Białowieża Forest | 308,580 hectares (762,500 acres) | Central European mixed forests[citation needed] | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Perućica | 1,434 hectares (3,540 acres) | Dinaric Mountains mixed forests | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Ravna Vala | 45.04 hectares (111.3 acres) | Dinaric Mountains mixed forests | |
Bulgaria[8] | Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of Europe in the Central Balkan National Park | 1,098,891 hectares (2,715,420 acres) | Rodope montane mixed forests | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome |
Bulgaria[8] | Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa (temperate coniferous forest), Pirin National Park | 2,873 hectares (7,100 acres) | Rodope montane mixed forests | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome |
Bulgaria[8] | Mantaritza Biosphere Reserve forests | 1,320 hectares (3,300 acres) | Rodope montane mixed forests | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome |
Bulgaria[8] | Parangalitsa Reserve forests, Rila National Park | 1,509 hectares (3,730 acres) | Rodope montane mixed forests | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome |
Bulgaria[8] | Uzunbodzhak Reserve temperate rainforest, Strandzha Nature Park, Strandzha Mountain | 2,529.6 hectares (6,251 acres) | Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
|
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome ( Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests )
|
Czech Republic | Boubin Primeval Forest | 685.9 hectares (1,695 acres) | ||
Estonia | Järvselja Nature Reserve | 184 hectares (450 acres) | Scandinavian and Russian taiga | Variety of succession stages between Scots pine dominated taiga
|
Finland | Pyhä-Häkki National Park | Scandinavian and Russian taiga | Norway spruce
| |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale d'Assan | 1,032 hectares (2,550 acres) | Temperate coniferous forest | Pinus uncinata
|
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale de Chaux | 148 hectares (370 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale de la Glacière | 28 hectares (69 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale de la Sainte-Baume | 138 hectares (340 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Fagus sylvatica, Quercus pubescens, Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Tilia cordata, maple and Quercus ilex |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale de la Sylve d’Argenson | 2,579 hectares (6,370 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Quercus robur |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale de Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre | 1,010 hectares (2,500 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata and Maple |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale des Maures | 2,531 hectares (6,250 acres) | Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub | Quercus ilex, Quercus suber, Castanea sativa and Pinus pinaster |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale du Mont Ventoux | 906 hectares (2,240 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
|
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale du Défilé de Straiture | 124 hectares (310 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale d'Oléron - Saint-Trojan | 158 hectares (390 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Quercus ilex, Quercus petraea and Pinus pinaster |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale du Bois du Ruère | 64 hectares (160 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Tilia cordata and Maple |
France | Réserve Biologique Intégrale du Vercors | 2,160 hectares (5,300 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica |
Croatia | Klepina Duliba Old Growth forest | 118 hectares (290 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Abies alba,Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica |
Georgia | Kintrishi Protected Landscape
|
Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
|
temperate broadleaf rainforest | |
Georgia | Lagodekhi Protected Areas | Caucasus mixed forests | temperate broadleaf forest | |
Georgia | Mtirala National Park | Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
|
temperate broadleaf rainforest | |
India | Dudhatoli Mountains, Uttarakhand | 6,000 hectares (15,000 acres) | Western Himalayan broadleaf forests and subalpine conifer forests | temperate broadleaf mixed forests and montane forests biome |
Iran | Coast along the Caspian Sea and the northern slopes of the Alborz mountains | Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest[9] | temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome | |
Italy | Valle Cervara | 50 hectares (120 acres) | Oldest beech forest in Europe[10] | temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. Fagus sylvatica Taxus. /lex, several Betulaceae (Carpinus spp., Ostrya. Corylus, Alnus cordata in some areas, Betula), Ulmus spp. (surtout U glabra), Fraxinus ornus (more rarely F excelsior) and Acer (A. opalus s.l., A. pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. /obelii) |
Japan | Shiretoko National Park | Hokkaido montane conifer forests[citation needed ]
|
mixed forest
| |
Japan | Yakushima Wilderness Area | Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests, Taiheiyo evergreen forests | subtropical and temperate rainforest
| |
Japan | Kasugayama Primeval Forest | Taiheiyo evergreen forests | ||
Montenegro | Biogradska Gora | Dinaric Mountains mixed forests | temperate broadleaf and mixed forest | |
Montenegro | Crna Poda | Dinaric Mountains mixed forests | Coniferous
| |
Norway | Trillemarka | Scandinavian and Russian taiga | ||
Norway | Stabbursdalen National Park | Scandinavian and Russian taiga | ||
Norway | Øvre Dividal National Park | Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands | ||
Romania | Retezat National Park | Carpathian montane conifer forests | ||
Russia | Central Sikhote-Alin
|
Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests | ||
Russia | Virgin Komi Forests | Urals montane tundra and taiga | Coniferous
| |
Russia | Western Caucasus | Caucasus mixed forests | ||
Serbia | Vinatovača | 37 hectares (91 acres) | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
|
Fagus sylvatica |
Slovakia | Stužica | 761.5 hectares (1,882 acres) | Pannonian mixed forests | European Beech
|
Taiwan | Yushan National Park | Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests | Taiwania | |
Ukraine | Carpathian Biosphere Reserve | 57,880 hectares (143,000 acres) | Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe | |
United Kingdom | Forest of Dean | mixed woodland
| ||
United Kingdom | Puzzlewood |
North America
Canada
Province | Area | Old-growth extent | WWF ecoregion | Old-growth forest type |
---|---|---|---|---|
British Columbia | Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park | 164 square kilometres (41,000 acres) | Central Pacific coastal forests | coniferous temperate rainforest
|
British Columbia | Clayoquot Sound | 265,000 hectares (650,000 acres) | Central Pacific coastal forests | coniferous temperate rainforest
|
British Columbia | Great Bear Rainforest | 16,000 square kilometres (4,000,000 acres) | British Columbia mainland coastal forests | coniferous temperate rainforest
|
Nova Scotia | North River Wilderness Area[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
Eastern Hemlock
| |
Nova Scotia | Panuke Lake Nature Reserve[11] | 47 hectares (120 acres) | New England-Acadian forests
|
Red Spruce
|
Nova Scotia | Shelburne Heritage River[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
Eastern Hemlock , pine
| |
Nova Scotia | Pollett's Cove[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
boreal | |
Nova Scotia | French River Wilderness Area[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
Eastern Hemlock
| |
Nova Scotia | Trout Brook Wilderness Area[11] | deciduous | ||
Nova Scotia | Tobeatic Wilderness Area[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
Eastern Hemlock , pine
| |
Nova Scotia | Portapique River Wilderness Area[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
Red Spruce
| |
Nova Scotia | Waverley–Salmon River Long Lake Wilderness Area[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
Eastern White Pine
| |
Nova Scotia | Boggy Lake Wilderness Area[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
American Beech
| |
Nova Scotia | Great Barren & Quinan Lakes Nature Reserve[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
Red Spruce
| |
Nova Scotia | MacFarlane Woods Nature Reserve[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
American Beech
| |
Nova Scotia | Bornish Hill Nature Reserve[11] | New England-Acadian forests
|
hardwood | |
Nova Scotia | Sporting Lake Nature Reserve[11] | 25 hectares (62 acres) | New England-Acadian forests
|
Red Spruce
|
Ontario | Gillies Grove, Arnprior | 18 hectares (44 acres) | Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests | |
Ontario | Obabika Old-Growth Forest | 2,400 hectares (5,900 acres) | Eastern forest-boreal transition
|
|
Ontario | Quetico Provincial Park | 1,500 square kilometres (370,000 acres) | Western Great Lakes forests | |
Ontario | White Bear Forest | Eastern forest-boreal transition
|
||
Ontario | Wolf Lake Forest Reserve
|
336 hectares (830 acres) | Eastern forest-boreal transition
|
red pine |
Quebec | Bois Beckett Forest,[12] Sherbrooke | 6 ha (15 acres) | New England-Acadian forests
|
hemlock, beech |
Quebec | Papineau Woods, Laval,[13] | 100 ha (250 acres) |
United States
Central America
Country | Area | Old-growth extent | WWF ecoregion | Old-growth forest type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Costa Rica | Braulio Carrillo National Park | 428 square kilometres (165 sq mi) | Isthmian-Atlantic moist forests
|
|
Panama | Chagres National Park | 428 square kilometres (165 sq mi) | coastal tropical |
Caribbean
Country | Area | Old-growth extent | WWF ecoregion | Old-growth forest type |
---|---|---|---|---|
The Bahamas | Primeval Forest National Park | 7.5 acres | Bahamian dry forests | evergreen tropical hardwood |
Puerto Rico (United States) | El Toro Wilderness, El Yunque National Forest | 13,700 acres[52] | Puerto Rican moist forests | Ternstroemia luquillensis and Dacryodes excelsa mature forests.[52] |
South America
Country | Area | Old-growth extent | WWF ecoregion | Old-growth forest type |
French Guiana (France) | Lucifer Dékou-Dékou Biological Reserve | 64,373 hectares (159,070 acres) | Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests | Tropical rainforest |
See also
Notes
- doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Rodney J. Keenan; Michael F. Ryan. "Science for Decision Makers - Old Growth Forest in Australia: Conservation status and significance for timber production" (PDF). Bureau of Rural Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ a b Adam Gerrand; Tim Clancy; Stuart Davey; Geoff Dunn; Ian Frakes (2008). "Old-growth forest areas and their reservation status across Australia" (PDF). Bureau of Rural Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ a b "Australia's State of the Forests Report 2013" (PDF). www.agriculture.gov.au. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ "Protecting Old-Growth Forests". Forest Products Commission, Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ "Blue Tier Reserve Report 2015". 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ a b c d e f "NSW South Coast Forests - Revised List of Icon Areas under Threat". Wilderness Society. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-04-07. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ a b c d e "Forests in Bulgaria". Archived from the original on 2018-02-02. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
- ^ "Hyrcanian Forest (Caspian Forest)". Archived from the original on 2019-07-07. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
- S2CID 85386812.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Protected Areas". Nova Scotia Environment. April 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ "Organisme" (in French). Regroupement du Bois Beckett. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
- ^ "Bois Papineau".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je Davis, Mary Byrd (10 October 2010). "Old Growth in the East: A Survey". Archived from the original on 25 May 2011.
- ^ Tongass Forest Management FAQs Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2008-09-18).
- ^ a b c "Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Revised Land and Resource Management Plan. Ozark-St. Francis National Forests". United States Forest Service Southern Region. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2011-02-16. Final Environmental Impact Statement, p. 365
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Bolsinger, Charles L.; Waddell, Karen L. (1993), Area of old-growth forests in California, Oregon, and Washington (PDF), United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197, archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-23, retrieved 2010-10-22
- ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. August 17, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Headwaters Forest Reserve 2007 BLM Manager Report - ^ a b Stahle, David. "Ancient Blue Oak Woodlands of California". University of Arkansas Tree-Ring Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Warbington, Ralph; Beardsley, Debby (2002), 2002 Estimates of Old Growth Forests on the 18 National Forests of the Pacific Southwest Region, United States Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, archived from the original on 2015-09-24, retrieved 2010-10-22
- ^ a b "Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park". Old Growth Forest Network. Archived from the original on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- ^ "Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park". Wikipedia. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- ^ OCLC 26835406.
- ^ a b "Belden Forest". Old-Growth Forest Network. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ Marteka, Peter (April 8, 2011). "Belden Forest In Simsbury Offers Thrills And Inspiration". The Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on 2021-07-08. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ a b c United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service (February 2008). "Old Growth Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forests, Georgia". www.fs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
- ^ "John Ripley Forbes, Big Trees Forest Preserve". Archived from the original on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
- ^ a b c The Nature Conservancy. "The Nature Conservancy in Indiana – Douglas Woods". Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
- ^ a b "Pioneer Mothers Memorial Forest Trail". Archived from the original on 2010-02-18. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
- ^ a b c "Ginn Woods - Ball State University". bsu.edu. Ball State University. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
- ^ Higgins, Will (6 November 2014). "Take 1st look at weird Indiana woods". indystar.com. The Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
- ^ a b "Bicentennial Woods - The Nature Conservancy". nature.org. The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
- ^ a b c DeGroot, Bob (January 12, 2006), "Legislative Issue: Protecting Maryland's Forests and Wildlife" Archived 2008-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, Chesapeake: The Sierra Club Maryland Chapter Newsletter Online
- ^ a b c "Maryland Native Plant Society: Crabtree Old-Growth Forest, Garrett County, Marylandwebsite=mdflora.org". Archived from the original on Jul 7, 2009. Retrieved Jul 23, 2022.
- ^ Abrams, Marc, The dendroecology and climatic impacts for old-growth white pine and hemlock on the extreme slopes of the Berkshire Hills, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
- ^ Old Growth Forest Network. "The Rivulet at William Cullen Bryant Homestead". Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ Cummington MA official town Website. "The William Cullen Bryant Homestead". Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ "Hartwick Pines State Park, Visitors Center & Logging Museum". www.michigan.org. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved Jul 23, 2022.
- ^ a b "Research Natural Area: The Bowl". Northern Research Station. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ a b c "Sheldrick Forest Preserve". Laconia Daily Sun. 13 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-01-14.
- ^ JSTOR 2483905.
- ^ "Mianus River Gorge". www.mianus.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-09. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
- ISSN 0378-1127.
- ^ Fergus, Charles (2002). Natural Pennsylvania: Exploring the State Forest Natural Areas. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 63–67.
- ^ a b Johnson, James A. (1 May 2004). "Enchanted Forest". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ a b "Old growth forest in Nashville saved". Archived from the original on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
- ^ "Red Canyon- Dixie National Forest". Old-Growth Forest Network. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ^ a b "South Whidbey State Park". Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ a b United States Department of Agriculture (September 2006). "Monongahela National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, Appendix B Old Growth, B-4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ a b c "Gerstberger Pines" (PDF). Gerstberger Pines. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
- ^ a b USDA, Forest Service. "Forest Types / Tipos de bosque". Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
References
- Davis, Mary Byrd (1996). Eastern Old-Growth Forests: Prospects For Rediscovery And Recovery. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-409-0.
- Eifert, Larry (2000). Field Guide to Old-Growth Forests: Exploring Ancient Forest Ecosystems from California to the Pacific Northwest. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 978-1-57061-234-3.
- "Redwood National Park Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
- "Saddler's Woods". Saddler's Woods Conservation Association. Retrieved 2008-01-17.