Microprocessor chronology
1970s
The first chips that could be considered
Designers predominantly used
This corresponded with the introduction of new
This period also saw considerable experimentation with various
Date | Name | Developer | Max clock (first version) |
Word size )
(bits |
Process
|
Chips[6] | Transistors | MOSFET | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1969 | AL1
|
Four-Phase Systems | 1 MHz | 8 | 10 μm
|
1 | 4,000 | MOS | [7] |
1970 | TMS 1802NC | Texas Instruments | ? | 8 | ? | 1 | ? | pMOS | |
1971 | 4004 | Intel | 740 kHz | 4 | 10 μm
|
1 | 2,250 | pMOS | [6] |
1972 | PPS-25 | Fairchild | 400 kHz | 4 | 2 | pMOS | [8][a] | ||
1972 | μPD700 | NEC | 4 | 1 | [9] | ||||
1972 | 8008 | Intel | 500 kHz | 8
|
10 μm | 1 | 3,500 | pMOS | |
1972 | PPS-4 | Rockwell | 200 kHz | 4 | 1 | pMOS | [10][11] | ||
1973 | IMP-16 | National | 715 kHz | 16 | 5 | pMOS | [12][6][13] | ||
1973 | μCOM-4 | NEC | 2 MHz | 4 | 7.5 μm
|
1 | 2,500 | NMOS | [14][15][9][6] |
1973 | TLCS-12
|
Toshiba | 1 MHz | 12
|
6 μm | 1 | 2,800 silicon gates
|
pMOS | [16][17][6] |
1973 | Mini-D | Burroughs | 1 MHz | 8 | 1 | pMOS | [18] | ||
1974 | IMP-8 | National | 715 kHz | 8 | 3 | pMOS | [16] | ||
1974 | 8080 | Intel | 2 MHz | 8 | 6 μm | 1 | 6,000 | NMOS | |
1974 | μCOM-8 | NEC | 2 MHz | 8 | 1 | NMOS | [9][6] | ||
1974 | 5065 | Mostek | 1.4 MHz | 8 | 1 | pMOS | [19] | ||
1974 | μCOM-16 | NEC | 2 MHz | 16
|
2 | NMOS | [9][6] | ||
1974 | IMP-4 | National | 500 kHz | 4 | 3 | pMOS | [16] | ||
1974 | 4040 | Intel | 740 kHz | 4 | 10 μm | 1 | 3,000 | pMOS | |
1974 | 6800 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 8 | - | 1 | 4,100 | NMOS | [16] |
1974 | TMS 1000 | Texas Instruments | 400 kHz | 4 | 8 μm | 1 | 8,000 | pMOS,nMOS,cMOS | |
1974 | PACE | National | 1.33 MHz | 16 | 1 | pMOS | [20][21] | ||
1974 | ISP-8A/500 (SC/MP) | National | 1 MHz | 8 | 1 | pMOS | |||
1975 | 6100 | Intersil | 4 MHz | 12 | - | 1 | 4,000 | CMOS | [22][23] |
1975 | TLCS-12A | Toshiba | 1.2 MHz | 12 | - | 1 | pMOS | [6] | |
1975 | 2650 | Signetics | 1.2 MHz | 8 | 1 | NMOS | [16] | ||
1975 | PPS-8 | Rockwell | 256 kHz | 8 | 1 | pMOS | [16] | ||
1975 | F-8 | Fairchild | 2 MHz | 8 | 1 | NMOS | [16] | ||
1975 | CDP 1801
|
RCA | 2 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 2 | 5,000 | CMOS | [24][25] |
1975 | 6502 | MOS Technology | 1 MHz | 8 | - | 1 | 3,510 | NMOS (dynamic) | |
1975 | PFL-16A (MN 1610) | Panafacom | 2 MHz | 16 | - | 1 | NMOS | [6] | |
1975 | BPC | Hewlett Packard
|
10 MHz | 16 | - | 1 | 6,000 (+ ROM) | NMOS | [26][27] |
1975 | MCP-1600 | Western Digital | 3.3 MHz | 16 | - | 3 | NMOS | [28] | |
1975 | CP1600 | General Instrument | 3.3 MHz | 16 | 1 | NMOS | [20][29][30][6] | ||
1976 | CDP 1802
|
RCA | 6.4 MHz | 8 | 1 | CMOS | [31][32] | ||
1976 | Z-80
|
Zilog | 2.5 MHz | 8 | 4 μm | 1 | 8,500 | NMOS | |
1976 | TMS9900 | Texas Instruments | 3.3 MHz | 16 | - | 1 | 8,000 | nMOS | |
1976 | 8x300 | Signetics | 8 MHz | 8 | 1 | Bipolar | [33][34] | ||
1976 | WD16
|
Western Digital | 3.3 MHz | 16 | 5 | NMOS | [35][28] | ||
1977 | Bellmac-8 (WE212) | Bell Labs | 2.0 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 1 | 7,000 | CMOS | |
1977 | 8085 | Intel | 3.0 MHz | 8 | 3 μm | 1 | 6,500 | nMOS | |
1977 | MC14500B
|
Motorola | 1.0 MHz | 1 | 1 | CMOS | |||
1978 | 6809 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 1 | 9,000 | NMOS | |
1978 | 8086 | Intel | 5 MHz | 16 | 3 μm | 1 | 29,000 | nMOS | |
1978 | 6801 | Motorola | - | 8 | 5 μm | 1 | 35,000 | nMOS | |
1979 | Z8000
|
Zilog | - | 16 | - | 1 | 17,500 | nMOS | |
1979 | 8088 | Intel | 5 MHz | 8/16[b] | 3 μm | 1 | 29,000 | NMOS ( HMOS )
|
|
1979 | 68000 | Motorola | 8 MHz | 16/ 32[c]
|
3.5 μm | 1 | 68,000 | NMOS (HMOS) | [36] |
1980s
As
Another change was the move to CMOS gates as the primary method of building complex CPUs. CMOS had been available since the early 1970s; RCA introduced the COSMAC processor using CMOS in 1975.[37] Whereas earlier systems used a single transistor as the basis for each "gate", CMOS used a two-sided design, essentially making it twice as expensive to build. Its advantage was that its logic was not based on the voltage of a transistor compared to the silicon substrate, but the difference in voltages between the two sides, which was detectable at much lower power levels.[citation needed] As processor complexity continued to grow, power dissipation had become a significant concern and chips were prone to overheating; CMOS greatly reduced this problem and quickly took over the market.[38] This was aided by the uptake of CMOS by Japanese firms while US firms remained on nMOS, giving the Japanese industry a major advance during the 1980s.[39]
Semiconductor fabrication techniques continued to improve throughout. The Micralign, which had "created the modern IC industry", was obsolete by the early 1980s. They were replaced by the new steppers, which used high magnifications and extremely powerful light sources to allow a large mask to be copied onto the wafer at ever-smaller sizes. This technology allowed the industry to break below the former 1 micron limit.
Key
In addition to ever-growing word lengths, microprocessors began to add additional functional units that had previously been optional external parts. By the middle of the decade,
Another change that began during the 1980s involved overall design philosophy with the emergence of the
Date | Name | Developer | Max Clock (first version) |
Word size (bits) |
Process | Transistors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 16032
|
National Semiconductor | - | 16/32 | - | 60,000 |
1980 | BELLMAC-32/WE 32000 | Bell Labs | 32 | 150,000 | ||
1981 | 6120 | Harris Corporation | 10 MHz | 12 | - | 20,000 (CMOS)[40] |
1981 | ROMP | IBM | 10 MHz | 32
|
2 μm | 45,000 |
1981 | T-11 | DEC | 2.5 MHz | 16 | 5 μm | 17,000 (NMOS) |
1982 | RISC-I[41] | UC Berkeley | 1 MHz | - | 5 μm | 44,420 (NMOS) |
1982 | FOCUS
|
Hewlett Packard
|
18 MHz | 32 | 1.5 μm | 450,000 |
1982 | 80186 | Intel | 6 MHz | 16 | - | 55,000 |
1982 | 80188
|
Intel | 8 MHz | 8/16 | - | 55,000 |
1982 | 80286 | Intel | 6 MHz | 16 | 1.5 μm | 134,000 |
1983 | RISC-II | UC Berkeley | 3 MHz | - | 3 μm | 40,760 (NMOS) |
1983 | MIPS[42] | Stanford University | 2 MHz | 32 | 3 μm | 25,000 |
1983 | 65816 | Western Design Center | - | 16 | - | - |
1984 | 68020 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 32 | 2 μm | 190,000 |
1984 | NS32032
|
National Semiconductor | - | 32 | - | 70,000 |
1984 | V20 | NEC | 5 MHz | 8/16 | - | 63,000 |
1985 | 80386
|
Intel | 12 MHz | 32 | 1.5 μm | 275,000 |
1985 | MicroVax II 78032 | DEC | 5 MHz | 32 | 3.0 μm | 125,000 |
1985 | R2000
|
MIPS | 8 MHz | 32 | 2 μm | 115,000 |
1985[43] | Novix NC4016 | Harris Corporation | 8 MHz | 16 | 3 μm[44] | 16,000[45] |
1986 | Z80000
|
Zilog | - | 32 | - | 91,000 |
1986 | SPARC MB86900 | Fujitsu[46][47][48] | 15 MHz | 32 | 0.8 μm
|
800,000 |
1986 | V60[49] | NEC | 16 MHz | 16/32 | 1.5 μm | 375,000 |
1987 | 80C186 | Intel | 10 MHz | 16 | - | 56,000 (CMOS) |
1987 | CVAX 78034 | DEC | 12.5 MHz | 32 | 2.0 μm | 134,000 |
1987 | ARM2
|
Acorn | 8 MHz | 32 | 2 μm | 25,000[50] |
1987 | Gmicro/200[51]
|
Hitachi | - | - | 1 μm | 730,000 |
1987 | 68030
|
Motorola | 16 MHz | 32 | 1.3 μm | 273,000 |
1987 | V70[49] | NEC | 20 MHz | 16/32 | 1.5 μm | 385,000 |
1988 | R3000 | MIPS | 25 MHz | 32 | 1.2 μm | 120,000 |
1988 | 80386SX
|
Intel | 12 MHz | 16/32 | - | - |
1988 | i960 | Intel | 10 MHz | 33/32 | 1.5 μm | 250,000 |
1989 | i960CA[52] | Intel | 16–33 MHz | 33/32 | 0.8 μm | 600,000 |
1989 | VAX DC520 "Rigel" | DEC | 35 MHz | 32 | 1.5 μm | 320,000 |
1989 | 80486
|
Intel | 25 MHz | 32 | 1 μm | 1,180,000 |
1989 | i860 | Intel | 25 MHz | 32 | 1 μm | 1,000,000 |
1990s
The 32-bit microprocessor dominated the consumer market in the 1990s. Processor clock speeds increased by more than tenfold between 1990 and 1999, and 64-bit processors began to emerge later in the decade. In the 1990s, microprocessors no longer used the same clock speed for the processor and the RAM. Processors began to have a front-side bus (FSB) clock speed used in communication with RAM and other components. Typically, the processor itself ran at a clock speed that was a multiple of the FSB clock speed. Intel's Pentium III, for example, had an internal clock speed of 450–600 MHz and an FSB speed of 100–133 MHz. Only the processor's internal clock speed is shown here.
Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Word size (bits) |
Process | Transistors (millions) |
Threads
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 68040 | Motorola | 40 MHz | 32 | - | 1.2 | |
1990 | POWER1 | IBM | 20–30 MHz | 32 | 1,000 nm | 6.9 | |
1991 | R4000 | MIPS Computer Systems
|
100 MHz | 64
|
800 nm
|
1.35 | |
1991 | NVAX | DEC | 62.5–90.91 MHz | 32 | 750 nm | 1.3 | |
1991 | RSC | IBM | 33 MHz | 32 | 800 nm | 1.0[53] | |
1992 | SH-1 | Hitachi | 20 MHz[54] | 32 | 800 nm | 0.6[55] | |
1992 | Alpha 21064 | DEC | 100–200 MHz | 64 | 750 nm | 1.68 | |
1992 | microSPARC I
|
Sun | 40–50 MHz | 32 | 800 nm | 0.8 | |
1992 | PA-7100 | Hewlett Packard
|
100 MHz | 32 | 800 nm | 0.85[56] | |
1992 | 486SLC
|
Cyrix | 40 MHz | 16 | |||
1993 | HARP-1 | Hitachi | 120 MHz | - | 500 nm | 2.8[57] | |
1993 | PowerPC 601
|
IBM, Motorola | 50–80 MHz | 32 | 600 nm
|
2.8 | |
1993 | Pentium
|
Intel | 60–66 MHz | 32 | 800 nm | 3.1 | |
1993 | POWER2 | IBM | 55–71.5 MHz | 32 | 720 nm | 23 | |
1994 | microSPARC II
|
Fujitsu | 60–125 MHz | - | 500 nm | 2.3 | |
1994 | S/390 G1 | IBM | - | 32 | - | ||
1994 | 68060
|
Motorola | 50 MHz | 32 | 600 nm | 2.5 | |
1994 | Alpha 21064A | DEC | 200–300 MHz | 64 | 500 nm | 2.85 | |
1994 | R4600 | QED | 100–125 MHz | 64 | 650 nm | 2.2 | |
1994 | PA-7200 | Hewlett Packard
|
125 MHz | 32 | 550 nm | 1.26 | |
1994 | PowerPC 603
|
IBM, Motorola | 60–120 MHz | 32 | 500 nm | 1.6 | |
1994 | PowerPC 604
|
IBM, Motorola | 100–180 MHz | 32 | 500 nm | 3.6 | |
1994 | PA-7100LC | Hewlett Packard
|
100 MHz | 32 | 750 nm | 0.90 | |
1995 | Alpha 21164 | DEC | 266–333 MHz | 64 | 500 nm | 9.3 | |
1995 | S/390 G2 | IBM | - | 32 | - | ||
1995 | UltraSPARC | Sun | 143–167 MHz | 64 | 470 nm | 5.2 | |
1995 | SPARC64 | HAL Computer Systems | 101–118 MHz | 64 | 400 nm | - | |
1995 | Pentium Pro | Intel | 150–200 MHz | 32 | 350 nm
|
5.5 | |
1996 | Alpha 21164A | DEC | 400–500 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 9.7 | |
1995 | S/390 G3 | IBM | - | 32 | - | ||
1996 | K5 | AMD | 75–100 MHz | 32 | 500 nm | 4.3 | |
1996 | R10000 | MTI | 150–250 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 6.7 | |
1996 | R5000 | QED | 180–250 MHz | - | 350 nm | 3.7 | |
1996 | SPARC64 II | HAL Computer Systems | 141–161 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | - | |
1996 | PA-8000 | Hewlett-Packard | 160–180 MHz | 64 | 500 nm | 3.8 | |
1996 | POWER2 Super Chip (P2SC) | IBM | 150 MHz | 32 | 290 nm | 15 | |
1997 | SH-4
|
Hitachi | 200 MHz | - | 200 nm[58] | 10[59] | |
1997 | RS64
|
IBM | 125 MHz | 64 | ? nm | ? | |
1997 | Pentium II | Intel | 233–300 MHz | 32 | 350 nm | 7.5 | |
1997 | PowerPC 620
|
IBM, Motorola | 120–150 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 6.9 | |
1997 | UltraSPARC IIs | Sun | 250–400 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 5.4 | |
1997 | S/390 G4 | IBM | 370 MHz | 32 | 500 nm | 7.8 | |
1997 | PowerPC 750
|
IBM, Motorola | 233–366 MHz | 32 | 260 nm | 6.35 | |
1997 | K6 | AMD | 166–233 MHz | 32 | 350 nm | 8.8 | |
1998 | RS64-II
|
IBM | 262 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 12.5 | |
1998 | Alpha 21264 | DEC | 450–600 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 15.2 | |
1998 | MIPS R12000 | SGI | 270–400 MHz | 64 | 180 nm
|
6.9 | |
1998 | RM7000 | QED | 250–300 MHz | - | 250 nm
|
18 | |
1998 | SPARC64 III | HAL Computer Systems | 250–330 MHz | 64 | 240 nm | 17.6 | |
1998 | S/390 G5 | IBM | 500 MHz | 32 | 250 nm | 25 | |
1998 | PA-8500
|
Hewlett Packard
|
300–440 MHz | 64 | 250 nm | 140 | |
1998 | POWER3 | IBM | 200 MHz | 64 | 250 nm | 15 | |
1999 | S/390 G6 | IBM | 550-637 MHz | 32 | - | ||
1999 | Emotion Engine | Sony, Toshiba | 294–300 MHz | - | 180– 65 nm[60]
|
13.5[61] | |
1999 | Pentium III | Intel | 450–600 MHz | 32 | 250 nm | 9.5 | |
1999 | RS64-III
|
IBM | 450 MHz | 64 | 220 nm | 34 | 2 |
1999 | PowerPC 7400
|
Motorola | 350–500 MHz | 32 | 200– 130 nm
|
10.5 | |
1999 | Athlon | AMD | 500–1000 MHz | 32 | 250 nm | 22 |
2000s
Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (millions) |
Cores per die /
Dies per module |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | Athlon XP
|
AMD | 1.33–1.73 GHz | 180 nm | 37.5 | 1 / 1 |
2000 | Duron | AMD | 550 MHz–1.3 GHz | 180 nm | 25 | 1 / 1 |
2000 | RS64-IV
|
IBM | 600–750 MHz | 180 nm | 44 | 1 / 2 |
2000 | Pentium 4 | Intel | 1.3–2 GHz | 180–130 nm | 42 | 1 / 1 |
2000 | SPARC64 IV | Fujitsu | 450–810 MHz | 130 nm | - | 1 / 1 |
2000 | z900
|
IBM | 918 MHz | 180 nm | 47 | 1 / 12, 20 |
2001 | MIPS R14000 | SGI | 500–600 MHz | 130 nm | 7.2 | 1 / 1 |
2001 | POWER4 | IBM | 1.1–1.4 GHz | 180–130 nm | 174 | 2 / 1, 4 |
2001 | UltraSPARC III | Sun | 750–1200 MHz | 130 nm | 29 | 1 / 1 |
2001 | Itanium | Intel | 733–800 MHz | 180 nm | 25 | 1 / 1 |
2001 | PowerPC 7450 | Motorola | 733–800 MHz | 180–130 nm | 33 | 1 / 1 |
2002 | SPARC64 V | Fujitsu | 1.1–1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 190 | 1 / 1 |
2002 | Itanium 2
|
Intel | 0.9–1 GHz | 180 nm | 410 | 1 / 1 |
2003 | PowerPC 970 | IBM | 1.6–2.0 GHz | 130–90 nm | 52 | 1 / 1 |
2003 | Pentium M | Intel | 0.9–1.7 GHz | 130–90 nm | 77 | 1 / 1 |
2003 | Opteron | AMD | 1.4–2.4 GHz | 130 nm | 106 | 1 / 1 |
2004 | POWER5 | IBM | 1.65–1.9 GHz | 130–90 nm | 276 | 2 / 1, 2, 4 |
2004 | PowerPC BGL
|
IBM | 700 MHz | 130 nm | 95 | 2 / 1 |
2005 | IBM z9 | IBM | ||||
2005 | Opteron "Athens" | AMD | 1.6–3.0 GHz | 90 nm | 114 | 1 / 1 |
2005 | Pentium D | Intel | 2.8–3.2 GHz | 90 nm | 115 | 1 / 2 |
2005 | Athlon 64 X2 | AMD | 2–2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 243 | 2 / 1 |
2005 | PowerPC 970MP | IBM | 1.2–2.5 GHz | 90 nm | 183 | 2 / 1 |
2005 | UltraSPARC IV | Sun | 1.05–1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 66 | 2 / 1 |
2005 | UltraSPARC T1 | Sun | 1–1.4 GHz | 90 nm | 300 | 8 / 1 |
2005 | Xenon | IBM | 3.2 GHz | 90–45 nm | 165 | 3 / 1 |
2006 | Core Duo | Intel | 1.1–2.33 GHz | 90–65 nm | 151 | 2 / 1 |
2006 | Core 2
|
Intel | 1.06–2.67 GHz | 65–45 nm | 291 | 2 / 1, 2 |
2006 | Cell/B.E.
|
IBM, Sony, Toshiba | 3.2–4.6 GHz | 90–45 nm | 241 | 1+8 / 1 |
2006 | Itanium "Montecito" | Intel | 1.4–1.6 GHz | 90 nm | 1720 | 2 / 1 |
2007 | POWER6 | IBM | 3.5–4.7 GHz | 65 nm | 790 | 2 / 1 |
2007 | SPARC64 VI
|
Fujitsu | 2.15–2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 543 | 2 / 1 |
2007 | UltraSPARC T2 | Sun | 1–1.4 GHz | 65 nm | 503 | 8 / 1 |
2007 | TILE64 | Tilera | 600–900 MHz | 90–45 nm | ? | 64 / 1 |
2007 | Opteron "Barcelona" | AMD | 1.8–3.2 GHz | 65 nm | 463 | 4 / 1 |
2007 | PowerPC BGP
|
IBM | 850 MHz | 90 nm | 208 | 4 / 1 |
2008 | Phenom
|
AMD | 1.8–2.6 GHz | 65 nm | 450 | 2, 3, 4 / 1 |
2008 | z10
|
IBM | 4.4 GHz | 65 nm | 993 | 4 / 7 |
2008 | PowerXCell 8i
|
IBM | 2.8–4.0 GHz | 65 nm | 250 | 1+8 / 1 |
2008 | SPARC64 VII
|
Fujitsu | 2.4–2.88 GHz | 65 nm | 600 | 4 / 1 |
2008 | Atom | Intel | 0.8–1.6 GHz | 65–45 nm | 47 | 1 / 1 |
2008 | Core i7
|
Intel | 2.66–3.2 GHz | 45–32 nm | 730 | 2, 4, 6 / 1 |
2008 | TILEPro64 | Tilera | 600–866 MHz | 90–45 nm | ? | 64 / 1 |
2008 | Opteron "Shanghai" | AMD | 2.3–2.9 GHz | 45 nm | 751 | 4 / 1 |
2009 | Phenom II | AMD | 2.5–3.2 GHz | 45 nm | 758 | 2, 3, 4, 6 / 1 |
2009 | Opteron "Istanbul" | AMD | 2.2–2.8 GHz | 45 nm | 904 | 6 / 1 |
2010s
A new trend appears, the multi-chip module made of several chiplets. This is multiple monolithic chips in a single package. This allows higher integration with several smaller and easier to manufacture chips.
Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (millions) |
Cores per die /
Dies per module |
Threads per core |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | POWER7 | IBM | 3–4.14 GHz | 45 nm | 1200 | 4, 6, 8 / 1, 4 | 4 |
2010 | Itanium "Tukwila" | Intel | 2 GHz | 65 nm | 2000 | 2, 4 / 1 | 2 |
2010 | Opteron "Magny-cours"
|
AMD | 1.7–2.4 GHz | 45 nm | 1810 | 4, 6 / 2 | 1 |
2010 | Xeon "Nehalem-EX"
|
Intel | 1.73–2.66 GHz | 45 nm | 2300 | 4, 6, 8 / 1 | 2 |
2010 | z196 | IBM | 3.8–5.2 GHz | 45 nm | 1400 | 4 / 1, 6 | 1 |
2010 | SPARC T3 | Sun | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 2000 | 16 / 1 | 8 |
2010 | SPARC64 VII+
|
Fujitsu | 2.66–3.0 GHz | 45 nm | ? | 4 / 1 | 2 |
2010 | Intel "Westmere"
|
Intel | 1.86–3.33 GHz | 32 nm | 1170 | 4–6 / 1 | 2 |
2011 | Intel "Sandy Bridge"
|
Intel | 1.6–3.4 GHz | 32 nm | 995[62] | 2, 4 / 1 | (1,) 2 |
2011 | AMD Llano
|
AMD | 1.0–1.6 GHz | 40 nm | 380[63] | 1, 2 / 1 | 1 |
2011 | Xeon E7 | Intel | 1.73–2.67 GHz | 32 nm | 2600 | 4, 6, 8, 10 / 1 | 1–2 |
2011 | Power ISA BGQ | IBM | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 1470 | 18 / 1 | 4 |
2011 | SPARC64 VIIIfx
|
Fujitsu | 2.0 GHz | 45 nm | 760 | 8 / 1 | 2 |
2011 | FX "Bulldozer" Interlagos
|
AMD | 3.1–3.6 GHz | 32 nm | 1200[64] | 4–8 / 2 | 1 |
2011 | SPARC T4 | Oracle | 2.8–3 GHz | 40 nm | 855 | 8 / 1 | 8 |
2012 | SPARC64 IXfx
|
Fujitsu | 1.848 GHz | 40 nm | 1870 | 16 / 1 | 2 |
2012 | zEC12
|
IBM | 5.5 GHz | 32 nm | 2750 | 6 / 6 | 1 |
2012 | POWER7+ | IBM | 3.1–5.3 GHz | 32 nm | 2100 | 8 / 1, 2 | 4 |
2012 | Itanium "Poulson"
|
Intel | 1.73–2.53 GHz | 32 nm | 3100 | 8 / 1 | 2 |
2013 | Intel "Haswell" | Intel | 1.9–4.4 GHz | 22 nm | 1400 | 4 / 1 | 2 |
2013 | SPARC64 X | Fujitsu | 2.8–3 GHz | 28 nm | 2950 | 16 / 1 | 2 |
2013 | SPARC T5 | Oracle | 3.6 GHz | 28 nm | 1500 | 16 / 1 | 8 |
2014 | POWER8 | IBM | 2.5–5 GHz | 22 nm | 4200 | 6, 12 / 1, 2 | 8 |
2014 | Intel "Broadwell" | Intel | 1.8-4 GHz | 14 nm | 1900 | 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 / 1, 2, 4 | 2 |
2015 | z13
|
IBM | 5 GHz | 22 nm | 3990 | 8 / 1 | 2 |
2015 | A8-7670K
|
AMD | 3.6 GHz | 28 nm | 2410 | 4 / 1 | 1 |
2016 | RISC-V E31[65] | SiFive | 320 MHz | 28 nm | ? | 1 | 1 |
2017 | Zen | AMD | 3.2–4.1 GHz | 14 nm | 4800 | 8, 16, 32 / 1, 2, 4 | 2 |
2017 | z14
|
IBM | 5.2 GHz | 14 nm | 6100 | 10 / 1 | 2 |
2017 | POWER9 | IBM | 4 GHz | 14 nm | 8000 | 12, 24 / 1 | 4, 8 |
2017 | SPARC M8[66] | Oracle | 5 GHz | 20 nm | ~10,000[67] | 32 | 8 |
2017 | RISC-V U54-MC[68] | SiFive | 1.5 GHz | 28 nm | 250 | 4 | 1 |
2018 | Intel "Cannon Lake"
|
Intel | 2.2–3.2 GHz | 10 nm | ? | 2 / 1 | 2 |
2018 | Zen+ | AMD | 2.8–3.7 GHz | 12 nm | 4800 | 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32 / 1, 2, 4 | 1, 2 |
2018 | RISC-V U74-MC[69] | SiFive | 1.5 GHz | ? | ? | 4 | 1 |
2019 | Zen 2 | AMD | 2–4.7 GHz | 7 nm | 3900 | 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 64 / 1, 2, 4 | 2 |
2019 | z15
|
IBM | 5.2 GHz | 14 nm | 9200 | 12 / 1 | 2 |
2020s
Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (millions) |
Cores per die /
Dies per module |
Threads per core |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | Zen 3 | AMD | 3.4–4.9 GHz | 7 nm | ? | 6, 8, 12, 16 / | 2 |
2020 | M1 | Apple | 3.2 GHz | 5 nm | 16000 | 8 | 1 |
2021 | M1 Max
|
Apple | 3.2 GHz | 5 nm | 57000 | 10 | 1 |
April 2022 | IBM Telum
|
IBM | >5 GHz | 7 nm | 22000 | 8 | 1 |
June 2022 | M2 | Apple | 3.49/2.42 GHz | 5 nm (N5P) | 20000 | 4/4 (P/E) | 1 |
November 2022 | M1 Ultra
|
Apple | 3.2 GHz | 5 nm | 114000 | 20 | 1 |
Januar 2023 | M2 Pro | Apple | 3.49/2.42 GHz (?) | 5 nm (N5P) | 40000 | 6-8/4 (P/E) | 1 |
Januar 2023 | M2 Max | Apple | 3.49/2.42 GHz (?) | 5 nm (N5P) | 67000 | 8/4 (P/E) | 1 |
June 2023 | M2 Ultra | Apple | 3.49/2.42 GHz (?) | 5 nm (N5P) | 134000 | 16/8 (P/E) | 1 |
October 2023 | M3 | Apple | 4.05/2.75 GHz | 3 nm | 25000 | 4/4 (P/E) | 1 |
October 2023 | M3 Pro | Apple | 4.05/2.75 GHz | 3 nm | 37000 | 5-6/4 (P/E) | 1 |
October 2023 | M3 Max | Apple | 4.05/2.75 GHz | 3 nm | 92000 | 10-12/4 (P/E) | 1 |
See also
- Moore's law
- Transistor count per chip, chronology
- Timeline of instructions per second – architectural chip performance chronology
- Tick–tock model, and its successor:
References and notes
- References
- ^ Laws, David (2018-09-20). "Who Invented the Microprocessor?". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
- ^ "The Story of the Intel 4004". Intel.
- ^ "NMOS versus PMOS".
- ^ "Perkin Elmer - Micralign Projection Mask Alignment System".
- ^ "The MOS 6502 and the Best Layout Guy in the World". swtch.com. 2011-01-03. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
- ^ ISBN 9780824722609.
- ^ "Four-Phase Systems AL1 Processor – 8-bits by Lee Boysel | the CPU Shack Museum". 16 August 2014.
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 57–59, 77
- ^ a b c d "1970s: Development and evolution of microprocessors" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-27. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 72, 77
- ^ "Rockwell PPS-4". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 70, 77
- ^ "National Semiconductor IMP-16". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Archived from the original on 2002-02-07. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- .
- ^ "NEC 751 (uCOM-4)". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ogdin 1975, p. 77
- ^ "1973: 12-bit engine-control microprocessor (Toshiba)" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-27. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 55, 77
- ^ Ogdin 1975, pp. 65, 77
- ^ .
- ISBN 0-8247-2706-1.
- ^ Little, Jeff (2009-03-04). "Intersil Intercept Jr". ClassicCmp. Archived from the original on 2014-10-03. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
- ^ "Intersil IM6100 CMOS 12 Bit Microprocessor family databook" (PDF).
- ^ "RCA COSMAC 1801". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Archived from the original on 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ "CDP 1800 μP Commercially available" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (4): 1–3. October 1975. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- ^ "Hybrid Microprocessor". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ "HP designs Custom 16-bit μC Chip" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (4): 8. October 1975. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- ^ a b MCP-1600 Microprocessor Users Manual (PDF). Western Digital. 1975. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ "Microprocessors — The Early Years 1971–1974". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Archived from the original on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
- ^ "CP1600 16-Bit Single-Chip Microprocessor" (PDF). data sheet. General Instrument. 1977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ "RCA COSMAC 1802". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ "CDP 1802" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (10): 1, 4. April 1976. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- .
- ^ "Microprocessors — The Explosion 1975–1976". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ "WD16 Microcomputer Programmer's Reference Manual" (PDF). Western Digital. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- ^ "Chip Hall of Fame: Motorola MC68000 Microprocessor". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
- ^ Cass, Stephen (2 July 2018). "Chip Hall of Fame: RCA CDP 1802". IEEE Spectrum.
- ISBN 9780081020623.
- ISBN 9780671705923.
- ^ Harris CMOS Digital Data Book (PDF). pp. 4–3–21.
- ^ "Berkeley Hardware Prototypes". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- S2CID 1493886.
- ^ "Forth chips list". UltraTechnology. 2010.
- ISBN 0745804187.
- ISSN 0738-2022.
- ^ "Fujitsu to take ARM into the realm of Super". The CPU Shack Museum. June 21, 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ "Fujitsu SPARC". cpu-collection.de. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- SPARC International. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ S2CID 9507994.
- ^
C Green; P Gülzow; L Johnson; K Meinzer; J Miller (Mar–Apr 1999). "The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D". Amsat Journal. 22 (2).
The first processor using these principles, called ARM-1, was fabricated by VLSI in April 1985, and gave startling performance for the time, whilst using barely 25,000 transistors
- S2CID 36938046.
- ^ "Intel i960 Embedded Microprocessor". National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Florida State University. 3 March 2003. Archived from the original on 3 March 2003. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ISBN 0-8186-3110-4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- S2CID 43356065. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-02-25. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- ^ "SH Microprocessor Leading the Nomadic Era" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ^ "PA-RISC Processors". Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ "HARP-1: A 120 MHz Superscalar PA-RISC Processor" (PDF). Hitachi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
- S2CID 44852046. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ^ "Remembering the Sega Dreamcast". Bit-Tech. September 29, 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
- ^ "EMOTION ENGINE® AND GRAPHICS SYNTHESIZER USED IN THE CORE OF PLAYSTATION® BECOME ONE CHIP" (PDF). Sony. April 21, 2003. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-08-050252-6. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (10 January 2011). "A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die". AnandTech.
- ^ renethx (10 November 2011). "Cedar (HD 5450) and Zacate (E350) are manufactured in TSMC 40 nm process". AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?.
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ignored (help) - ^ "AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B". AnandTech. 2 December 2011.
- ^ "SiFive - HiFive1". Archived from the original on 2016-11-30.
- ^ "Sparc M8 processor" (PDF). Oracle main website. Oracle Corp. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ "Is M8 the Last Hurrah for Oracle Sparc?". 18 September 2017.
- ^ "SiFive - HiFive1". Archived from the original on 2017-10-18.
- ^ "SiFive Introduces 7 Series RISC-V Cores". 2 November 2018.
- Notes
- sandpile.org for x86 processor information
- Ogdin, Jerry (January 1975). "Microprocessor scorecard". Euromicro Newsletter. 1 (2): 43–77. .