User:Mr.Z-man/withrefs
State of Israel מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל (in Hebrew) Medīnat Yisrā'el دَوْلَةُ إِسْرَائِيلَ (in Arabic) Dawlat Isrā'īl | ||
---|---|---|
Anthem: Knesset Speaker | Reuven Rivlin | |
Dorit Beinisch | ||
Independence | ||
May 14, 1948 | ||
Area | ||
• Total 1 | 20770⁄22072 km2 (0.36333 sq mi) (151st) | |
• Water (%) | ~2% | |
Population | ||
• 2010 estimate | 7,587,000[3] (96th) | |
• 1995 census | 5,612,300[4] | |
• Density | 365.3/km2 (946.1/sq mi) (35th) | |
GDP (PPP) | 2009 estimate | |
• Total | $206.430 billion[5] (49th) | |
• Per capita | $28,393[5] (29th) | |
GDP (nominal) | 2009 estimate | |
• Total | $194.825 billion[5] (40th) | |
• Per capita | $26,796[5] (28th) | |
Gini (2008) | 39.2[1] Error: Invalid Gini value | |
HDI (2007) | 0.935[6] Error: Invalid HDI value (27th) | |
Currency | Shekel (₪) (ILS or NIS) | |
Time zone | UTC+2 (IST) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (IDT) | |
Driving side | right | |
Calling code | 972 | |
ISO 3166 code | IL | |
Internet TLD | .il | |
|
Israel (
The modern State of Israel has its historical and religious roots in the Biblical
In November 1947, the
Israel is a developed country and a representative democracy with a parliamentary system and universal suffrage.[18][19] The Prime Minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as Israel's legislative body. The economy, based on the nominal gross domestic product, was the 41st-largest in the world in 2008.[20] Israel ranks highest among Middle Eastern countries on the UN Human Development Index,[21] and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.[22] Jerusalem is the country's capital, although it is not recognized internationally as such,[a] while Israel's main financial center is Tel Aviv. In 2010, Israel was accepted as member to the OECD.[23]
Etymology
Over the past three thousand years, the
The earliest archaeological artifact to mention "Israel" (other than as a personal name) is the
History
Antiquity
The
Between the time of the Israelite kingdoms and the 7th-century
Zionism and the British Mandate
Jews living in the Diaspora have long aspired to return to Zion and the Land of Israel,[47] though the amount of human effort that should be spent towards such aim is a matter of dispute in Judaism.[48][49] That hope and yearning was articulated in the Bible,[50] and is an important theme of the Jewish belief system.[48] After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine.[51] During the 16th century, communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities — Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed — and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1500 Jews to Jerusalem.[52] In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine.[53][54][55]
The first large wave of "modern" immigration, known as the
The
The
The
Independence and first years
After 1945,
The Jewish community accepted the plan,[70] but the Arab League and Arab Higher Committee rejected it.[71] On December 1, 1947, the Arab Higher Committee proclaimed a three-day strike, and Arab bands began attacking Jewish targets.[72] Jews were initially on the defensive as civil war broke out, but they gradually moved onto the offensive.[73] The Palestinian Arab economy collapsed and 250,000 Palestinian-Arabs fled or were expelled.[74]
On May 14, 1948, the day before the expiration of the British Mandate, the
In the early years of the state, the
In the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip.[89] In 1956, Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United States and the Soviet Union in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea and the Canal.[90][91]
In the early 1960s, Israel captured Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, an architect of the Final Solution, in Argentina and brought him to trial.[92] The trial had a major impact on public awareness of the Holocaust,[93] and Eichmann remains the only person ever to be executed by order of an Israeli court.[94]
Conflicts and peace treaties
Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel or its right to exist, calling for its destruction.[17][95] By 1966, Israeli-Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between official Israeli and Arab forces.[96] In 1967, Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers, stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957, and announced a partial blockade of Israel's access to the Red Sea.[97] Israel saw these actions as a casus belli for a pre-emptive strike that launched the Six-Day War, in which Israel achieved a decisive victory and captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.[98] Jerusalem's boundaries were enlarged, incorporating East Jerusalem, and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories.
The failure of the Arab states in the 1967 war led Arab non-state actors to have a more central role in the conflict. Most important among them is the
On October 6, 1973, as Jews were observing Yom Kippur, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israel. The war ended on October 26 with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but suffering great losses.[104] An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign.[105]
The
The
In 1982, Israel intervened in the Lebanese Civil War to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles at northern Israel; that move developed into the First Lebanon War.[112] Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a borderland buffer zone until 2000. The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule,[113] broke out in 1987 with waves of violence occurring in the occupied territories. Over the following six years, more than a thousand people were killed in the ensuing violence, much of which was internal Palestinian violence.[114] During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO and many Palestinians supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi missile attacks against Israel.[115][116]
In 1992,
At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of
In July 2006, a
Geography and climate
Israel is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest. The sovereign territory of Israel, excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water.[1] The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi).[133] The total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi).[134]
Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the
Unique to Israel and the
Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. The more mountainous regions can be windy, cold, and sometimes snowy; Jerusalem usually receives at least one snowfall each year.[140] Meanwhile, coastal cities, such as Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. The highest temperature in the continent of Asia (53.7 °C (128.7 °F)*) was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan river valley.[141] From May to September, rain in Israel is rare.[142][143] With scarce water resources, Israel has developed various water-saving technologies, including drip irrigation.[144] Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy, making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita.[145]
Government and politics
Israel operates under a
Parliamentary elections are scheduled every four years, but unstable coalitions or a
Israel has a
Israel's legal system combines
Administrative districts
The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known as mehozot (מחוזות; singular: mahoz) –
For statistical purposes, the country is divided into three metropolitan areas:
Occupied territories
In 1967, as a result of the
Following Israel's capture of these territories,
The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult hurdle in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians. Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, which calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states, a principle known as "Land for peace".[170][171][172]
The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1948, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since
The
Foreign relations
Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 161 countries and has 94
As a result of the 2009 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economical ties with Israel.[182][183] Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Yemen are enemy countries[184] and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior.[185] Since 1995, Israel has been a member of the Mediterranean Dialogue, which fosters cooperation between seven countries in the Mediterranean Basin and the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.[186]
Foreign relations with
India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military and cultural partnership with the country since then.[189] One study revealed that India was the most pro-Israel nation in the world followed by the United States.[190]
Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991,[196] Turkey has cooperated with the State since its recognition of Israel in 1949. Turkey's ties to the other Muslim-majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab states to temper its relationship with Israel.[197] Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn, however, after the former's condemnation of Israel after the 2009 Gaza War.[182]
In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests.[198] Many towns in Ethiopia are named after biblical Israel settlements, including Ethiopia's third largest city of Nazret Adama. Israel also provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects. Thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel.
Defense
The Israel Defense Forces consists of the Israeli Army, Israeli Air Force and Israeli Navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—chiefly the Haganah—that preceded the establishment of the state.[199] The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with the Mossad and Shabak.[200] The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.[201][202]
The majority of Israelis are
The nation's military relies heavily on
Israel is widely believed to
After the Gulf War in 1991, when Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles, a law was passed requiring all apartments and homes in Israel to have a mamad, a reinforced security room impermeable to chemical and biological substances.[214]
Economy
Israel is considered one of the most advanced countries in
In 2009, Israel had the 49th-highest
Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the
Israel is a global leader in
Tourism
Tourism, especially religious tourism, is an important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological and historical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound.[229] In 2008, over 3 million tourists visited Israel.[230]
Transportation
Israel has 18,096 kilometers (11,244 mi) of paved roads,[231] and 2.4 million motor vehicles.[232] The number of motor vehicles per 1,000 persons was 324, relatively low with respect to developed countries.[232] Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes,[233] operated by several carriers, the largest of which is Egged, serving most of the country. Railways stretch across 949 kilometers (590 mi) and are operated solely by government-owner Israel Railways[234] (All figures are for 2008). Following major investments beginning in the early-to-mid 1990s, the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990, to 35 million in 2008; railways are also used to transport 6.8 million tons of cargo, per year.[234]
Israel is served by two international airports,
On the
Science, technology and education
Israel has the highest school life expectancy in
Education is
Israel's eight public universities are subsidized by the state.
Israel leads world in stem cell research papers per capita since 2000
In 2009 Israel was ranked 2nd among 20 top countries in space sciences by Thomson Reuters agency.[259] Since 1988 Israel Aerospace Industries have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites.[260] Most were launched to orbit from Israeli air force base "Palmachim" by the Shavit space launch vehicle. Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems.[261] In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia.
Israel has embraced
Demographics
As of 2010, Israel's population is 7.5 million.
Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are in English and English is taught from the early grades in elementary school. As a country of
Retention of Israel's population since 1948 is about even or greater, when compared to other countries with mass immigration.[279] Emigration from Israel (yerida) to other countries, primarily the United States and Canada, is described by demographers as modest,[280] but is often cited by Israeli government ministries as a major threat to Israel's future.[281][282]
As of 2009 over 300,000 Israeli citizens live in
Israel was established as a homeland for the
Religion
The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: 55% say they are "traditional," while 20% consider themselves "secular Jews," 17% define themselves as "Religious Zionists"; the final 8% define themselves as "Haredi Jews."[291]
Making up 16% of the population,
The Christian population includes both
The city of
The administrative center of the
Culture
Israel's diverse culture stems from the diversity of the population:
Israeli music contains musical influences from all over the world; Sephardic music, Hasidic melodies, Belly dancing music, Greek music, jazz, and pop rock are all part of the music scene.[306][307] The nation's canonical folk songs, known as "Songs of the Land of Israel," deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland.[308] Among Israel's world-renowned[309][310] orchestras is the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year.[311] Israel has also produced many musicians of note, some achieving international stardom. Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza are among the internationally acclaimed musicians born in Israel. Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest nearly every year since 1973, winning the competition three times and hosting it twice.[312] Eilat has hosted its own international music festival, the Red Sea Jazz Festival, every summer since 1987.[313]
Continuing the strong
The
Sports
Sports and physical fitness have not always been paramount in Jewish culture. Athletic prowess, which was prized by the
Israel was excluded from the 1978 Asian Games due to Arab pressure on the organizers. The exclusion left Israel in limbo and it ceased competing in Asian competitions.[322] In 1994, UEFA agreed to admit Israel and all Israeli sporting organizations now compete in Europe.
The most popular spectator sports in Israel are
Beersheba has become a national chess center; thanks to Soviet immigration, it is home to the largest number of chess grandmasters of any city in the world.[327] The city hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005, and chess is taught in the city's kindergartens.[328] In 2008, the Israeli chess team won the silver medal at the Chess Olympiad.[329] Israeli grandmaster Boris Gelfand is the current Chess World Cup holder.[330]
To date, Israel has won seven Olympic medals since its first win in 1992, including a gold medal in windsurfing at the 2004 Summer Olympics.[331] Israel has won over 100 gold medals in the Paralympic Games and is ranked about 15th in the all-time medal count. The 1968 Summer Paralympics were hosted by Israel.[332]
See also
References and notes
a. | Positions on Jerusalem for more information.
|
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On 5 May, with the help of Jews within the the Persians forced their way into the city. There followed scenes of' utter horror. With their churches and houses in flames around them, the Christians were indiscriminately massacred, some by the Persian soldiery and many more by the Jews. Sixty thousand were said to have perished and thirty-five thousand more were sold into slavery.
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{{citation}}
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- ^ Kornberg 1993 "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"
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{{cite document}}
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{{cite document}}
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{{citation}}
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(help) - ^ 'Permanent Ceasefire to Be Based on Creation Of Buffer Zone Free of Armed Personnel Other than UN, Lebanese Forces' United Nations Security Council, August 11, 2006
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Israel and Syria are holding indirect peace talks, with Turkey acting as a mediator...
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External links
- Government
- (Hebrew) Israel Government Portal (with links to English, Arabic versions)
- The Knesset, official site of Israel's parliament
- (Hebrew) The Supreme Court, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, official site
- Ministry of Tourism, official site
- (Hebrew) Central Bureau of Statistics, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
- General reference
- Country Profile from BBC News
- Israel from the Encyclopædia Britannica
- "Israel". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- Israel resources from Columbia University Libraries
- Israel at the Jewish Virtual Library
- Israel (1988) from Library of Congress Country Studies
- Israel at Curlie
- Israel at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- The State of Israel fact file at Ynetnews
- Wikimedia Atlas of Israel
- Media
- Ynet News
- The Jerusalem Post
- Haaretz
- Israel Broadcasting Authority (in Hebrew) (with link to English version)
- Other