Gurmukhi
Gurmukhī ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ | ||
---|---|---|
Script type | ||
Time period | 16th century CE-present | |
Direction | Left-to-right | |
Languages |
| |
Related scripts | ||
Parent systems | Unicode range U+0A00–U+0A7F | |
Brahmic scripts |
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The Brahmi script and its descendants |
Gurmukhī (
The primary scripture of Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib, is written in Gurmukhī, in various dialects and languages often subsumed under the generic title Sant Bhasha[9] or saint language, in addition to other languages like Persian and various phases of Indo-Aryan languages.
Modern Gurmukhī has thirty-five original letters, hence its common alternative term paintī or "the thirty-five",
History and development
The Gurmukhī script is generally believed to have roots in the
- It is an abugida in which all consonants have an inherent vowel, [ə]. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they are applied to, are used to change the inherent vowel.
- When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.
- To form consonant clusters, Gurmukhi uniquely affixes subscript letters at the bottom of standard characters, rather than using the true conjunct symbols used by other scripts,[16]which merge parts of each letter into a distinct character of its own.
- Punjabi is a tonal language with three tones. These are indicated in writing using the formerly voiced aspirated consonants (gh, dh, bh, etc.) and the intervocalic h.[17]
Phoenician | 𐤀 | 𐤁 | 𐤂 | 𐤃 | 𐤄 | 𐤅 | 𐤆 | 𐤇 | 𐤈 | 𐤉 | 𐤊 | 𐤋 | 𐤌 | 𐤍 | 𐤎 | 𐤏 | 𐤐 | 𐤑 | 𐤒 | 𐤓 | 𐤔 | 𐤕 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aramaic | 𐡀 | 𐡁 | 𐡂 | 𐡃 | 𐡄 | 𐡅 | 𐡆 | 𐡇 | 𐡈 | 𐡉 | 𐡊 | 𐡋 | 𐡌 | 𐡍 | 𐡎 | 𐡏 | 𐡐 | 𐡑 | 𐡒 | 𐡓 | 𐡔 | 𐡕 | ||||||||||
Brahmi | 𑀅 | 𑀩 | 𑀪 | 𑀕 | 𑀥 | 𑀠 | 𑀏 | 𑀯 | 𑀤 | 𑀟 | 𑀳 | 𑀖 | 𑀣 | 𑀞 | 𑀬 | 𑀓 | 𑀘 | 𑀮 | 𑀫 | 𑀦 | 𑀡 | 𑀰 | 𑀑 | 𑀧 | 𑀨 | 𑀲 | 𑀔 | 𑀙 | 𑀭 | 𑀱 | 𑀢 | 𑀝 |
Gurmukhi | ਅ | ਬ | ਭ | ਗ | ਧ | ਢ | ੲ | ਵ | ਦ | ਡ | ਹ | ਘ | ਥ | ਠ | ਯ | ਕ | ਚ | ਲ | ਮ | ਨ | ਣ | (ਸ਼) | ੳ | ਪ | ਫ | ਸ | ਖ | ਛ | ਰ | ਖ | ਤ | ਟ |
IAST
|
a | ba | bha | ga | dha | ḍha | e | va | da | ḍa | ha | gha | tha | ṭha | ya | ka | ca | la | ma | na | ṇa | śa* | o | pa | pha | sa | kha | cha | ra | ṣa* | ta | ṭa |
Greek | Α |
Β |
Γ |
Δ |
Ε |
Ϝ |
Ζ |
Η |
Θ |
Ι |
Κ |
Λ |
Μ |
Ν |
Ξ |
Ο |
Π | Ϻ |
Ϙ |
Ρ |
Σ |
Τ
| ||||||||||
Possible derivation of Gurmukhi from earlier writing systems.[18][note 1] The Greek alphabet, also descended from Phoenician, is included for comparison. |
Gurmukhi evolved in cultural and historical circumstances notably different from other regional scripts,[15] for the purpose of recording scriptures of Sikhism, a far less Sanskritized cultural tradition than others of the subcontinent.[15] This independence from the Sanskritic model allowed it the freedom to evolve unique orthographical features.[15] These include:
- Three basic carrier vowels, integrated into the traditional Gurmukhi character set, using the vowel markers to write independent vowels, instead of distinctly separate characters for each of these vowels as in other scripts;[17][20]
- a drastic reduction in the number and importance of conjunct characters[17][21][1] (similar to Brahmi, the letters of which Gurmukhi letters have remained more similar to than other scripts have,[22] and characteristic of Northwestern abugidas);[16]
- a unique standard ordering of characters that somewhat diverges from the traditional vargiya, or Sanskritic, ordering of characters,[17][23] including vowels and fricatives being placed in front;[24][25]
- the recognition of Indo-Aryan phonological history through the omission of characters representing the sibilants [ʃ] and [ʂ],[26] retaining only the letters representing sounds of the spoken language of the time;[1] these sibilants were naturally lost in most modern Indo-Aryan languages, though such characters were often retained in their respective consonant inventories as placeholders and archaisms[17] while being mispronounced.[26] These sibilants were often variously reintroduced through later circumstances, as [ʃ] was to Gurmukhi,[25] necessitating a new glyph;[26]
- the development of distinct new letters for sounds better reflecting the vernacular language spoken during the time of its development (e.g. for [ɽ],[27] and the sound shift that merged Sanskrit [ʂ] and /kʰ/ to Punjabi /kʰ/);
- a Middle Indo-Aryan geminates distinctive of Punjabi;[16]
and other features.
From the 10th century onwards, regional differences started to appear between the Sharada script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partly
The
Meanwhile, the mercantile scripts of Punjab known as the Laṇḍā scripts were normally not used for literary purposes. Laṇḍā means alphabet "without tail",[16] implying that the script did not have vowel symbols. In Punjab, there were at least ten different scripts classified as Laṇḍā, Mahajani being the most popular. The Laṇḍā scripts were used for household and trade purposes.[32] In contrast to Laṇḍā, the use of vowel diacritics was made obligatory in Gurmukhī for increased accuracy and precision, due to the difficulties involved in deciphering words without vowel signs.[1][33]
In the following epochs, Gurmukhī became the primary script for the literary writings of the Sikhs. Playing a significant role in Sikh faith and tradition, it expanded from its original use for Sikh scriptures and developed its own orthographical rules, spreading widely under the
Etymology
The prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhī letters were primarily used by the Guru's followers, Gurmukhs (literally, those who face, or follow, the Guru, as opposed to a Manmukh); the script thus came to be known as Gurmukhī, "the script of those guided by the Guru."[15][36] Guru Angad is credited in the Sikh tradition with the creation and standardization of Gurmukhi script from earlier Śāradā-descended scripts native to the region. It is now the standard writing script for the Punjabi language in India.[37] The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.[37]
Although the word Gurmukhī has been commonly translated as "from the Mouth of the Guru", the term used for the Punjabi script has somewhat different connotations. This usage of the term may have gained currency from the use of the script to record the utterances of the Sikh Gurus as scripture, which were often referred to as Gurmukhī, or from the mukh (face, or mouth) of the Gurus. Consequently, the script that was used to write the resulting scripture may have also been designated with the same name.[1]
The name for the Perso–Arabic alphabet for the Punjabi language, Shahmukhi, was modeled on the term Gurmukhi.[38][39]
Characters
Letters
The Gurmukhī alphabet contains thirty-five base letters (akkhara, plural akkharā̃), traditionally arranged in seven rows of five letters each. The first three letters, or mātarā vāhak ("vowel carrier"), are distinct because they form the basis for vowels and are not consonants, or vianjan, like the remaining letters are, and except for the second letter aiṛā
Group Name (Articulation) ↓ |
Name | Sound [IPA] |
Name | Sound [IPA] |
Name | Sound [IPA] |
Name | Sound [IPA] |
Name | Sound [IPA] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mātarā Vāhak (Vowels) |
Mūl Varag (Fricatives) |
ੳ | ūṛā [uːɽaː] |
– | ਅ | aiṛā [ɛːɽaː] |
a [ə] |
ੲ | īṛī [iːɽiː] |
– | ਸ | sassā [səsːaː] |
sa [s] |
ਹ | hāhā [ɦaːɦaː] |
ha [ɦ] |
Occlusives →
|
Tenuis | Aspirates | Stops
|
Tonal | Nasals
| |||||||||||
Kavarg Ṭolī ( Velars )
|
ਕ | kakkā [kəkːaː] |
ka [k] |
ਖ | khakkhā [kʰəkʰːaː] |
kha [kʰ] |
ਗ | gaggā [gəgːaː] |
ga [ɡ] |
ਘ | kàggā [kə̀gːaː] |
kà [ kə̀ ] |
ਙ | ṅaṅṅā [ŋəŋːaː] |
ṅa [ŋ] | |
Chavarg Ṭolī ( Palatals )
|
ਚ | caccā [t͡ʃət͡ʃːaː] |
ca [t͡ʃ] |
ਛ | chacchā [t͡ʃʰət͡ʃʰːaː] |
cha [t͡ʃʰ] |
ਜ | jajjā [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːaː] |
ja [d͡ʒ] |
ਝ | càjjā [t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːaː] |
cà [ t͡ʃə̀ ] |
ਞ | ñaññā [ɲəɲːaː] |
ña [ɲ] | |
Ṭavarg Ṭolī ( Retroflexes )
|
ਟ | ṭaiṅkā [ʈɛŋkaː] |
ṭa [ʈ] |
ਠ | ṭhaṭṭhā [ʈʰəʈʰːaː] |
ṭha [ʈʰ] |
ਡ | ḍaḍḍā [ɖəɖːaː] |
ḍa [ɖ] |
ਢ | ṭàḍḍā [ʈə̀ɖːaː] |
ṭà [ ʈə̀ ] |
ਣ | nāṇā [naːɳaː] |
ṇa [ɳ] | |
Tavarg Ṭolī ( Dentals )
|
ਤ | tattā [t̪ət̪ːaː] |
ta [ t̪ ]
|
ਥ | thatthā [t̪ʰət̪ʰːaː] |
tha [t̪ʰ] |
ਦ | daddā [d̪əd̪ːaː] |
da [ d̪ ]
|
ਧ | tàddā [t̪ə̀d̪ːaː] |
tà [ t̪ə̀ ] |
ਨ | nannā [nənːaː] |
na [ n ]
| |
Pavarg Ṭolī (Labials) |
ਪ | pappā [pəpːaː] |
pa [p] |
ਫ | phapphā [pʰəpʰːaː] |
pha [pʰ] |
ਬ | babbā [bəbːaː] |
ba [b] |
ਭ | pàbbā [pə̀bːaː] |
pà [ pə̀ ] |
ਮ | mammā [məmːaː] |
ma [m] | |
Approximants and liquids
| ||||||||||||||||
Antim Ṭolī ( Sonorants )
|
ਯ | yayyā [jəjːaː] |
ya [j] |
ਰ | rārā [ɾaːɾaː] |
ra [ r ]
|
ਲ | lallā [ləlːaː] |
la [ l ]
|
ਵ | vāvā [ʋaːʋaː] |
va [ʋ]~[w] |
ੜ | ṛāṛā [ɽaːɽaː] |
ṛa [ɽ] |
The nasal letters ਙ /ŋəŋːaː/ and ਞ /ɲəɲːaː/ have become marginal as independent consonants in modern Gurmukhi.
The pronunciation of ਵ can vary allophonically between /ʋ/ preceding front vowels, and /w/ elsewhere.[43][44]
The most characteristic feature of the Punjabi language is its tone system.
Supplementary letters
In addition to the 35 original letters, there are six supplementary consonants in official usage,[5][10][11] referred to as the navīn ṭolī[10][11] or navīn varag, meaning "new group", created by placing a dot (bindī) at the foot (pair) of the consonant to create pair bindī consonants. These are not present in the Guru Granth Sahib or old texts. These are used most often for loanwords,[5] though not exclusively,[note 4] and their usage is not always obligatory:
Name | Sound [IPA] |
Name | Sound [IPA] |
Name | Sound [IPA] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ਸ਼ | sasse pair bindī [səsːeː pɛ:ɾᵊ bɪnd̪iː] |
śa [ʃ] |
ਖ਼ | khakkhe pair bindī [kʰəkʰːeː pɛ:ɾᵊ bɪnd̪iː] |
xa [x] |
ਗ਼ | gagge pair bindī [gəgːeː pɛ:ɾᵊ bɪnd̪iː] |
ġa [ɣ] |
ਜ਼ | jajje pair bindī [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːeː pɛ:ɾᵊ bɪnd̪iː] |
za [z] |
ਫ਼ | phapphe pair bindī [pʰəpʰːeː pɛ:ɾᵊ bɪnd̪iː] |
fa [f] |
ਲ਼ | lalle pair bindī [ləlːeː pɛ:ɾᵊ bɪnd̪iː] |
ḷa [ɭ] |
The character ਲ਼ /ɭ/, the only character not representing a
Subscript letters
Three "subscript" letters, called dutt akkhara ("joint letters") or pairī̃ akkhara ("letters at the foot") are utilised in modern Gurmukhī: forms of ਹ (ha), ਰ (ra), and ਵ (va).[24]
The subscript ਰ (r) and ਵ (v) are used to make consonant clusters and behave similarly; subjoined ਹ (h) introduces tone.
Subscript letter | Name, original form | Usage |
---|---|---|
੍ਰ | pairī̃ rārā ਰ→ ੍ਰ |
For example, the letter ਪ(p) with a regular ਰ(r) following it would yield the word ਪਰ /pəɾᵊ/ ("but"), but with a subjoined ਰ would appear as ਪ੍ਰ- (/prə-/),[5] resulting in a consonant cluster, as in the word ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕ (/pɾəbə́n̪d̪əkᵊ/, "managerial, administrative"), as opposed to ਪਰਬੰਧਕ /pəɾᵊbə́n̪d̪əkᵊ/, the Punjabi form of the word used in natural speech in less formal settings (the Punjabi reflex for Sanskrit /pɾə-/ is /pəɾ-/) . This subscript letter is commonly used in Punjabi[45] for personal names, some native dialectal words,[50] loanwords from other languages like English and Sanskrit, etc. |
੍ਵ | pairī̃ vāvā ਵ→ ੍ਵ |
Used occasionally in Gurbani (Sikh religious scriptures) but rare in modern usage, it is largely confined to creating the cluster /sʋə-/[45] in words borrowed from Sanskrit, the reflex of which in Punjabi is /sʊ-/, e.g. Sanskrit ਸ੍ਵਪ੍ਨ /s̪ʋɐ́p.n̪ɐ/→Punjabi ਸੁਪਨਾ /'sʊpᵊna:/, "dream", cf. Hindi-Urdu /səpna:/.
For example, ਸ with a subscript ਵ would produce ਸ੍ਵ (sʋə-) as in the Sanskrit word ਸ੍ਵਰਗ (/sʋəɾəgə/, "heaven"), but followed by a regular ਵ would yield ਸਵ- (səʋ-) as in the common word ਸਵਰਗ (/səʋəɾəgᵊ/, "heaven"), borrowed earlier from Sanskrit but subsequently changed. The natural Punjabi reflex, ਸੁਰਗ /sʊɾəgᵊ/, is also used in everyday speech. |
੍ਹ | pairī̃ hāhā ਹ→ ੍ਹ |
The most common subscript,[45] this character does not create consonant clusters, but serves as part of Punjabi's characteristic tone system, indicating a tone. It behaves the same way in its use as the regular ਹ(h) does in non-word-initial positions. The regular ਹ(h) is pronounced in stressed positions (as in ਆਹੋ āho "yes" and a few other common words),[51] word-initially in monosyllabic words, and usually in other word-initial positions,[note 5] but not in other positions, where it instead changes the tone of the applicable adjacent vowel.[5][54] The difference in usage is that the regular ਹ is used after vowels, and the subscript version is used when there is no vowel, and is attached to consonants.
For example, the regular ਹ is used after vowels as in ਮੀਂਹ (transcribed as mĩh (IPA: [míː]), "rain").[5] The subjoined ਹ(h) acts the same way but instead is used under consonants: ਚ(ch) followed by ੜ(ṛ) yields ਚੜ (caṛa), but not until the rising tone is introduced via a subscript ਹ(h) does it properly spell the word ਚੜ੍ਹ (cáṛa, "climb"). This character's function is similar to that of the udāt character (ੑ U+0A51), which occurs in older texts and indicates a rising tone. |
In addition to the three standard subscript letters, another subscript character representing the subjoined /j/, the yakash or pairī̃ yayyā ( ੵ U+0A75), is utilized specifically in archaized sahaskritī-style writings in Sikh scripture, where it is found 268 times[55] for word forms and inflections from older phases of Indo-Aryan,[56] as in the examples ਰਖੵਾ /ɾəkʰːjaː/ "(to be) protected", ਮਿਥੵੰਤ /mɪt̪ʰjən̪t̪ə/ "deceiving", ਸੰਸਾਰਸੵ /sənsaːɾəsjə/ "of the world", ਭਿਖੵਾ /pɪ̀kʰːjaː/ "(act of) begging", etc. There is also a conjunct form of the letter yayyā, ਯ→੍ਯ,[5] which functions similarly to the yakash, and is used exclusively for Sanskrit borrowings, and even then rarely. In addition, miniaturized versions of the letters ਚ, ਟ, ਤ, and ਨ are also found in limited use as subscript letters in Sikh scripture.
Only the subjoined /ɾ/ and /h/ are commonly used;[21] usage of the subjoined /ʋ/ and conjoined forms of /j/, already rare, is increasingly scarce in modern contexts.
Vowel diacritics
To express
Independent vowels are constructed using three bearer characters:[5] ūṛā (ੳ), aiṛā (ਅ) and īṛī (ੲ).[25] With the exception of aiṛā (which represents the vowel [ə]), the bearer consonants are never used without additional vowel signs.[32]
Vowel | Transcription | IPA | Closest English equivalent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ind. | Dep. | with /k/ | Name | Usage | ||
ਅ | (none) | ਕ | mukḁtā ਮੁਕਤਾ |
a | [ə] | like a in about |
ਆ | ਾ | ਕਾ | kannā ਕੰਨਾ |
ā | [aː]~[äː] | like a in car |
ਇ | ਿ | ਕਿ | siā̀rī ਸਿਹਾਰੀ |
i | [ɪ] | like i in it |
ਈ | ੀ | ਕੀ | biā̀rī ਬਿਹਾਰੀ |
ī | [iː] | like i in litre |
ਉ | ੁ | ਕੁ | auṅkaṛ ਔਂਕੜ |
u | [ʊ] | like u in put |
ਊ | ੂ | ਕੂ | dulaiṅkaṛ ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ |
ū | [uː] | like u in spruce |
ਏ | ੇ | ਕੇ | lā̃/lāvā̃ ਲਾਂ/ਲਾਵਾਂ |
e | [eː] | like e in Chile |
ਐ | ੈ | ਕੈ | dulāvā̃ ਦੁਲਾਵਾਂ |
ai | [ɛː]~[əɪ] | like a in rap |
ਓ | ੋ | ਕੋ | hoṛā ਹੋੜਾ |
o | [oː] | like o in more |
ਔ | ੌ | ਕੌ | kanauṛā ਕਨੌੜਾ |
au | [ɔː]~[əʊ] | like o in off |
Dotted circles represent the bearer consonant. Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus, sihārī is always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right.[32] When constructing the independent vowel for [oː], ūṛā takes an irregular form instead of using the usual hoṛā.[24][25]
Orthography
Gurmukhi orthography prefers vowel sequences over the use of
In terms of tone orthography, the short vowels [ɪ] and [ʊ], when paired with [h] to yield /ɪh/ and /ʊh/, represent [é] and [ó] with high tones respectively, e.g. ਕਿਹੜਾ kihṛā (IPA: [kéːɽaː]) 'which,' ਦੁਹਰਾ duhrā (IPA: [d̪óːɾaː]) "repeat, reiterate, double."[5] The compounding of [əɦ] with [ɪ] or [ʊ] yield [ɛ́] and [ɔ́] respectively, e.g. ਮਹਿੰਗਾ mahingā (IPA: [mɛ́ːŋgaː]) "expensive", ਵਹੁਟੀ vahuṭī (IPA: [wɔ́ːʈiː]) "bride."[5]
Other signs
The diacritics for gemination and nasalization are together referred to as lagākkhara ("applied letters").
Gemination
The use of adhak ( ੱ ) (IPA: Consonant length is distinctive in the Punjabi language and the use of this diacritic can change the meaning of a word, for example:
Without adhak | Transliteration | Meaning | With adhak | Transliteration | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ਦਸ | das | ten | ਦੱਸ | dass | tell (verb) |
ਪਤਾ | patā | aware of/known | ਪੱਤਾ | pattā | leaf |
ਸਤ | sat | essence | ਸੱਤ | satt | seven |
ਕਲਾ | kalā | art | ਕੱਲਾ | kallā | alone (colloquialism) |
There is a tendency, especially in rural dialects, to geminate consonants following a long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/) in the penult of a word, e.g. ਔਖਾ aukkhā "difficult", ਕੀਤੀ kīttī "did", ਪੋਤਾ pottā "grandson", ਪੰਜਾਬੀ panjābbī "Punjabi", ਹਾਕ hāka "call, shout", but plural ਹਾਕਾਂ hākkā̃[a]. Except in this case, where this unmarked gemination is often
Nasalisation
Ṭippī ( ੰ ) and bindī ( ਂ ) are used for producing a nasal phoneme depending on the following obstruent or a nasal vowel at the end of a word.[21] All short vowels are nasalized using ṭippī and all long vowels are nasalized using bindī except for dulaiṅkaṛ ( ੂ ), which uses ṭippi instead.
Diacritic usage | Result | Examples (IPA) |
---|---|---|
Ṭippī on short vowel (/ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/), or long vowel /u:/[note 6], before a non-nasal consonant[5] | Adds nasal consonant at same place of articulation as following consonant (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.) |
ਹੰਸ /ɦənsᵊ/ "goose" ਅੰਤ /ən̪t̪ᵊ/ "end" ਗੰਢ /gə́ɳɖᵊ/ "knot" ਅੰਬ /əmbᵊ/ "mango" ਸਿੰਗ /sɪŋgᵊ/ "horn, antler" ਕੁੰਜੀ / kʊɲd͡ʒiː/ "key" ਗੂੰਜ /guːɲd͡ʒᵊ/ "rumble, echo" ਲੂੰਬੜੀ /luːmbᵊɽiː/ "fox" |
Bindī over long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/[note 7], /ɛ:/, /ɔː/)[5] before a non-nasal consonant not including /h/[44] |
Adds nasal consonant at same place of articulation as following consonant (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /ɲt͡ʃ/ etc.). May also secondarily nasalize the vowel |
ਕਾਂਸੀ /kaːnsiː/ "bronze" ਕੇਂਦਰ /keːn̯d̯əɾᵊ/ "center, core, headquarters" ਗੁਆਂਢੀ /gʊáːɳɖiː/ "neighbor" ਚੌਂਕ /t͡ʃɔːŋkᵊ/ "crossroads, plaza" ਸਾਂਝ /sáːɲd͡ʒᵊ/ "association" (act) |
Ṭippī over consonants followed by long vowel /u:/ (not stand-alone vowel ਊ), at open syllable at end of word,[5] or ending in /ɦ/[44] |
Vowel nasalization |
ਤੂੰ /t̪ũː/ "you" ਸਾਨੂੰ /saːnːũː/ "to us" ਮੂੰਹ /mũːɦ/ "mouth" |
Ṭippī on short vowel before nasal consonant (/n̪/ or /m/)[5] | Gemination of nasal consonant Ṭippī is used to geminate nasal consonants instead of adhak |
ਇੰਨਾ /ɪn̪:a:/ "this much" ਕੰਮ /kəm:ᵊ/ "work" |
Bindī over long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/),[5] at open syllable at end of word, or ending in /ɦ/ |
Vowel nasalization | ਬਾਂਹ /bã́h/ "arm" ਮੈਂ /mɛ̃ː/ "I, me" ਅਸੀਂ /əsĩː/ "we" ਤੋਂ /t̪õː/ "from" ਸਿਊਂ /sɪ.ũː/ "sew" |
Older texts may follow other conventions.
Vowel suppression
The halanta ( ੍ U+0A4D) character is not used when writing Punjabi in Gurmukhī. However, it may occasionally be used in Sanskritised text or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information. When it is used, it represents the suppression of the inherent vowel.
The effect of this is shown below:
- ਕ – kə
- ਕ੍ – k
Punctuation
The ḍaṇḍī (।) is used in Gurmukhi to mark the end of a sentence.[32] A doubled ḍaṇḍī, or doḍaṇḍī (॥) marks the end of a verse.[59]
The visarga symbol (ਃ U+0A03) is used very occasionally in Gurmukhī. It can represent an abbreviation, as the
Numerals
Part of a series on |
Numeral systems |
---|
List of numeral systems |
Gurmukhī has its own set of digits, which function exactly as in other versions of the
Numeral | ੦ | ੧ | ੨ | ੩ | ੪ | ੫ | ੬ | ੭ | ੮ | ੯ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Name | ਸਿਫ਼ਰ | ਇੱਕ | ਦੋ | ਤਿੰਨ | ਚਾਰ | ਪੰਜ | ਛੇ | ਸੱਤ | ਅੱਠ | ਨੌਂ |
Transliteration | sifara | ikka | do | tinna* | cāra | panja | che | satta | aṭṭha | na͠u |
IPA | [sɪfəɾᵊ] | [ɪkːᵊ] | [d̪oː] | [t̪ɪnːᵊ] | [t͡ʃaːɾᵊ] | [pənd͡ʒᵊ] | [t͡ʃʰeː] | [sət̪ːᵊ] | [əʈːʰᵊ] | [nɔ̃:] |
*In some Punjabi dialects, the word for three is ਤ੍ਰੈ trai (IPA: [t̪ɾɛː]).[60]
Other
ੴ, formed from ੧ ("1") and ਉੰ ("on") represents the Sikh phrase Ik Onkar (ਇੱਕ ਓਅੰਕਾਰ).
Spacing
Before the 1970's, Gurbani and other Sikh scriptures were written in the traditional scriptio continua method of writing the Gurmukhi script known as larivār where there were no spacing between words in the texts (interpuncts in the form of a dot were used by some to differentiate between words, such as by Guru Arjan[citation needed]). This is opposed to the comparatively more recent method of writing in Gurmukhi known as pad ched, which breaks the words by inserting spacing between them.[62][63][64]
First line of the Guru Granth Sahib, the Mul Mantar, in larivār (continuous form) and pad ched (spacing form):[65]
Laṛivār: ੴਸਤਿਨਾਮੁਕਰਤਾਪੁਰਖੁਨਿਰਭਉਨਿਰਵੈਰੁਅਕਾਲਮੂਰਤਿਅਜੂਨੀਸੈਭੰਗੁਰਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥
Pad ched: ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥
Transliteration: Ik-ōaṅkār sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirbhau nirvairu akāl mūrati ajūnī saibhañ gur prasādi.
Styles and fonts
Various historical styles and fonts of Gurmukhi script have evolved and been identified. A list of some of them is as follows:[66]
- Old style[66]
- Ardh Sihasta style[66]
- Shikasta style (including Anandpur Lipi)[66]
- Kashmiri style[66]
- Damdami style[66]
Unicode
Gurmukhī script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
Many sites still use proprietary fonts that convert Latin ASCII codes to Gurmukhī glyphs.
The Unicode block for Gurmukhī is U+0A00–U+0A7F:
Gurmukhi[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+0A0x | ਁ | ਂ | ਃ | ਅ | ਆ | ਇ | ਈ | ਉ | ਊ | ਏ | ||||||
U+0A1x | ਐ | ਓ | ਔ | ਕ | ਖ | ਗ | ਘ | ਙ | ਚ | ਛ | ਜ | ਝ | ਞ | ਟ | ||
U+0A2x | ਠ | ਡ | ਢ | ਣ | ਤ | ਥ | ਦ | ਧ | ਨ | ਪ | ਫ | ਬ | ਭ | ਮ | ਯ | |
U+0A3x | ਰ | ਲ | ਲ਼ | ਵ | ਸ਼ | ਸ | ਹ | ਼ | ਾ | ਿ | ||||||
U+0A4x | ੀ | ੁ | ੂ | ੇ | ੈ | ੋ | ੌ | ੍ | ||||||||
U+0A5x | ੑ | ਖ਼ | ਗ਼ | ਜ਼ | ੜ | ਫ਼ | ||||||||||
U+0A6x | ੦ | ੧ | ੨ | ੩ | ੪ | ੫ | ੬ | ੭ | ੮ | ੯ | ||||||
U+0A7x | ੰ | ੱ | ੲ | ੳ | ੴ | ੵ | ੶ | |||||||||
Notes |
Digitization of Gurmukhī manuscripts
Panjab Digital Library[67] has taken up digitization of all available manuscripts of Gurmukhī Script. The script has been in formal use since the 1500s, and a lot of literature written within this time period is still traceable. Panjab Digital Library has digitized over 45 million pages from different manuscripts and most of them are available online.
Internet Domain names in Gurmukhi
Punjabi University Patiala has developed label generation rules for validating international domain names for internet in Gurmukhi.[68]
See also
- Punjabi Braille
- Shahmukhi alphabet
Notes
- ^ The Gurmukhi character ਖ [kha] may have been originally derived from the Brahmi character denoting [ṣa], as the Sanskrit sounds /ʂə/ and /kʰə/ merged into /kʰə/ in Punjabi. Any phonemic contrast was lost, with no distinct character for [ṣa] remaining. Similarly, the characters representing /sə/ and /ʃə/ may have also converged into the character representing /ʃə/ as the sounds merged into /sə/.
- ^ The word pothi refers to a produced text excerpt of the sacred compositions of the Sikh Gurus and other writers of Sikh scriptures.
- ^ This letter is also commonly referred to as āṛā.
- ^ The sounds /f/ and /ʃ/ can natively occur as allophones of /pʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/ respectively.
- sāhib /saːhɪbᵊ/ (an honorific, "sir, lord", etc.). Unstressed short vowels may be reduced[52][53] to yield h(a)sāb /həsaːbᵊ/ and sāh(a)b /saːhəbᵊ/, and further h-elision in unstressed initial positions may yield near-homophones only distinguished by tone: ਸ੍ਹਾਬ sā̀b /sàːbᵊ/ and ਸਾਬ੍ਹ sā́b /sáːbᵊ/ respectively. Word-initial /h/ may also produce a tone without being elided.[53]
- ^ Not applicable for the independent form: ਊ
- ^ Only for the independent form: ਊ
- ^ This does not include consonants which are not naturally geminated, i.e. ਣ, ੜ, ਵ, ਰ.
References
- ^ a b c d e f Bāhrī 1997, p. 181.
- ISBN 9781136846342. Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ISBN 9780198044246. Archivedfrom the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- .
...the Guru Granth Sahib, written in a script particular to the Sikhs (Gurmukhi)...
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
- ^ a b c Jain & Cardona 2007, p. 53.
- ISBN 978-1782832508.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 143.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-4683-6. Page 13. "Any attempt at translating songs from the Adi Granth certainly involves working not with one language, but several, along with dialectical differences. The languages used by the saints range from Sanskrit; regional Prakrits; western, eastern and southern Apabhramsa; and Sahiskriti. More particularly, we find sant bhasha, Marathi, Old Hindi, central and Lehndi Panjabi, Sgettland Persian. There are also many dialects deployed, such as Purbi Marwari, Bangru, Dakhni, Malwai, and Awadhi."
- ^ a b c "Let's Learn Punjabi: Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala". learnpunjabi.org. Punjabi University, Patiala. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-8-193-38970-6.
- ^ Salomon 2007, p. 88.
- ^ Salomon 2007, p. 94-99, 72-73.
- ^ a b Salomon 2007, p. 68-69.
- ^ a b c d e f Salomon 2007, p. 83.
- ^ a b c d e Shackle 2007, p. 594.
- ^ a b c d e Salomon 2007, p. 84.
- ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet. Strassburg K.J. Trübner. pp. 53–77.
- ^ Singh, Gurbaksh (1949–1950). Gurmukhi Lipi Da Janam Te Vikas (in Punjabi). Punjab University Chandigarh. p. 167.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 150.
- ^ a b c d Masica 1993, p. 149.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 145.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 470.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bāhrī 1997, p. 183.
- ^ a b c d Grierson 1916, p. 626.
- ^ a b c Masica 1993, p. 148.
- ^ a b Masica 1993, p. 147.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pandey, Anshuman (2009-03-25). "N3545: Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
- ^ a b Grierson 1916, pp. 638–639.
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2015-11-04). "L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-14. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2009-01-29). "N4159: Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
- ^ a b c d e f Bāhrī 1997, p. 182.
- ^ Grierson 1916, pp. 624, 628.
- ^ Bhardwaj 2016, p. 18.
- ISBN 9781134635351. Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ Bhardwaj 2016, p. 14.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-26604-8.
- ISBN 9781614512257. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ Bhardwaj 2016, p. 13.
- ^ a b Salomon 2007, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Bhardwaj 2016, p. 16.
- ^ Shackle 2007, p. 589.
- ^ a b Masica 1993, p. 100.
- ^ a b c d Grierson 1916, p. 627.
- ^ a b c d Shackle 2007, p. 596.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 118.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 205.
- ^ a b Bhardwaj 2016, p. 382.
- ^ Newton, John (1866). A Grammar of the Panjabi Language; With Appendices (2nd ed.). Ludhiana: American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 201.
- ^ Shackle 2007, p. 590.
- ^ a b Shackle 2007, p. 587.
- ^ ISBN 9781614512257. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ Grierson 1916, p. 628.
- ^ Sidhu, Sukhjinder (2006-01-27). "N3073: Proposal to Encode Gurmukhi Sign Yakash" (PDF). Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- S2CID 190033610.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 190.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 198.
- ^ a b Holloway, Stephanie (19 July 2016). "ScriptSource - Gurmukhi". ScriptSource. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ISBN 9780415003209. Archivedfrom the original on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
- ISBN 1-84303-443-3.
- – via White Rose.
...until the early 1970s all copies of the Guru Granth Sahib were presented in larivaar format, in which all the words were connected without breaks, after which point the SGPC released a single-volume edition in which the words were separated from one another in 'pad chhed' format (Mann 2001: 126). Whereas previously readers would have to recognize the words and make the appropriate breaks while reading, pad chhed allowed "reading for those who were not trained to read the continuous text." (Mann 2001: 126). The AKJ promotes a return to the larivaar format of the Guru Granth Sahib.
- ^ "IMPORTANCE OF LAREEVAAR". Nihung Santhia. 2018-11-03. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ "Larivaar Gurbani | Discover Sikhism". www.discoversikhism.com. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ "Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji -: Ang : 1 -: ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਜੀ :- SearchGurbani.com". www.searchgurbani.com. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
- ^ a b c d e f "Styles of Gurumukhi script". Central Institute of Indian Languages.
- ^ "Panjab Digital Library". Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Now, domain names in Gurmukhi". The Tribune. 2020-03-04. Archived from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
Bibliography
- Jain, Danesh; ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
- ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
- ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9..
- ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
- ISBN 978-8173805301.
- Grierson, George A. (1916). "Pañjābī". Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX: Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of Western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. pp. 624–629.
- Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. ISBN 9781138793859.
The following Punjabi-language publications have been written on the origins of the Gurmukhī script:
- Singh, Gurbaksh (G.B.) (1950). Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas (in Punjabi) (5th ed.). Chandigarh, Punjab, India: Punjab University Press, 2010.
- Ishar Singh Tãgh Gurmukhi Lipi da Vigyamulak Adhiyan. Patiala: Jodh Singh Karamjit Singh.
- Kala Singh Bedi Lipi da Vikas. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1995.
- Dakha, Kartar Singh (1948). Gurmukhi te Hindi da Takra (in Punjabi).
- Padam, Piara Singh (1953). Gurmukhi Lipi da Itihas (PDF) (in Punjabi). Patiala, Punjab, India: Kalgidhar Kalam Foundation Kalam Mandir. Alternative link
- Prem Parkash Singh "Gurmukhi di Utpati." Khoj Patrika, Patiala: Punjabi University.
- Pritam Singh "Gurmukhi Lipi." Khoj Patrika. p. 110, vol.36, 1992. Patiala: Punjabi University.
- Sohan Singh Galautra. Punjab dian Lipiã.
- Tarlochan Singh Bedi Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1999.