S'gaw Karen alphabet
| S'gaw Karen ကညီလံာ်ခီၣ်ထံး | ||
|---|---|---|
| Script type | ||
Time period | 1830–present | |
| Languages | Unicode range | |
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. | ||
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The S'gaw Karen alphabet (
Pallava alphabet of South India. The S'gaw Karen alphabet is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit
.
Alphabet
The Karen alphabet was created by American missionary Jonathan Wade in the 1830s, based on the S'gaw Karen language; Wade was assisted by a Karen named Paulah.
The consonants and most of the vowels are adopted from the Burmese alphabet; however, the Karen pronunciation of the letters is slightly different from that of the Burmese alphabet. Since Karen has more tones than Burmese, additional tonal markers were added.[citation needed]
The script is taught in the refugee camps in Thailand and in Kayin State.[citation needed]
| က k (kaˀ) |
ခ kh (kʰaˀ) |
ဂ gh (ɣ) |
ဃ x (x) |
င ng (ŋ) |
| စ s (s) |
ဆ hs (sʰ) |
ၡ sh (ʃ) |
ည ny (ɲ) | |
| တ t (t) |
ထ hṭ (tʰ) |
ဒ d (d) |
န n (n) | |
| ပ p (p) |
ဖ hp (pʰ) |
ဘ b (b) |
မ m (m) |
| ယ y (ʝ) |
ရ r (r) |
လ l (l) |
ဝ w (w) |
သ th (θ) |
| ဟ h (h) |
အ vowel holder (ʔ) |
ဧ ahh (ɦ) |
| ါ ah (a) |
ံ ee (i) |
ၢ uh (ɤ) |
ု u (ɯ) |
ူ oo (u) |
့ ae or ay (e) |
ဲ eh (æ) |
ိ oh (o) |
ီ aw (ɔ) |
| Tones | S'gaw Karen |
|---|---|
| rising | ၢ် |
| falling | ာ် |
| mid | း |
| high | ၣ် |
| low | ၤ |
| Medials | S'gaw Karen |
|---|---|
| ှ (hg) | ဟ |
| ၠ (y) | ယ |
| ြ (r) | ရ |
| ျ (l) | လ |
| ွ (w) | ဝ |
| Number | S'gaw Karen | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numeral | Written | IPA | Pronounce | |
| 0 | ๐ | ဝး | wa | wah |
| 1 | ၁ | တၢ | tɤ | tuh |
| 2 | ၂ | ခံ | kʰi | khee |
| 3 | ၃ | သၢ | θɤ | thuh |
| 4 | ၄ | လွံၢ် | lwi | lwee |
| 5 | ၅ | ယဲၢ် | wæ | yeh |
| 6 | ၆ | ဃု | xɯ | hku |
| 7 | ၇ | နွံ | nwi | nwee |
| 8 | ၈ | ဃိး | xo | hkaw |
| 9 | ၉ | ခွံ | kʰ i | kwee |
| 10 | ၁၀ | တၢဆံ | tsʰi | tsee |
The number 1962 would be written as ၁၉၆၂.
Bibliography
- Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824828868.
- Bauer, Christian (1991). "Notes on Mon Epigraphy". Journal of the Siam Society. 79 (1): 35.
- Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
- Stadtner, Donald M. (2008). "The Mon of Lower Burma". Journal of the Siam Society. 96: 198.
- Sawada, Hideo (2013). "Some Properties of Burmese Script" (PDF).
- Jenny, Mathias (2015). "Foreign Influence in the Burmese Language" (PDF).
- Wade, J. (1849). A Vocabulary of the Sgau Karen Language. Tavoy: Karen Mission Press.