Helmand Province
Helmand
هلمند | |
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Pashto [3] |
Helmand (
The
Throughout the
History
History of Afghanistan | |
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Timeline | |
410–557 | |
Nezak Huns | 484–711 |
Helmand culture
Helmand culture of western Afghanistan was a
.The term "Helmand civilization" was proposed by M. Tosi. This civilization flourished between 2500 BC and 1900 BC and may have coincided with the great flourishing of the
According to Jarrige et al.,
... the pottery of Mundigak I, the earliest occupation of the complex, corresponds to the Mehrgarh III pottery, in technique — the quality of the paste and manufacture — as well as in the shapes and decoration, probably within a phase dated to the end of the 5th millennium [BC]."[17]
There were also links between Shahr-i Sokhta I, II, and III periods, and Mundigak III and IV periods, and between the sites of Balochistan and the Indus valley at the end of the 4th millennium, as well as in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC.
The Jiroft culture is closely related to the Helmand culture. The Jiroft culture flourished in eastern Iran, and the Helmand culture in western Afghanistan at the same time. They may represent the same cultural area. The Mehrgarh culture, on the other hand, is far earlier.
Achaemenid times
Helmand was inhabited by ancient peoples and governed by the Medes before falling to the Achaemenids.
Later, the area was part of the ancient
The Helmand river valley is mentioned by name in the
Some Vedic scholars (e.g. Kochhar 1999) also believe the Helmand river corresponds to the
Alexander the Great to modern times
It was invaded in 330 BC by
After the destructions caused by
Durrani era
When
Then, as now, relatively few members of the
That changed in 1826, when Dost Mohammad Khan, himself a Barakzai, seized power. Dost Mohammad increased taxes on non-Barakzai tribes in Helmand, especially the Alizai of Zamindawar. When the Alizai didn't pay taxes, a Barakzai punitive expedition was sent to Zamindawar, and in Alizai clan chiefs were executed. During this period, the Alizai began to view the Barakzai as enemies, creating the Alizai-Barakzai dynamic that still heavily influences Helmand politics.[20]
At this time, the area around Garmsir was effectively independent, and ignored by the monarchy in Kabul.[20]
Anglo-Afghan Wars
In 1839, the British deposed Dost Mohammad Khan in favor of the Popolzai Shah Shujah Durrani. In doing so, they hoped to limit Russian influence in Afghanistan. Hoping to secure the loyalty of Helmandi tribal leaders, Shah Shujah reinstated the titles they had previously enjoyed under Popolzai rule, and he also held off on taxing them until his position was stronger. However, he kept the Barakzai tax collectors in office, and they resumed collection in 1840. When a Barakzai tax collector was killed at Sarwan Qala that year, the British sent in troops to enforce collection, a political blunder leading to open rebellion by the Alizai. It is not known if the British were aware of the political ramifications of Shah Shujah's decision to retain the Barakzai tax collectors, but they were completely bewildered by the ensuing rebellion, reflecting a clear lack of understanding of local dynamics on their part.[20]
The leader of the rebellion was Aktur Khan, who had risen to prominence during this dispute. His invocations of Alizai honor and appeals to group identity had resulted in him attaining chieftainship of the Alizai. After some skirmishes, the British offered to remove the Barakzai tax collectors in return for the dispersal of Aktur Khan's 1,300 followers. This soon broke down, and by May 1841, Aktur Khan led a force of 3,000 men to capture Gereshk. The British retook Gereshk at the beginning of June and then led punitive expeditions into Zamindawar, and eventually the rebellion was defeated and Aktur Khan fled to Herat.[20]
British-backed Barakzai horsemen were sent to reinforce Gereshk in November 1841. The Alizai repeatedly tried to capture it, but the Barakzai were able to maintain control until August 1842 because the other Barakzai who lived there kept them well-supplied.[20]
Dost Mohammad Khan was reinstalled for a second reign when the British withdrew from Afghanistan, but he ran into financial difficulties and sought a subsidy from the British in 1857. He distributed money from this subsidy unevenly among Helmandi tribes, favoring the Barakzai over the others, which upset the balance of power between the tribes. The subsidy also divided Afghanistan into British and Russian spheres of influence, with Gereshk and the Helmand river being on the border between them, increasing the area's strategic importance. The subsidy ended in 1862 when Dost Mohammad died and a succession crisis broke out between his sons. Helmandis fought as mercenaries on the side of one of them, Sher Ali Khan, playing a role in his eventual victory. The deciding battle was fought at Gereshk in 1868.[20]
Indebted to the Helmandi tribes for their contributions during the war, Sher Ali scaled back tax collection in the area and reduced the allowances to the Barakzai khans. Because of this, the Alizai did not rebel during his reign. Another key development for Helmand (Pusht-e Rud) during Sher Ali's reign was that he moved its four traditional districts into the newly created Farah Province, moving it out of Kandahar's sphere of influence and meaning that he could influence the Pusht-e Rud area without going through a relative in Kandahar.[20]
In November 1878, the British invaded Afghanistan again. They occupied Gereshk until February 1879; an Alizai force of 1500 attacked them as they withdrew. Sher Ali died soon after, however, and the British wanted to again occupy Gereshk as a forward outpost against Sher Ali's son Ayub Khan. Perhaps realizing that the presence of their troops garrisoning Helmandi forts upset locals, the British sent a proxy Barakzai force to occupy Gereshk.[20]
Ayub Khan found ample support from Helmandis in his subsequent campaign against the British: three or four thousand Alizai tribesmen, led by a man named Abu Bakr, had joined his army by October, as did a smaller contingent of Noorzai. Doubting the Barakzai's loyalty, the British sent some of their own troops to reinforce Gereshk in July 1880, led by George Burrows. The Barakzai promptly mutinied and went over to Ayub Khan's side — a rare Barakzai-Alizai alliance, joining against a common enemy. The British withdrew and Ayub Khan's army pursued, leading to a major Afghan victory at the Battle of Maiwand on 27 July. Having achieved their main goal of defeating the British, the Alizai then left and returned to Zamindawar.[20]
The British later defeated Ayub Khan, but they ended up withdrawing from Afghanistan altogether, installing Abdur Rahman Khan as the new ruler and giving him a subsidy. Abdur Rahman Khan was a strong and intelligent state-builder who used the subsidy to finance a professional army. He defeated Abu Bakr of the Alizai and had him exiled, after which the Alizai cooperated with paying taxes. He used a combination of incentives and force to move the Ishaqzai and Noorzai to the northwestern part of Afghanistan, away from the lands along the Helmand they had been granted by Nader Shah. Their relocation was a disaster and many ended up returning to the Helmand area.[20]
When they came back, however, they were only given scattered, less-productive lands. This dramatically changed the power dynamic of the Helmand area, marking the beginning of Ishaqzai and (to a lesser degree) Noorzai disenfranchisement from government that has continued into the 21st century. The Noorzai would occupy marginal lands until the late 20th century, and the Ishaqzai population remains dispersed and scattered throughout Helmand today.[20]
The weakening of Helmand's non-Barakzai tribes, combined with a policy of non-interference with the tribes, led to stability in the region throughout Abdur Rahman's reign. This continued during the rule of his son Habibullah, who died in 1919.[20]
20th century development projects
An important development was the re-construction of the Nahr-e Saraj canal, beginning in 1910. Newly irrigated areas that had previously been desert were now populated with ethnic and tribal groups who were not originally from Helmand, including refugees from Central Asia fleeing Soviet rule. Many of the villages along the canal therefore are named after these groups, such as Uzbek, Turkmen, and Popolzai. The government had originally planned to continue developing the Helmand area during the 1920s, but ended up shelving that project due to unrest over Amanullah's social reforms. In 1936, after the Musahiban dynasty had come to power, the government began construction of another canal in Helmand, the Nahr-e Bughra. The Afghan government originally sought out US financial and technical assistance, but the US refused, so instead it was the Germans and Japanese who contributed. The Nahr-e Bughra project employed up to 7,000 workers, and there were also other small-scale development projects in the area at the same time. Roads, bridges, and telephone wires were built to connect the major settlements. This was the first externally supervised development project in Helmand. However, when World War II broke out, the British requested that the German and Japanese engineers be expelled from Afghanistan, and the government had to continue on its own.[20]
Helmand was the center of the USAID program in the 1960s to develop the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority (HAVA) – it became known locally as "little America". The program laid out tree-lined streets in Lashkargah, built a network of irrigation canals and constructed a large hydroelectric dam. The development program was abandoned when pro-Soviet Union forces seized power in 1978, although much of the province is still irrigated by the HAVA.
Administrative changes
Thanks in part to the irrigation projects, the Pusht-e Rud area had become more important, and the government recognized this by splitting it off from Farah Province to create a new Gereshk Province in 1960. Gereshk was made the capital to reflect the historical importance of the Barakzai, which had been diluted by the influx of outside settlers in the province. The US, however, cared more that the HVA headquarters was in Lashkar Gah, and they successfully lobbied the Afghan government to relocate the provincial capital there. This happened in 1964, and the province was renamed "Helmand Province".[20]
For the first time since 1826, the Helmandi Barakzai were no longer dominant in the region. To compensate for this, the government completelty redrew the district boundaries in Helmand. The four traditional districts were abolished and replaced new districts. These new districts, greater in number than the traditional ones, were each assigned an "order", which determined how much resources would be allocated to each district. Additionally, since the 1964 constitution introduced voting, the new districts were drawn in a way allowing the government to maintain influence and control.[20]
The former Barakzai-dominated district of Pusht-e Rud proper, or Gereshk, was split into Nahr-e Seraj (the only 1st order district in the province), Nawa (4th order), and
Meanwhile, the Alizai district of Zamindawar was split into
21st century
During
After it was decided to deploy British troops to the Province, PJHQ tasked 22 SAS to conduct a reconnaissance of the province. The review was led by Mark Carleton-Smith, who found the province largely at peace due to the brutal rule of Sher Mohammad Akhundzada, and a booming opium-fuelled economy that benefited the pro-government warlords. In June he reported back to the MoD warning them not to remove Akhundzada and against the deployment of a large British force which would likely cause conflict where none existed.[21]
It was announced in January 2006 in the
In summer 2006, Helmand was one of the provinces involved in Operation Mountain Thrust, a combined NATO-Afghan mission targeted at Taliban fighters in the south of the country. In July 2006, this offensive mission essentially stalled in Helmand as NATO, primarily British, and Afghan troops were forced to take increasingly defensive positions under heavy insurgent pressure. In response, British troop levels in the province were increased, and new encampments were established in Sangin and Grishk. Fighting was particularly heavy in the districts of Sangin, Naway, Nawzad and Garmsir. There were reports that the Taliban saw Helmand province as a key testing area for their ability to take and hold Afghan territory from NATO-led Afghan National Security Forces.[22] Commanders on the ground described the situation as the most brutal conflict the British Army had been involved in since the Korean War.
In Autumn 2006, British troops started to reach "cessation of hostilities" agreements with local Taliban forces around the district centers where they had been stationed earlier in the summer.
News reports identified the insurgents involved in the fighting as a mix of Taliban fighters and warring tribal groups who are heavily involved in the province's lucrative opium trade.[24] Given the amount of drugs produced in the area, it is likely that foreign drug traffickers were also involved.
Fighting continued throughout the winter, with British and allied troops taking a more pro-active stance against the Taliban insurgents. Several operations were launched including Operation Silicone at the start of spring. In May 2007, Mullah Dadullah, one of the Taliban's top commanders, along with 11 of his men were killed by NATO-led Afghan forces in Helmand.
In April 2008, about 1,500
Also in 2008, an
In June 2009, Operation Panther's Claw was launched with the stated aim of securing control of various canal and river crossings and establishing a lasting ISAF presence in an area described by Lt. Col. Richardson as "one of the main Taliban strongholds" ahead of the 2009 Afghan presidential election.
In July 2009, around 4,000 U.S. Marines pushed into the Helmand River valley in a major offensive to liberate the area from Taliban insurgents. The operation, dubbed
In February 2013,
On 13 August 2021, the capital of the province Lashkar Gah fell to the Taliban after weeks of fighting in the Battle of Lashkargah. Around 1,500 Afghan soldiers were said to have surrendered, leaving the province in Taliban hands.[27] According to The Washington Post, the US withdrawal and Taliban victory was mostly met with relief in Helmand; the province had suffered through some of the deadliest battles of the war from 2001 to 2021[28] and heavy US-led bombardments.[29]
Transport
There is no rail service. Primary roads include the ring road passes through Helmand from Kandahar to Delaram. There is a major north–south route (Highway 611) that goes from Lashkargah to Sangin. About 33% of Helmands roads are not passable during certain seasons and in some areas, there are no roads at all.
Economy
Farming is the main source of income for the majority. This includes agriculture and animal husbandry. Animals include cows, sheep, goats, and chicken. Donkeys and camels are used for labor. The province has a potential for fishery. The region produce the following: opium, tobacco, cotton, wheat and potato.[citation needed]
Healthcare
The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 28% in 2005 to 3% in 2011.[30] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 2% in 2005 to 3% in 2011.[30]
Education
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 5% in 2005 to 12% in 2011.[30] The overall net enrollment rate (6–13 years of age) fell from 6% in 2005 to 4% in 2011.[30]
Demographics
As of 2020, the population of Helmand Province is about 1,446,230.
Districts
District | Capital | Population[5] | Area in km2 |
Pop. density |
Number of villages and ethnic groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baghran | 129,745 | 3,858 | 34 | 38 villages. 90% Pashtun, 10% Hazara.[33] | |
Dishu | 30,296 | 11,680 | 2 | 80% Pashtun, 20% Baloch[34] | |
Garmsir | 119,237 | 14,260 | 8 | 112 villages. 99% Pashtun, 1% Baloch.[35] | |
Kajaki | 116,827 | 2184 | 53 | 220 villages. 100% Pashtun.[36] | |
Khanashin (Reg) | 26,348 | 7,064 | 4 | 52% Pashtun, 48% Baloch.[37][38] | |
Lashkargah | Lashkargah | 194,473 | 1,891 | 103 | 160 villages. 60% Pashtun, 20% Baloch, 20% Hindu, Hazara and Uzbek.[39] |
Marjah | Marjah | 30,425 | 2,904 | 10 | Used to belong to Nad Ali District. |
Musa Qala | Musa Qala | 121,749 | 1,209 | 101 | 100% Pashtun.[40] |
Nad Ali | 186,929 | 3,046 | 61 | 80% Pashtun, 10% Hazara, 5% Tajik, 5% Baloch.[41] | |
Grishk (Nahri Saraj) | 174,820 | 1,554 | 113 | 97 villages. 90% Pashtun, 5% Hazara, 5% Baloch.[42] | |
Nawa-I-Barakzayi | 111,259 | 617 | 180 | 350 villages. 99% Pashtun, 1% Farsiwan, Hindu and Sikh.[43] | |
Nawzad | 97,824 | 5,318 | 18 | 100% Pashtun.[44] | |
Sangin | Sangin | 77,353 | 516 | 150 | 100% Pashtun.[45] |
Washir | 28,945 | 4,647 | 6 | 100% Pashtun.[46] | |
Helmand | 1,446,230 | 58,305 | 25 | 88.1% Pashtuns, 5.4% Balochi, 3.9% Hazaras, 0.9% Hindus, 0.9% Uzbeks, 0.8% Farsiwans (Tajiks), <0.1% Sikhs.[note 1] |
- ^ Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.
Famous Activist of Helmand
- Abdul Waheed Farotan
See also
- Provinces of Afghanistan
- 2007 Helmand province airstrikes
- Dashti Margo
- Operation Khanjar
Gallery
-
The Kajaki Dam (left) and spillway (right)
-
Mountains in Musa Qala District during sunset
-
Afghan Border Police (ABP) and Afghan Local Police(ALP)
-
Afghans with national flags
References
- ^ بلال, رضوان الله (23 December 2021). "د هلمند له زندانه ۲۱۸ روږدي له درملنې وروسته کورونو ته ولېږل شول". Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). nsia.gov.af. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
- ^ Farm Economic Survey of the Helmand Valley, 1975, Page 17
- ^ "Helmand". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ a b "Hillmand Province". Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
- ^ a b "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2020-21" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, National Statistics and Information Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^
Pat McGeough (2007-03-05). "Where the poppy is king". Sydney Morning Herald. Archivedfrom the original on 2011-06-05.
More than 90 percent of the province's arable land is choked with the hardy plant. A 600-strong, US-trained eradication force is hopelessly behind schedule on its target for this growing season in Helmand - to clear about a third of the crop, which is estimated to be a head-spinning 70,000 hectares.
- ^ "Afghanistan still the largest producer of opium: UN report". Zee News. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
She said opium cultivation is concentrated in the south of the country, with just one province 'Helmand' accounting for 42% of all the illicit production in the world. Many of the provinces with the highest levels of production also have the worst security problems.
- ^ a b "Helmand" (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. May 1, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
- ^ MacKenzie, Jean (19 March 2010). "Could Helmand be the Dubai of Afghanistan?". Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "UK's Helmand mission was 'flawed'". Bbc.co.uk. June 12, 2010. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Afghanistan: Clashes in Helmand leave civilians dead, displaced". Refworld.org. Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ Anderson, Ben (June 22, 2015). "Notes from Afghanistan's Most Dangerous Province". Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
- ^ Rowlatt, Justin (April 7, 2016). "Afghan forces face 'decisive' battle". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
- ^ Tugnoli, Lorenzo. "A year of peace in one of Afghanistan's deadliest provinces". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ "Afghanistan" (PDF). Countries of Concern. pp. 79–86. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
- ^ Jarrige, J.-F., Didier, A. & Quivron, G. (2011) Shahr-i Sokhta and the Chronology of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands. Archived 2022-03-28 at the Wayback Machine Paléorient 37 (2) : 7-34 academia.edu
- ^ "AVESTA: VENDIDAD (English): Fargard 1". avesta.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ISBN 0-415-10054-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Martin, Mike (2011). A Brief History of Helmand. Afghan COIN Centre. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ISBN 1847923461, 978-1847923462, P.233
- ^ "Coalition 'retakes Taleban towns'". BBC News. 2006-07-19. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ Smith, Michael (2006-10-01). "British troops in secret truce with the Taliban". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ Leithead, Alastair (2006-07-14). "Unravelling the Helmand impasse". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ Ben Anderson (25 February 2013). "Afghan police: Panorama uncovers corruption in Helmand bases". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ James Dao (3 March 2013). "As Marines Exit Afghan Province, a Feeling That a Campaign Was Worth It". New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ Bunkall, Alistair (14 August 2021). "Afghanistan: Taliban fighters take southern city of Lashkar Gah following capture of Kandahar and Herat2". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ "A year of peace in one of Afghanistan's deadliest provinces". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
- ^ 郭蓉. "US atrocities still haunt Afghans trying to rebuild". global.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ a b c d "Helmund Province". Civil Military Fusion Centre – Archive. Archived from the original on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
- ^ "Welcome - Naval Postgraduate School" (PDF). Nps.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ISBN 9781849042260.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027182037/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/southern/helmand/baghran.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-10-27. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027184243/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/southern/helmand/khanishin.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-10-27. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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(help) - ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027184309/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/southern/helmand/musa_aala.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-10-27. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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(help) - ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051027182205/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/southern/helmand/nad_ali.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-10-27. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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(help) - ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090206054611/http://www.aims.org.af:80/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/southern/helmand/nahri_saraj.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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