Languages in censuses
This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. (July 2014) |
Many
Afghanistan
Other languages, including
, English and other languages.Language | World Factbook / Library of Congress Country Studies estimate[3][4] |
---|---|
Dari
|
50% |
Pashto
|
35% |
Uzbek and Turkmen | 11% |
30 minor languages | 4% |
Albania
Language | People |
---|---|
Albanian | 2,800,139 |
Greek | 15,196 |
Macedonian | 4,443 |
Roma |
4,025 |
Aromanian | 3,848 |
Turkish | 714 |
Italian | 523 |
Serbo-Croatian |
66 |
Others | 187 |
Not relevant/not stated | 3,843 |
Algeria
The
Andorra
Official language is Catalan, although the most spoken language is Spanish. Other minority languages are French and Portuguese.
Antigua and Barbuda
Official language is
Argentina
The de facto[A] official language is Spanish, spoken by almost all Argentines.[6] Due to the extensive Argentine geography, Spanish has a strong variation among regions, although the prevalent dialect is Rioplatense, primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to Neapolitan language.[7]
There are several second-languages in widespread use among the Argentine population:
- English,elementary school. 42.3% of Argentines claim to speak it, with 15.4% of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension.[citation needed]
- Italian, by 1.5 million people.[6][C]
- Arabic, specially its Northern Levantine dialect, by one million people.[6]
- Standard German, by 400,000 people.[6][D]
- largest Jewish population in Latin America and 7th in the world.[8]
- Catalan, by 174,000 people.[6]
- French, including the rare Occitan language.
- Quechua, by 65,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.[6]
- Moqoit, it is official de jure.[10]
- Vlax Romani, by 52,000 people.[6]
- Japanese, by 32,000 people.[6]
- Aymara, by 30,000 people, mostly in the Northwest.[6]
- Ukrainian, by 27,000 people.[6]
- Welsh, including its Patagonian dialect, in which 25,000 people are fluent.[6] Some districts have recently incorporated it as an educational language.[11]
Armenia
Armenian is the only official language. Due to its Soviet past, Russian is still widely used in Armenia and could be considered as de facto second language. According to a 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians said they had some knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% intermediate) compared to 40% who said they knew some English (4% advanced, 16% intermediate and 20% beginner). However, more adults (50%) think that English should be taught in public secondary schools than those who prefer Russian (44%).[12]
Australia
Although Australia has no official language, English has always been entrenched as the
Austria
The official and national language of Austria is German. In some regions in the east of the country Croatian is a co-official language too.
Azerbaijan
Language | Both genders | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 8 922 447 | 4 414 398 | 4 508 049 |
Azerbaijani | 8 253 196 | 4 101 575 | 4 151 621 |
Russian | 122 449 | 45 538 | 76 911 |
Armenian | 120 237 | 57 912 | 62 325 |
Talish | 68 689 | 34 154 | 34 535 |
Avar | 46 610 | 23 107 | 23 503 |
Turkish | 32 064 | 16 465 | 15 599 |
Tatar | 24 146 | 10 614 | 13 532 |
Tat | 22 803 | 11 485 | 11 318 |
Ukrainian | 20 988 | 9 456 | 11 532 |
Tsakhur | 11 734 | 5 915 | 5 819 |
Georgian | 10 356 | 4 978 | 5 378 |
Hebrew | 8 493 | 4 046 | 4 447 |
Udi | 3 795 | 1 839 | 1 956 |
Other[18] | 176 887 | 87 314 | 89 573 |
Bahamas
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Bahrain
Bangladesh
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Barbados
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Belarus
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Belgium
In the past, Belgium held a census each ten years, including a language census (
Bolivia
According to the last census in 2012 [21]
Language | People |
---|---|
Spanish | 6,097,122 |
Quechua | 2,124,040 |
Aymara | 1,462,286 |
Foreign | 241,417 |
Guarani | 57,218 |
Another Native | 43,953 |
No talking | 14,960 |
Brunei
The official language of Brunei is Malay. The principal spoken language is Melayu Brunei (Brunei Malay). Brunei Malay is rather divergent from standard Malay and the rest of the Malay dialects, being about 84% cognate with standard Malay,[22] and is mostly mutually unintelligible with it.[23] English and Chinese are also widely spoken, English is also used in business, as a working language, and as the language of instruction from primary to tertiary education,[24][25][26][27] and there is a relatively large expatriate community.[28] Other languages spoken include Kedayan, Tutong, Murut and Dusun.[22]
Bulgaria
In the Bulgarian census, the question about the mother tongue and the ethnic group is an optional one. The results among the people that have answered both questions according to the latest census in 2011 are:[29]
Language | People |
---|---|
Bulgarian | 5,631,759 |
Turkish | 604,246 |
Romani | 280,979 |
Russian | 15,211 |
Armenian | 5,567 |
Romanian | 5,454 |
Greek | 3,182 |
Aromanian | 1,815 |
Ukrainian | 1,691 |
Macedonian | 1,376 |
Tatar | 1,367 |
Arabic |
1,321 |
Hebrew | 141 |
Other | 9,946 |
Does not self-identify | 47,458 |
Did not answer | 753,057 |
Population | 7,364,570 |
Canada
According to Statistics Canada, no other national census includes as many questions about language as does the Census in Canada; the 2016 census included seven such questions.[30] In 2016, all respondents were asked, "Can this person speak English or French well enough to conduct a conversation?"; "What language does this person speak most often at home?"; "Does this person speak any other languages on a regular basis at home?"; and "What is the language that this person first learned at home in childhood and still understands?".[31] In addition, a sample of 25% of households received a longer survey asking, "What language(s), other than English or French, can this person speak well enough to conduct a conversation?"; "In [the person's] job, what language did this person use most often?"; and "Did this person use any other languages on a regular basis in this job?".[32]
The following is the breakdown of the language spoken most often at home according to the 2016 census:[33]
Language | People | Percentage |
---|---|---|
English | 22,908,550 | 65.9% |
French | 7,121,450 | 20.5% |
All other languages | 4,737,250 | 13.6% |
Among immigrant languages (a term used by Statistics Canada to refer to languages other than English, French, Aboriginal languages, and sign languages), the top ten languages most commonly spoken at home in 2016 were the following:[34]
Language | People |
---|---|
Mandarin | 641,100 |
Cantonese | 594,705 |
Punjabi | 568,375 |
Spanish | 553,495 |
Tagalog (Pilipino) | 525,375 |
Arabic |
514,200 |
Italian | 318,245 |
German | 271,865 |
Urdu | 264,505 |
Persian (Farsi) | 225,015 |
China
There are abouts 292
Standard Mandarin, a variety of Mandarin based on the Beijing dialect, is the official national language of China and is used as a lingua franca in the country between people of different linguistic backgrounds.[38]
Cyprus
Cyprus has two official languages,
The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is Cypriot Greek and that of Turkish Cypriots is Cypriot Turkish. These both differ from their respective standard register quite significantly.[citation needed]
Czech Republic
The first official censuses for the Czech lands (then part of Austria-Hungary) in the years 1869-1910 recorded each person's "language of communication" ("obcovací řeč"). This used to be criticised by linguistic minorities as representing the language of a person's surroundings rather than his or her own. The Czechoslovak censuses (1921, 1930, 1950, 1961, 1980) did not register respondents' language but "národnost" (ethnicity) which was to be assessed primarily, but not exclusively, on the basis of the person's "maternal tongue" ("mateřská řeč"). The 1970 census as well as modern censuses (1990, 2001, 2011) register both "ethnicity" and "maternal tongue" (which was, for example in the 2001 census, defined as "the language in which your mother or the persons having raised you spoke with you during your childhood"[46]).[47] The 2011 census form was the first to allow a person to claim two native languages. While certain options are habitually suggested in the form (in 2011: Czech, Slovak, Romani, Polish, German, sign language), the possibility "Other" can be chosen together with completing one's own specification. Unlike "ethnicity", this is an obligatory field in the form.[48]
As the
Language | 2001 census[49] | 2011 census[50] | 2021 census[51] |
---|---|---|---|
Czech¹ | 9,707,397 | 9,530,518 | 9,242,634 |
Slovak | 208,723 | 235,475 | 225,246 |
Polish | 50,738 | 50,877 | 49,669 |
German | 41,328 | 40,790 | 31,756 |
Romani | 23,211 | 40,370 | 28,102 |
English | 3,791 | 7,202 | 30,478 |
Arabic
|
— | 2,671 | – |
Belarusian | — | 826 | – |
Bosnian | — | 726 | – |
Bulgarian | — | 5,405 | – |
Chinese | — | 3,422 | – |
French | — | 2,056 | – |
Croatian | — | 1,392 | – |
Italian | — | 1,418 | – |
Hungarian | — | 9,286 | 14,664 |
Moldavian
|
— | 2,211 | – |
Mongolian | — | 3,333 | – |
Romanian | — | 2,711 | – |
Rusyn | — | 777 | – |
Russian | 18,746 | 31,622 | 96,361 |
Greek | — | 1,362 | – |
Serbian | — | 1,931 | – |
Spanish | — | 1,916 | – |
Ukrainian | — | 48,250 | 123,738 |
Vietnamese | — | 30,830 | 57,408 |
Signing | — | 7,216 | – |
Others, unknown | 176,126 | 464,056 | 759,394 |
¹ Including
Denmark
Danish censuses did not include inquiries on languages. The last one was in 1970.
East Timor
Speakers by mother tongue in census 2010.[52]
- Official languages:
- Tetum: 449,085
- Portuguese: 595
- National languages:
- Atauro (Wetarese, including Dadu'a, Rahesuk, Raklungu and Resuk): 8,400
- Bekais(Becais, Welaun): 3,887
- Bunak (Bunaq, Búnaque, Buna`, Bunake, Mgai, Gai, Marae): 55,837
- Fataluku(Fataluco, Fatalukunu, Dagaga, Dagoda, Dagada): 37,779
- Galoli (Galóli, Lo'ok, Galole, Galolen, Glolen): 13,066
- Habun (Habo): 2,741
- Idalaka (Idalaca, including Idaté, Lakalei, Isní und Lolein): 18,854
- Kawaimina(Cauaimina, including Kairui, Waimaha, Midiki, Naueti): 49,096
- Kemak (Ema, Quémaque): 61,969
- Makuva(Makuwa, Maku'a, Lovaia, Lovaea): 56
- Makalero(Macalero, Maklere): 7,802
- Makasae(Macasae, Makasai, Makassai, Makassae, Macassai, Ma'asae, including Sa'ane): 101,854
- Mambai (Mambae, Manbae): 131,361
- Tokodede (Tocodede, Tukude, Tokodé, Tocod): 39,483
- Baikeno(Dawan): 62,201
- Working languages:
- Extinct languages:
- Other languages:
- Adabe: 181
Estonia
According to the
Estonian is the official language of Estonia and 886,859 or 68.5% of permanent residents spoke it as native language.[53] Russian is spoken by 383,062 (29.6%), Ukrainian by 8,012 (0.6%), Finnish by 2,617 (0.17%) and Belarusian by 1,663 (0.13%). Other languages have less than thousand speakers.
Faroe Islands
There are two official languages in the Faroe Islands, Danish and Faroese.[54] According to the public census Hagstova Føroya in 2014, more than 90 percent had Faroese as their first language.[55] The entire list of spoken languages in 2014 is:[56]
Faroese | 45 361 (90.8%) |
Danish | 1546 (3.1%) |
Icelandic | 201 (0.4%) |
English | 190 (0.3%) |
Filipino | 103 (0.2%) |
Norwegian | 99 (0.2%) |
Thai | 86 (0.1%) |
Romanian | 67 (0.1%) |
Greenlandic | 62 (0.1%) |
Serbian | 57 (0.1%) |
Russian | 55 (0.1%) |
Spanish | 49 (0.1%) |
Swedish | 45 (0.09%) |
Polish | 40 (0.08%) |
Chinese | 29 (0.06%) |
Fiji
Fiji currently recognises 3 languages in its country. The languages are Fijian, Fiji Hindi and English. As of 2017 450,000 of the population speaks Fijian as their first language and another 200,000 speak it as their second language. Fiji Hindi is another of the official languages of Fiji and has about 460,000 as of 1991. English is an official language as it was a British colony some time ago. There are many other languages spoken in Fiji such as Hindi and Chinese but they do not have any status in Fiji.
Finland
According to the Finnish constitution, the two national languages of Finland are
France
France recognizes but one language, French, declared national language. Other indigenous languages have no official status, although their teaching is tolerated in some places under specific conditions, and there has never been any question about languages in a French national census.
However, the March 1999 census was associated with an
Germany
The census 2011 and the West-German census 1987 did not inquire about language. Since the 2017 micro census, a survey conducted with a sampling fraction of 1% of the persons and households in Germany that supplies basic socio-demographic data and facilitates the ongoing monitoring of the labour market, a question asking "Which language is being spoken predominantly in your household?" was added,[62] eighty years since the 1939 Census asked for the Mother tongue of the population.[63]
Greece
The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by 99% of the population. In addition, a number of non-official, minority languages and some Greek dialects are spoken as well. The most common foreign languages learned by Greeks are English, German, French, Spanish and Italian.
Haiti
The two official languages of Haiti are French and Haitian Creole. French is the principal written and administratively authorized language. It is spoken by all educated Haitians, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. Haitian Creole,[64] which recently undergone a standardization, is spoken by virtually the entire population of Haiti.[65]
Hong Kong
Officially English and Chinese are the two official language of
From 19th century, the
] have lost importance over time. Cantonese has come to be spoken by the vast majority, though there are increasingly more Mandarin-speaking people, particularly since the turn of the millennium.Hungary
Starting from 1880 the Hungarian census system was based on native language (the language spoken at home in the early life of the person and at the time of the survey), vulgar language (the most frequently used language in the family), and other spoken languages.
Language | 1930 census | 1970 census | 1980 census | 1990 census | 2001 census | 2011 census |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hungarian | 8,000,335 | 10,152,366 | 10,579,898 | 10,222,529 | 9,546,374 | 8,409,049 |
Romani, beas | 7,841 | 34,692 | 27,915 | 48,072 | 48,438 | 54,339 |
German | 477,153 | 33,653 | 31,231 | 37,511 | 33,774 | 38,248 |
Romanian | 16,221 | 12,356 | 10,141 | 8,730 | 8,482 | 13,886 |
Croatian | 47,332 | 21,855 | 20,484 | 17,577 | 14,326 | 13,716 |
Slovakian
|
104,786 | 21,086 | 16,054 | 12,745 | 11,817 | 9,888 |
Serbian | 7,031 | 11,177 | 3,426 | 2,953 | 3,388 | 3,708 |
Ukrainian | ... | ... | ... | 674 | 4,885 | 3,384 |
Polish | 5,161 | ... | ... | 3,788 | 2,580 | 3,049 |
Bulgarian | 2,816 | ... | ... | 1,370 | 1,299 | 2,899 |
Greek | 82 | ... | ... | 1,640 | 1,921 | 1,872 |
Slovenian
|
5,464 | 3,791 | 3,142 | 2,627 | 3,180 | 1,723 |
Rusin
|
996 | ... | ... | ... | 1,113 | 999 |
Armenian | 122 | ... | ... | 37 | 294 | 444 |
Russian | ... | ... | ... | 3,902 | 3,257 | 7,382 |
Chinese | 15 | ... | ... | 204 | 2,414 | 5,819 |
Arabian
|
... | ... | ... | 1,456 | 1,438 | 2,929 |
Vietnamese | ... | ... | ... | 1,258 | 1,085 | 2,674 |
Other languages | ... | 15,083 | 17,172 | 8,944 | 36,270 | 21,657 |
Unknown | - | - | - | - | 541,106 | 1,443,840 |
Population | 8,685,109 | 10,300,996 | 10,709,463 | 10,374,823 | 10,198,315 | 9,937,628 |
Iceland
Icelandic is not only the national language, but is now “the official language in Iceland” by virtue of Act No 61/2011, adopted by parliament in 2011.[67] Icelandic Sign Language was also officially recognised by law in 2011 as a minority language with constitutional rights and the first language of the Icelandic deaf community. During the time of Danish rule, Danish was a minority language in Iceland,[68] although it is nowadays only spoken by a small number of immigrants.
India
Indonesia
Indonesian functions as the official language of the country, but it coexists with a high number of local languages. According to Ethnologue, there are currently about 737 living languages in Indonesia,[70] the most widely spoken being Javanese. Most Indonesians are bilingual and trilingual.
A number of Chinese varieties, most prominently
Arabic are used in religious setting, and in Madrasah (Islamic boarding school), and in various names (people and places). Arabic script (Jawi script) is used in many local languages.
English is taught in school as foreign language. Some school are also teaching other languages as foreign language, such as Chinese, and/or other Asian/European languages.
Iran
The majority of the population speaks
Iraq
Previously to the invasion in 2003,
Based on the
Ireland
The 2016 Irish census included the following questions: "Can you speak Irish?" (and if yes, whether the respondent spoke Irish daily within the education system, daily outside the education system, weekly, less often, or never); "Do you speak a language other than English or Irish at home?" (and if yes, which language); and "How well do you speak English?" (very well, well, not well, or not at all).[81]
In 2016, 1,761,420 persons stated that they could speak Irish (39.8% of the population). However, of this group, 418,420 (23.8% of Irish speakers) reported that they never spoke it, and 558,608 (31.7%) reported that they only spoke it within the education system.[82]
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
The official language of Jamaica is English. Jamaicans primarily speak an English-African Creole language known as Jamaican Patois.
The 2011 Population and Housing Census did not include any questions about language use.[83]
Japan
More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.[76]
Besides Japanese, other languages like
Luxembourg
Some figures from the 2011 census:
- Main language spoken as of 1 February 2011 (in %)
Main language | % |
---|---|
Luxembourgish |
55,8 |
Portuguese | 15,7 |
French | 12,1 |
German | 3,1 |
Italian | 2,9 |
Other languages | 8,4 |
Total | 100 |
Source: STATEC - RP2011, Langue principale parlée au 1er février 2011, en %
- Languages spoken at work, at school and/or at home on 1 February 2011 (multiple answers possible)
Languages | Number of people | % |
---|---|---|
Luxembourgish | 323.557 | 70,5 |
French | 255.669 | 55,7 |
German | 140.590 | 30,6 |
English | 96.427 | 21,0 |
Portuguese | 91.872 | 20,0 |
Italian | 28.561 | 6,2 |
other languages | 55.298 | 12,1 |
Total | 458.900 | 100,0 |
Source : STATEC - RP2011: Langues parlées au travail, à l’école et/ou à la maison au 1er février 2011 (réponses multiples possibles)
- Number of languages spoken at work, at school and/or at home, as of 1 February 2011
Number of languages | Number of people | % |
---|---|---|
1 | 182.609 | 39,79 |
2 | 119.103 | 25,95 |
3 | 79.651 | 17,36 |
4 | 58.642 | 12,78 |
5 | 16.212 | 3,53 |
6 | 2.203 | 0,48 |
7 | 480 | 0,10 |
Average 2,2 |
Source : STATEC - RP2011: Nombre de langues parlées au 1er février 2011
Macedonia
As of the last national census in 2002, of the republic's 2,022,547 people, 67% speak
Malaysia
The national or official language is
Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages,[89] 41 of which are found in Peninsula Malaysia.[90] The government provides schooling at the primary level in each of the three major languages, Malay, Chinese (Mandarin), and Tamil. Within these three there are a number of dialectal differences.[91]
Malta
Malta has two official languages: Maltese and English. Maltese is also the national language. Until 1934, Italian was also an official language in Malta. Having been governed by many different countries in the past, the Maltese population is generally able to converse in languages which are not native to the country, namely English and Italian.
According to the 2011 census, there were 377,952 people aged 10 and over, of whom 352,121 people (93.2%) declared to speak Maltese "Well", 248,570 (65.8%) declared to speak English "Well" and 93,401 (24.7%) declared to speak Italian "Well", out of a scale made of "Well", "Average", "A little" and "Not at all".[92]
Mongolia
The official language of Mongolia is
Russian is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia, followed by English, although English has been gradually replacing Russian as the second language. Korean has gained popularity as tens of thousands of Mongolians work in South Korea.[93]
Interest in Chinese, as the language of the other neighbouring power, has been growing.[citation needed] A number of older educated Mongolian citizens speak some German, as they studied in the former East Germany, while a few speak other languages from the former Eastern Bloc. Many younger people are fluent in the Western European languages as they study or work in, among other places, Germany, France and Italy.[citation needed]
Myanmar
The official language of Myanmar is Burmese; which is spoken by 81% of population. First language is about 69% and second language user is about 12%.
Nepal
The 2011 National census lists 123 languages spoken as a mother tongue (first language) in
The official language of Nepal is Nepali (नेपाली), formerly called Khaskura then Gorkhali. According to the 2011 national census, the percentage of people with Nepali as the mother tongue is 44.6%.[95]
New Zealand
The 2018 New Zealand census included a question asking, "In what language(s) could you have a conversation about a lot of everyday things?"[96] Respondents could choose more than one language. The top five selections were:[97]
Language | People | Percentage |
---|---|---|
English | 4,482,135 | 95.4% |
te reo Māori | 185,955 | 4.0% |
Samoan | 101,937 | 2.2% |
Northern Chinese (including Mandarin) | 95,253 | 2.0% |
Hindi | 69,471 | 1.5% |
Norway
In the Norwegian census of 1970, in limited areas in Northern Norway, people were identified by ethnicity and language. Such information has not been included in any census since then.[98] During the 19th century, the Norwegian government collected ethnicity and language information.[99]
Philippines
Ethnologue lists 175 individual languages in the Philippines, 171 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian language family.[102] The only non-Austronesian language indigenous to the Philippines is Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole. According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipino and English are the official languages. Filipino is a standardized version of Tagalog, spoken mainly in Metro Manila and other urban regions. Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business. The constitution mandates that Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.[103]
Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages used as mediums of instruction:
Poland
In the
Language | 2002 census (home language)[109] |
2011 census (home language)[110] |
2011 census (native language)[111] |
---|---|---|---|
Polish | 37,405,335 | 37,815,606 | 37,656,090 |
English | 89,874 | 103,541 | 5,624 |
Belarusian | 40,650 | 26,448 | 17,480 |
French | 15,282 | 10,677 | 3,488 |
Kashubian | 52,665 | 108,140 | 13,799 |
German | 204,573 | 96,461 | 58,170 |
Romani | 15,788 | 14,468 | 8,612 |
Russian | 15,299 | 19,805 | 17,048 |
Silesian | 56,643 | 529,377 | 140,012 |
Ukrainian | 22,698 | 24,539 | 28,172 |
Italian | 12,001 | 10,295 | 2,207 |
Unknown | 772,223 | 519,698 | 521,842 |
Population | 38,230,080 | 38,511,824 | 38,511,824 |
Portugal
The official language of Portugal is Portuguese, which is spoken by the whole population. A small minority speaks Mirandese, recognized as a regional language, but all Mirandese speakers also speak Portuguese.
Qatar
Arabic is the official language of Qatar, with
Romania
Romanian is the official language of Romania. According to the last census in 2011 [118]
Language | People |
---|---|
Total | 20,121,641 |
Romanian | 17,176,544 |
Hungarian | 1,259,914 |
Romani | 245,677 |
Ukrainian | 48,910 |
German | 26,557 |
Turkish | 25,302 |
Russian | 18,946 |
Tatar | 17,677 |
Serbian | 16,805 |
Slovak | 12,802 |
Bulgarian | 6,518 |
Croatian | 5,167 |
Italian | 2,949 |
Greek | 2,561 |
Czech | 2,174 |
Polish | 2,079 |
Chinese | 2,039 |
Macedonian | 769 |
Armenian | 739 |
Hebrew | 643 |
Other | 16,841 |
Information not available | 1,230,028 |
Singapore
Singapore has four official languages.[120] The four languages that are recognised by the Singapore Government are: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil.[121] They were chosen to correspond with the major ethnic groups present in Singapore at the time as well as for the following reasons: Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese-medium schools; Malay was deemed the "most obvious choice" for the Malay community; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore, in addition to being "the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore".[122] In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting a rich linguistic diversity in the city.[123][124] Singapore's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders,[125] and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire.
Language | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|
English | 18.8 | 23.0 | 32.3 |
Mandarin | 23.7 | 35.0 | 35.6 |
other varieties of Chinese | 39.6 | 23.8 | 14.3 |
Malay | 14.3 | 14.1 | 12.2 |
Tamil | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.3 |
Malay is the national language of the country, although English is mainly used. English serves as the link between the different ethnic groups and is the language of the educational system and the administration. The colloquial English used in everyday life is often referred to as Singlish.
The government of Singapore has been promoting the use of Mandarin, the official form of Chinese in Singapore as well as mainland China and Taiwan, with its
, has been declining over the last two decades, although they are still being used especially by the older generations of the Chinese population.About 60% of Singapore's Indian population speaks
.Around 5,000
South Africa
Thirteen options are provided in response to the question "Which two languages does (name) speak most often in this household?", namely the eleven official languages, sign language and "Other".[127]
Spain
Spain is openly multilingual,[128] and the constitution establishes that the nation will protect "all Spaniards and the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions.[129]
Spanish (español)—officially recognized in the constitution as Castilian (castellano)—is the official language of the entire country, and it is the right and duty of every Spaniard to know the language. The constitution also establishes that "all other Spanish languages"—that is, all other languages of Spain—will also be official in their respective autonomous communities in accordance to their Statutes, their organic regional legislations, and that the "richness of the distinct linguistic modalities of Spain represents a patrimony which will be the object of special respect and protection."[130]
The other official languages of Spain, co-official with Spanish are:
- Basque (euskara) in the Basque Country and Navarre;
- Catalan (català) in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and in the Valencian Community, where its distinct modality of the language is officially known as Valencian (valencià); and
- Galician (galego) in Galicia
As a percentage of the general population, Basque is spoken by 2%, Catalan (or Valencian) by 17%, and Galician by 7% of all Spaniards.[131]
In
In the
Sri Lanka
Both
Suriname
Dutch is the sole official language, and is the language of education, government, business, and the media.[76] Over 60% of the population speak Dutch as a mother tongue,[134] and most of the rest speak it as a second language.
In Paramaribo, Dutch is the main home language in two-thirds of households.[135] The recognition of "Surinaams-Nederlands" ("Surinamese Dutch") as a national dialect equal to "Nederlands-Nederlands" ("Dutch Dutch") and "Vlaams-Nederlands" ("Flemish Dutch") was expressed in 2009 by the publication of the Woordenboek Surinaams Nederlands (Surinamese–Dutch Dictionary).[136] Only in the interior of Suriname is Dutch seldom spoken.
Surinamese Hindi or Sarnami, a dialect of
are also used. Spanish and Portuguese are spoken by Latin American residents and their descendants and sometimes also taught in schools.Switzerland
From 1850 until 2000, Switzerland had a census every 10 years. Beginning in 2010, they switched to a yearly system which used a combination of municipal citizen records and a limited number of surveys.[138] Data on the main language spoken by citizens and non-citizen residents has been collected since at least 1970. Of the four official languages, German is the most commonly spoken, with 64.94% of the total population speaking it in 1970 and 63.67% in 2000. French was spoken by 18.09% in 1970 and 20.38% in 2000, while Italian was 11.86% in 1970 and 6.46% in 2000. The fourth national language, Romansh was spoken by just 0.8% in 1970 and 0.48% in 2000. In the 2000 census, English (1.01%), Spanish (1.06%), Portuguese (1.23%), Serbian and Croatian (1.42%) and Albanian (1.30%) were all spoken by significantly more residents than Romansh.[139]
Selected languages from the 1970 to 2000 census are given in the following table:[139]
Census | German | French | Italian | Romansh | English | Dutch | Spanish | Slavic (Except Czech and Slovak) |
Czech and Slovak |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 4,071,289 | 1,134,010 | 743,760 | 50,339 | 32,509 | 11,935 | 123,708 | 30,429 | 13,028 |
1980 | 4,140,901 | 1,172,502 | 622,226 | 51,128 | 38,494 | 13,228 | 118,169 | 65,779 | 14,570 |
1990 | 4,374,694 | 1,321,695 | 524,116 | 39,632 | 60,786 | 11,895 | 116,818 | 119,541 | 8,552 |
2000 | 4,640,359 | 1,485,056 | 470,961 | 35,095 | 73,425 | 11,840 | 77,506 | 120,853 | 7,462 |
Syria
minorities.Turkey
Mother Tongue | Percentage |
---|---|
Turkish | 84.54 |
Kurmanji |
11.97 |
Arabic |
1.38 |
Zazaki |
1.01 |
Other Turkic languages | 0.28 |
Balkan languages | 0.23 |
Laz | 0.12 |
Circassian | 0.11 |
Armenian | 0.07 |
Caucasian languages | 0.07 |
Greek | 0.06 |
Nordic Languages | 0.04 |
West European languages | 0.03 |
Jewish languages | 0.01 |
Other | 0.09 |
Turkmenistan
People in Turkmenistan (when it was still a part of the
Ukraine
People in Ukraine (when it was still a part of the
Language | Number of speakers | Percent of population |
---|---|---|
Ukrainian | 32,577,468 | 67.53% |
Russian | 14,273,670 | 29.59% |
Crimean Tatar | 231,382 | 0.48% |
Moldovan | 185,032 | 0.38% |
Hungarian | 161,618 | 0.34% |
Romanian | 142,671 | 0.30% |
Bulgarian | 134,396 | 0.28% |
Belarusian | 56,249 | 0.12% |
Armenian | 51,847 | 0.11% |
Gagauz | 23,765 | 0.05% |
Romani | 22,603 | 0.05% |
Other language | 178,764 | 0.38% |
Did not answer | 201,437 | 0.42% |
United States
Data on
A variety of questions on language use were asked in the censuses from 1890 to 1970.[146][147] These correspond to the different political purposes and policies for which the data were used. For example, early 20th century questions about mother tongue were used to assess the ethnic or racial background of the population, while the current purpose is to calculate the size of the Limited English Proficient population.[148]
The following three-part question on language spoken at home and English speaking ability was asked on the census long form in 1980, 1990, and 2000, and is the same question asked in the American Community Survey.[146] The data are used for enforcing the Voting Rights Act, determining Department of Education funding for English Language Learners, and implementing language access policies.
- a. Does this person speak a language other than English at home?
- Yes
- No
- b. What is this language? (For example: Korean, Italian, Spanish, Vietnamese)
- c. How well does this person speak English?
- Very well
- Well
- Not well
- Not at all
The coding operations used by the Census Bureau puts the reported answers from the question "What is this language?" into 382 language categories of single languages or language families. These categories represent the most commonly spoken languages other than English at home in the U.S. Due to small sample counts, data tabulations are not generally available for all 382 detailed languages. Instead, the Census Bureau collapses languages into smaller sets. These sets of languages were originally developed following the 1970 Census and are grouped linguistically and geographically.[citation needed]
As of 2014[update], the simplest collapse recodes the 382 language codes into four major language groups: Spanish; Other Indo-European languages; Asian and Pacific Island languages; and All Other languages. A more detailed collapsing puts the 382 codes into 39 languages and language groups.[149]
Uzbekistan
People in
Vatican City
Vatican City enumerated people by ethnicity in 1948.[citation needed]
Its official language is Latin.
Vietnam
People in Vietnam were enumerated by ethnicity in 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2014.[151]
Yemen
Yemen enumerated its population by ethnicity in 1994.[
Zambia
Zambia has the official language of English
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe has 10 different official languages. They are Shona, English, Ndebele, Xhosa, Chewa, Venda, Southern Sotho, Tswana, Tsonga and Tonga.
See also
- Demographics
- Demography
- Population and housing censuses by country
- Linguistic demography
- Race and ethnicity in censuses
Footnotes
- ^ Though not declared official de jure, the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts.
- ^ English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland Islands.
- ^ Many elder people also speak a macaronic language of Italian and Spanish called cocoliche, which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.
- Belgranodeutsch.
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