Paleobiota of the Ciechocinek Formation
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.(January 2021) |
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The Ciechocinek Formation is a Jurassic (lower to middle Toarcian) geologic formation which extends across the Baltic coast from Grimmen, Germany, to Nida, Lithuania, with its major sequence in Poland and boreholes in Kaliningrad. Dinosaur species uncovered here, including Emausaurus and other unclassified genus.
In Poland, the main basin lacks marine microfauna. The Ciechocinek Formation in the Częstochowa-Zawiercie area reveals the remains of a wide range of prehistoric environments; the Fore-Sudetic Monocline region must have been an extensive bay similar to Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. The basin's shore zone was a flat, muddy, marshy coastal plain.
The region has the remains of the Wrêczyca River, which was active for most of the
Foraminifera
Color key
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Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Abundance | Notes | Images |
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Shells |
Abundant |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Lingulininae inside Nodosariinae. Reaches percentages of 25% in some samples |
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Shells |
Diverse but Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae. Despite its diversity is very scarce on most samples, with less than 1-2% of presence. |
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Shells |
Diverse but Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae. |
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Shells |
Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae. |
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Shells |
Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae. |
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Shells |
Diverse but Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae. |
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Shells |
One specimen |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Stilostomellidae inside Nodosariinae. |
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Shells |
Diverse but very Scarce |
A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Vaginulinidae inside Nodosarioidea. |
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Shells |
Abundant |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Marginulininae inside Vaginulinidae. Marginulina prima reaches a 35% on a few samples |
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Shells |
Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Vaginulininae inside Vaginulinidae. |
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Shells |
Very Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Robuloididae inside Robuloidoidea. |
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Shells |
Very Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Plectofrondiculariidae inside Polymorphinina. |
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Shells |
Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Polymorphininae inside Polymorphinina. |
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Shells |
Abundant |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Bolivinidae inside Bolivinoidea. Reaches 40% of sampled foranimiferans on at least one sample |
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Shells |
Moderately present |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Usbekistaniinae inside Ammodiscidae. Its abundance is lower than other genera, yet reaches peaks of 5-10% in at least one sample. |
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Shells |
Present in low numbers |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Ophthalmidiidae inside Cornuspiroidea. |
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Shells |
Present in low numbers |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Cornuspirinae inside Cornuspiroidea. |
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Shells |
Very Scarce |
A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Spirillinidae inside Spirillinina. |
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Shells |
Very Scarce |
A marine/brackish Lituolida .
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Shells |
Abundant |
A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Ammomarginulininae inside Lituolidae. |
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Shells |
Rare |
A marine Lituolida .
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Shells |
Diverse but rare |
A marine Lituolida .
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Shells |
Rare |
A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Ammodiscinae inside Ammodiscina. |
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Shells |
Rare |
A marine Atlantic margin of northwestern Europe.
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Shells |
Rare |
A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Trochammininae inside Trochamminina. Small-sized Ammodiscus–Trochammina assemblages are found associated with delta-influenced shelf environment, where biota would have been stressed by intermittent periods with moderate hypoxia combined with lowered salinity and storm impacts. |
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Shells |
Rare |
A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Saccamminidae inside Astrorhizacea. Sometimes confused with the genus Arlagenammum. |
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Shells |
Rare |
A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Saccamminidae inside Astrorhizacea. Sometimes confused with the genus Arsaccammum or called Saccamina. The Local specimens are rather rare, incomplete and complicate to identify. |
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Shells |
Rare |
A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Saccamminidae inside Astrorhizacea. |
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Shells |
Rare |
A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Vaginulininae inside Nodosarioidea. |
Dinoflagellates
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Abundance | Notes | Images |
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Dinocysts |
Dominant |
A marine Dinoflagellatan, type member of the family Nannoceratopsiaceae inside Nannoceratopsiales . The large amount of Cysts of the genus point to more diversified marine palaeoenvironments. N. senex is the most abundant. Locally Nannoceratopsis recovers series of marine transgressions and regressions, pointing to the presence of interbedding marine and brackish sediments.
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Dinocysts |
Abundant |
A marine Dinoflagellatan, type member of the family Luehndeoideae inside Mancodiniaceae . Presence of Luehndea spinosa suggests Late Pliensbachian–earliest Toarcian age of studied assemblages. The marine dinoflagellate cyst Luehndea spinosa and foraminiferal linings were found only in the lower half of the Kozłowice succession.
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Fungi
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Hyphae attachments.[8]
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Fungal Spores |
A Saprophyte fungus, member of the family Sordariomycetes inside Ascomycota.[8] Non-filamentous spores with no septations and with no projections longer than the spore body. Related with the extant genus Poronia. Fungal spore peaks linked to a relative and absolute loss of wood suggest a prominent role of fungal wood decomposers.[8]
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Fungal Spores |
A Saprophyte fungus, member of the class Dothideomycetes or Sordariomycetes inside Ascomycota.[8] Spores with two or more transverse septa. Related with the extant genus Acanthostigma, facultative pathogen, or beneficial partner of many plant species. Local humidity, though sufficiently high for fungal development throughout the whole T-OAE interval, is therefore thought to have been of a lesser significance for dynamics of fungal decomposition than elevated temperature.[8]
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Fungal Spores |
A freshwater anamorphic fungus, member of the order Pleosporales inside Pleosporomycetidae.[8] Multicellular spore with septations that intersect in more than one plane. Characterized by being mostly aquatic lignicolous species with cheiroid, digitate, palmate, and/or dictyosporous conidia. Related with the extant genus Dictyosporium, recorded worldwide from dead wood, decaying leaves, and palm material. |
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Fungal Spores |
A True Fungus, member of the clade Eumycetes . It is found associated with Wood Cuticles, Pollen and Spores, interpreted as some sort of parasitism. This genus is found mostly associated with the Blanowice Brown Coals, especially on associated Boreholes.
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Invertebrates
Ichnofossils
Genus | Species | Type | Location | Material | Origin | Notes | Images |
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Fodinichnia |
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Unlined meniscate burrows |
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Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Taenidium is a meniscate backfill structure, usually considered to be produced by an animal progressing axially through the sediment and depositing alternating packets of differently constituted sediment behind it as it moves forward. |
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Fodinichnia |
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Small branching burrows |
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Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Interpreted as the feeding burrow of a sediment-ingesting animal. A more recent study has found that Scoloplos armiger and Heteromastus filiformis , occurring in the German Wadden Sea in the lower parts of tidal flats, make burrows that are homonymous with numerous trace fossils of the ichnogenus. |
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Domichnia |
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Cylindrical strands with branches |
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Blackish trace ichnofossils. Interpreted as dwelling structures of vermiform animals, more concretely the Domichnion of a suspension-feeding Worm or Phoronidan. |
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Pascichnia |
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Cylindrical strands with branches |
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Saltwater/Blackish trace ichnofossils. Probably done by Polychaetes |
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Pascichnia |
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Cylindrical or elliptical curved/tortuous trace fossils |
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Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Planolites is really common in all types of the Ciechocinek Formation deposits. It is referred to vermiform deposit-feeders, mainly Polychaetes, producing active Fodinichnia. It is controversial, since is considered a strictly a junior synonym of Palaeophycus .
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Domichnia |
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Straight or gently curved tubular burrows. |
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Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Palaeophycus is less common than Planolites in deposits of the Ciechocinek Formation. On the Kozlowice outcrop however there are numerous specimens occur, interpreted as the result of passive filling of polychaete burrows.[13] |
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Fodinichnia |
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Simple, unbranched, horizontal cylinder traces |
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Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. There are a few specimens in the Kozlowice outcrop. It is interpreted as a grazing trail or Polychaetes and Priapulids.[13]
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Fodinichnia |
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Winding, horizontal, double ridge burrows, separated by a median groove. |
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Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. On the Kozlowice strata, only a few specimens were observed. Gyrochorte is interpreted as a result of active digging on the sediment by a deposit-feeding worm-like animal, probably Annelid or similar kinds of creatures.[13] |
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Pasichnia |
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Bilobate trace fossil |
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Saltwater/Blackish and Freshwater bottom Trace Fossils. Protovirgularia is a Repichnia form, ascribed to the activity of Bivalves, leaving a trace due to the rhythmic action of a foot.[13]
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Horizontal and subhorizontal, branching tunnels,cylindrical or elliptical in cross-section, displaying elongated striation on exterior of burrow casts |
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Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. On the Endichnia within mudstone, preserved as Tubular Tempestites (Storm-burrow filling), open tubes produced by animals burrowing in a stable, stiff or firm substrate.[14] Here the tubes occur in one horizon with thin sandy laminae and lenses that represent isolated Starved Ripples carried on the muddy sea-floor by storm-generated Traction power network.[14]
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Fodinichnia |
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Vertical to oblique, unbranched or branched, elongated to arcuate spreite burrow |
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Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Is common on the Pomerania Region. The overall morphology and details of the burrows, in comparison with modern analogues and neoichnological experiments, suggest Echiurans (spoon worms) or Holothurians (sea cucumbers) with a combined suspension- and deposit-feeding behaviour as potential producers. |
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Domichnia |
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U-shaped burrows |
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Marine-Mangroove Vertical, U-shaped, single-spreite Burrows; unidirectional or bidirectional spreite, generally continuous, rarely discontinuous. Most Diplocraterion show only protrusive spreit, like the local ones, produced under predominantly erosive conditions where the organism was constantly burrowing deeper into the substrate as sediment was eroded from the top. |
Annelida
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Cocoons |
Freshwater Dipnoi and other freshwater taxa.
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Brachiopoda
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Cunchs |
A Saltwater Brachiopodan, member of Discinidae inside Discinida . The classification of the Discinidae is rather treated with confusion, due to the description and the identification of either extinct and extant genera and species. The shells of this genus are the only identifiable brachiopods of the formation.
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Bivalvia
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Shells |
A Saltwater Ostreoida . A genus classified under "Posidonia bronni". Found usually associated with Driftwood.
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Shells |
A Saltwater Ostreoida . A genus classified under "Posidonia bronni".
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Shells |
A Saltwater Ark Clam, member of Parallelodontidae inside Arcida. |
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Shells |
A Saltwater Clam, member of Tancrediidae inside Cardiida. |
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Shells |
A Saltwater Clam, member of Ceratomyidae inside Pleuromyoidea. |
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Shells |
A Saltwater Clam, member of Inoceramidae inside Myalinida. This genus resemble the Modern Pearl Oysters, although it was more likely a clam. The specimens are rather complete. |
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Shells |
A Saltwater/Brackish Clam, member of Inoceramidae inside Myalinida. Pseudomytiloides dubius is a possible junior synonym. This genus resembles the Modern Pearl Oysters, although it was more likely a clam. The specimens are rather complete. It is the most common bivalve found locally. Is also very numerous in young specimens |
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Shells |
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Shells |
A Saltwater Clam, member of Lucinidae inside Lucinida. Very abundant on the layers |
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Shells |
A Saltwater Pholadomyida . Rather common, but less abundant than other local genera
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Shells |
A Saltwater Scallop, member of Oxytomidae inside Pectinida. Depositional environments in the Polish Basin at this time did not host organisms normally associated with well-oxygenated marine conditions. Meleagrinella substriata is the most common bivalve found on the Toarcian Polish Basin, linked with all the brackish Deposits.[23] |
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Shells |
A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. Associated with plant detritus, likely washed from nearby mainland |
Gastropoda
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Shells |
Brackish Snails of Uncertain affinity |
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Shells |
A holoplanktonic Snail, type member of the family Coelodiscidae inside Prosobranchia. This is the oldest known holoplanktonic gastropod, thanks to bilateral symmetrical shells as an adaption to active swimming. Also the most common of the sea snails on the Clay Pit of Dobbertin, where is one of the most varied in size terms, with some of the biggest specimens of this snail from the Lower Toarcian know. It has been related to large floating driftwood as one of the primary settlers. |
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Shells |
A Sea Snail, member of Cerithiinae inside Caenogastropoda. |
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Shells |
A Sea Snail, member of Turritellidae inside Cerithioidea. |
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Shells |
A Freshwater Snail, member of Viviparidae inside Architaenioglossa. Resembles Lioplacodes veternus |
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Shells |
A Freshwater/Terrestrial Snail, member of Planorbidae inside Planorboidea. |
Cephalopoda
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Shells |
An Ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae inside Ammonoidea .
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Shells |
An Ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae inside Ammonoidea .
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Shells |
An Ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae inside Ammonoidea .
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Shells |
An Ammonite, member of the family Phymatoceratidae inside Ammonoidea .
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Shells |
An Ammonite, member of the family Lytoceratidae inside Ammonoidea .
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Shells |
An Ammonite, member of the family Harpoceratinae inside Ammonoidea .
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Shells |
An Ammonite, type member of the family Dactylioceratinae inside Ammonoidea . Most common ammonite found on the Green Series and the different erratic boulders, as is the most common on the German realm, on the north and the south, with several specimens of different sizes.
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Shells |
An Ammonite, type member of the family Dactylioceratinae inside Ammonoidea .
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Shells |
An Ammonite, member of the family Dactylioceratinae inside Ammonoidea .
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Shells |
An Ammonite, type member of the family Phylloceratinae inside Ammonoidea .
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Multiple Specimens. |
A Belemnoidean. member of the family Megateuthididae inside Belemnitida. |
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Multiple Specimens |
A Mesoteuthoidean, member of the family Beloteuthidae. Is a relatively small genus. |
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Few specimens |
A Vampire Squid, member of Vampyroteuthis infernalis.
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Two Specimens |
A Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Gladii of Loligosepia can be distinguished from Jeletzkyteuthis by the transition lateral field/hyperbolar zone. Described originally as Belopeltis bollensis.
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Crustacea
Small indeterminate shrimps, sometimes found associated in great numbers, are recovered on several layers at Grimmen.[28]
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Valves |
A Freshwater nektonic organisms that filter fed as they floated. Euestheria opalina dominates the invertebrate assamblages. The specimens are numerous here and form thin layers, being the most abundant invertebrate recovered on all the formation. The presence of Euestheria marks the appearance of less saline conditions, as this is a mostly freshwater genus. Is linked with beds where abundant freshwater algae covers the layers, being both probably washed from the nearby mainland trought streams. The local Phyllopods are related with a great amount of freshwater debris (especially plants), and suggest seasonal changes on the rivers on the Toarcian Polish Basin. On Kozłowice, there is an association of the ichnogenus Planolites and phyllopods of this genus, which reflects a gradual decline in water salinity during a sea level high standard regression.
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Valves |
A Freshwater Phyllopodan) of the family Eosestheriidae .
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A Marine Decapodan, type member of the family Glypheidae inside Decapoda .
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A Marine Decapodan, member of the family Proeryoninae inside Polychelida. Resemble Proeryon hartmani show less adaptations to hunt for small nectobenthic preys than other relatives, being abundant on Oyster-filled waters. There is a relative abundance of the genus in deep-water settings from the Toarcian onward. |
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Valves |
A Marine Ostracodan of the family Pontocyprididae. Small marine ostracods related with abundant Green Algae environments
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Valves |
A marine/brackish Ostracodan of incertae sedis affinity
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Valves |
A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Paracypridinae inside Candonidae .
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Valves |
A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Bythocyprididae inside Bairdioidea .
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Valves |
A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Bairdiidae inside Bairdioidea .
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Valves |
A marine/brackish Cladocopina .
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Valves |
A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Protocytheridae inside Cytheroidea .
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Valves |
A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Cytherelloidea inside Platycopina .
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Valves |
A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Healdiidae inside Metacopa . Hungarella adenticulata was first identified in Dobbertin
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Arachnida
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Single Incomplete Specimen |
A Orbweavers, but also found on Palpimanoids, but not on that that are common substrate dwellers, that had legs more equal.[33] Seppo was probably not a habitual ground dweller, with armoured front legs related to capturing dangerous prey, such as many palpimanoids today are Araneophagous, for example.[33]
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Insecta
Insects are common terrestrial animals that were probably drifted to the sea due to Moonsonal conditions present on the Ciechocinek Formation.[34] In Klein Lehmhagen insects are found as part of calcareous nodules in the exaratum-elegantulum subzones, with specimens also found in living chambers of Eleganticeras elegantulum macrochonchs and in fish coprolites which are the most frequent fossils at all.[34] In the elegantulum the insect fauna is dominated by beetle elytra, indicating strong fluvial input and a nearshore deltaic complex.[34] On Dobbertin, insects are present in the exaratum nodules, where fluvial input is seen thanks to the phyllopod abundance and whole bedding planes covered by algae substituted by Ca-phosphat, being the layers where insects are most abundant.[34]
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Specimens |
A Paraneopteran, member of the family Archipsyllidae inside Permopsocida .
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Specimens |
A Paraneopteran, member of the family Psocidiidae inside Permopsocida. |
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Primitive Pterygotans, member of the family Protomyrmeleontidae inside Dicondylia. |
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Specimens |
Reculidans, member of Gryllones (Extinct clade of Basal Insects) of the family Geinitziidae. |
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Partial Specimens |
An Ice crawler, member of the family Grylloblattodea . One of the main Floor insects found.
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Specimens |
An Eoblattidan, member of the family Blattogryllidae inside Eoblattida. |
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Specimens |
Thysanopterans, members of the family Lophioneurida inside Thripida. Aeroplankton is extraordinarily well preserved in Grimmen, with the most abundant representatives of the aeroplankton (around 3 mm) being Lophioneurids, specially Undacypha europaea. |
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A dragonfly, incertae sedis inside Odonata. Magnasupplephlebia represents a very large dragonfly, with a wingspan of 13 cm. Other odonatan remains are unable to being referred to a concrete group due to their incomplete status. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly, member of the family Liassogomphidae inside Odonata. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly, member of the family Myopophlebiidae inside Odonata. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly, type member of the family Selenothemistidae inside Odonata. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly, member of the family Eosagrionidae inside Odonata. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly, member of the family Asiopteridae inside Odonata. "Sphenophlebia pommerana" is a junior synonym. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly, member of the family Liassophlebiidae inside Odonata. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly, member of the family Heterophlebiidae inside Odonata. |
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Specimens |
A Dragonfly, member of the family Heterophlebiidae inside Odonata. |
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Specimens |
A small winter Stonefly, member of the family Capniidae inside Plecoptera .
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Specimens |
A stonefly, member of the family Perlariopseidae inside Plecoptera. |
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Specimens |
A grasshopper, incertae Sedis inside Orthoptera. |
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A Grasshopper, member of the family Elcanidae inside Orthoptera. The species Panorpidium magna is among the largest Orthopterans of the Jurassic, while Panorpidium minima is among the smallest. |
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Grasshoppers of the family Locustopsidae inside Orthoptera. |
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Specimens |
A Locustidae inside Orthoptera .
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Specimens |
A Grasshopper, member of the family Regiatidae inside Orthoptera. |
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Specimens |
A Cricket-like Grasshopper, type member of the family Protogryllidae inside Orthoptera. |
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Specimens |
A Stick Insect, member of the family Aerophasmidae inside Phasmatodea .
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Specimens |
A Cockroach, type member of the family Mesoblattinidae inside Blattodea. |
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Specimens |
A Cockroach, type member of the family Caloblattinidae inside Blattodea. |
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Specimens |
A Carnivorous Cockroach, type member of the family Raphidiomimidae inside Blattodea. |
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Specimens |
A Cockroach, member of the family Blattulidae inside Dicondylia. Member of an extinct cockroach-like family which was widely distributed around the world and lasted from Late Triassic to Cretaceous. |
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Specimens |
A true bug, incertae sedis inside Hemiptera. |
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Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae inside Hemiptera. The colossal abundance of the genus Fulgoridium maybe it is related to a preference for seashore habitats. Some specimens are indistinguishable, making possible some species synonymous. |
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Specimens |
Froghoppers of the family Procercopidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A jumping plant louse, member of the family Liadopsyllidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A true Bug, member of the family Hadrocoridae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A water boatman, member of the family Corixidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
Moss bugs of the family Progonocimicidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A Coleorrhynchan, member of the family Probascanionidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
Shore bugs, member of the family Archegocimicidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
True Bugs, member of the family Pachymeridiidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A true Bug, member of the family Cuneocoridae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A creeping water bug, member of the family Naucoridae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
Leafhoppers of the family Archijassidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A cicadomorphan, member of the family Hylicellidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A Sternorrhynchan, member of the family Protopsyllidiidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
A Stemorrhynchan, type member of the family Archiconiopterygidae inside Hemiptera. |
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Specimens |
An aphid, member of the family Oviparosiphidae inside Hemiptera. Among the oldest Aphids |
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Specimens |
A Wood Wasp, member of the family Karatavitidae inside Hymenoptera. |
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Isolated Wings |
Wasps, member of the family Ephialtitidae inside Hymenoptera |
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Specimens |
A pseudo-Wasp, member of the family Sepulcidae inside Hymenoptera. |
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Specimens |
An alderfly, member of the family Sialidae inside Megaloptera .
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Specimens |
A Neuropteran of the family Mantispidae. It is the earliest know Chrysopid |
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Isolated Wings |
A lacewing, incertae sedis inside Neuroptera. The wings if this neauropterans are rather fagmentary and its inclusion on any extant or extinct family is complex |
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Isolated Wings |
Lacewings of the family Prohemerobiidae inside Neuroptera. |
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Specimens |
A lance lacewing, member of the family Osmylidae inside Neuroptera. |
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Specimens |
A lacewing, type member of the Family Solenoptilidae inside Neuroptera. |
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Specimens |
A lacewing, member of the Family Epigambriidae inside Neuroptera. Members of the macrofamily Ithonidae |
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Specimens |
A silky lacewing, member of the Family Psychopsidae inside Neuroptera. An unexpected giant Silky lacewing, with a size up to 7 cm. |
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Isolated hind wing |
A dustywing, member of the Family Toarciconiopteryginae inside Neuroptera. The oldest representative of the family |
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Isolated Elytrons |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera . Great amount of Beetle elytrons on both Dobbertin and Grimmen corroborates the presence of suitable environments nearby.
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Elytrons |
A beetle, member of the family Coleoptera .
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A bark gnawing beetle, member of the family Coleoptera .
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Isolated Elytrons |
A jewel beetle, member of the family Coleoptera .
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Specimens |
A whirligig beetle, member of the family Coleoptera .
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Specimens |
A ground beetle, member of the family Coleoptera .
|
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A False Ground Beetle of the family Trachypachidae. |
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Isolated Wings |
Caddisflies, member of the family Trichoptera .
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Specimens |
A finger-net caddisfly, member of the family Trichoptera .
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A Moth, member of the family Eolepidopterigidae inside Lepidoptera. They are essential fossils for the Development of the color on Lepidopterans. |
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Hangingflies, member of the family Orthophlebiidae inside Mecoptera. |
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Hangingflies, member of the family Bittacidae inside Mecoptera .
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Specimens |
A scorpionfly, type member of the family Pseudopolycentropodidae inside Mecoptera. |
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Specimens |
A Scorpionfly, member of the family Permochoristidae inside Mecoptera. |
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Isolated Wings |
A Diptera
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The oldest known non biting Diptera
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A Diptera .
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Specimens |
A Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
A Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
A Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
Diptera
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Specimens |
A Diptera
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Specimens |
A Diptera
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Specimens |
A Diptera
|
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Isolated wings |
A Diptera .
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Isolated wings |
A Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
A primitive Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
A Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
A Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
A Diptera .
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Isolated Wings |
A Diptera .
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Echinodermata
In Dobbertin, the echinoderm remains are rare in contrast to foraminifera, phyllopods and ostracods, yet in some places they attain a percentage of the total fauna between 0.7-26.5%.[1] In the upper layers they're totally absent, as well on the erractics and in the whole Grimmen sequence.[77]
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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A Brittle Star, member of Ophioleucidae inside Ophioleucida. Identified as Ophiura longivertebralis. The majority of the Echinoderm material found belong to this genus and overall to Ophiuroids. This can be related to the fact some Ophiuroids are more tolerant with Brackish waters. |
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Crinoidea[1]
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Indeterminate Crinoid remains. This group has very limited/scarce record on the facies |
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A sea Cucumbers of uncertain placement. Remains of this group are very rare on the layers. |
Vertebrates
Fishes
Actinopteri
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Teleostei[4]
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Freshwater/Brackish/Marine andya, with rounded teeth. "Type C" is more similar to the genus Ptycholepis. Finally, "Type D" & "Type E" resemble the Amiiformes and Osteoglossiformes .
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A marine/brackish Osteichthyes, member of Palaeonisciformes inside Chondrostei. Fish tooth remains of this genus are found mostly in Kujawy (Aleksandrów I), along with marine foraminifers of the genus Haplophragmoides sp., which indicates a marine deposition. It represents a relict genus and resembles the Late Jurassic Pteroniscus turkestanensis |
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A Freshwater/brackish/marine Saurichthyidae inside Chondrostei . This genus is known mostly from the late Triassic deposits on Europe, making its appearance on Toarcian strata superficially dubious. It can be a member of the genus Saurorhynchus, although this last one has never been found on Brackish-Prodeltaic Strata.
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A marine/brackish Belonidae , it is a genus known from several locations across Europe on the Lower-Middle Jurassic.
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GPIH 4864, Hyomandibula |
A marine Osteichthyes, member of the Chondrosteidae inside Acipenseriformes. |
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Articulated, but incompletely preserved specimen |
A marine Teleostei . Found Exclusively on the Green Series, this genus was a small 'pholidophoriform' teleost. The total length remains unknown due to poor preservation, but probably does not exceed 100 mm.
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A marine Teleostei .
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A marine Teleostei. Resmble Pholidophoroides crenulata and P. limbata.
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Various specimens |
A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Lepidotidae inside Lepisosteiformes. Various species of the genus probably lived in the zone, yet the relationships of the fossils weren't studied. Stomach content is also preserved on a specimen from Dobbertin, and is composed by arthropod cuticles.[84] |
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GG 439/4-7 scales |
The oldest confirmed true Lepisosteidae inside Lepisosteiformes . The oldest reliable lepisosteiform remains.
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Unknown, only cited. |
A marine Teleostei . The first find of the group in the region.
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Brackish/Freshwater Osteichthyes otoliths of the family Lycopteroidea inside Lycopteriformes. |
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A marine Teleostei . The most abundant vertebrate recovered on the formation, including 3D preserved specimens, as well, is the main component of the Fishbone sandstones from the upper layers.
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Indeterminate |
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A marine Teleostei .
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Proleptolepis sp. |
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A marine Teleostei. Proleptolepis in the lower Toarcian of Grimmen suggests that this genus might have had a much wider palaeobiogeographical and temporal distribution, since specimens attributed to Proleptolepis have previously been reported only from the Sinemurian of western Europe.
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A marine Semionotidae inside Semionotiformes . Dapedium and Tetragonolepis may have used alternative strategies in order to partition food resources efficiently and avoid direct competition.
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Almost complete left prearticular with dentition |
A marine Osteichthyes, Member of the order Pycnodontiformes inside Neopterygii. Is of comparatively small size, suggesting a hypothetical small standard length of the fish of about 7–10 cm at the time of death.[88] It is a taxon that shows clear adaptations to durophagy, inferring a predominant diet of especially hard food items.[88] |
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Incomplete skull |
A marine Osteichthyes, type member of the Dapediidae inside Neopterygii. |
Chondrichthyes
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Marine/Brackish/Freshwater Selachimorpha. Related with the local marine Transgression, the fossils are recovered mostly from an embayment-derived environment. Together with the rather poor fauna recovered on the main part of the region, the transgression spread out over Mudflats and alluvial Floodplains , to which small amounts of sand were still sporadically supplied during stronger floods.
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A marine Shark, member of the Hybodontiformes. Related to Hybodus hauffianus and other genera from the south of Germany. A Pliensbachian-aged deposit from Grimmen outcrop has revelated a pretty diverse Chondrichthyan fauna, including two species of the genus: Hybodus reticulatus & Hybodus hauffianus.[90] |
Sarcopterygii
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Ceratodus sp. |
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|
A freshwater Ceratodus silesiacus (Roemer, 1870), known from several isolated tooth plates found in the lacustrine Triassic horizon of Krasiejów . Several impressions of scales found in other boreholes can also belong to lungfish. The tooth plates were found at +819 m depth on Pomerania, on a layer with gray-green mudstone, lenticular lamination and siderite concretions. The abundance of megaspores indicate a deltaic or brackish environment.
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Ichthyosaurs
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Posterior left half of the cranium. |
An Icthyosaur of the family Stenopterygiidae inside Thunnosauria. A common Toarcian Ichthyosaur, present on multiple layers. The rather exquisite level of preservation has led to know even the coloration. |
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|
|
Four articulated tail vertebrae. |
An indeterminate ichthyosaur, has been assigned to the species Stenopterygius longifrons. |
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Partial skull and associated postcranial elements preserved in a concretion |
An indeterminate ichthyosaur. It has an expanded basipterygoid process on the basisphenoid, only currently known in members of the Ophthalmosauridae |
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An indeterminate ichthyosaur. |
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An Icthyosaur, type member of Neoichthyosauria. Assigned to Ichthyosaurus sp., but also suggested affinities to "Leptopterygius" (= Temnodontosaurus ) platyodon.
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Sauropterygia
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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A marine plesiosaur, member of the family Plesiosauria inside Sauropterygia. Non assigned to a concrete genus, probably are related to the Plesiosaurian genera from the Posidonia Shale
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A marine plesiosaur, member of the family Plesiosauria inside Sauropterygia. Non assigned to a concrete genus, probably are related to the Plesiosaurian genera from the Posidonia Shale
|
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A plesiosaur, member of the family Plesiosauridae inside Plesiosauroidea. Related with the German Realm Fauna |
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A pliosauroid, member of the family Rhomaleosauridae inside Pliosauroidea. |
Crocodyliformes
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
Cervical vertebra |
A Crocodrilian, member of Mesoeucrocodylia. This cervical vertebra has resemblances with terrestrial suchians, such as Dianchungosaurus, but also cervicals of Sichuanosuchus. Is considered to come from an osteologically immature individual. |
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A Crocodrylomorph, member of the family Thalattosuchia inside Neosuchia. Distinctive of the marine teleosaurid genus Macrospondylus. |
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Partial rostrum with teeth |
A marine Crocodrylomorph, member of the family Teleosauridae inside Teleosauroidea. The tooth morphology and the internal rostral anatomy indicate that it can be positively referred to a longistrine thalattosuchian crocodyliform. The size of PLM uncatalogued, as compared to the corresponding portions of the rostra of other Toarcian thalattosuchians, is indicative of a juvenile individual, with expected around 200–250 mm long skull and the entire animal about 1.50 m.[98] |
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Incomplete skull and associated osteoderm |
A marine Crocodrylomorph, member of the family Machimosauridae inside Teleosauroidea. A marine crocodylomorph with a diet probably based on fish. It was identified as Steneosaurus. Although highly incomplete, the preserved maximum antorbital width of about 50 mm demonstrates that GG 422/6 can be clearly referred to an immature individual. |
Dinosauria
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Megalosauridae Indeterminate |
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Dorsal Vertebrae |
A Saurischian, member of the family Megalosauridae inside Tetanurae. Was referred to Megalosaurus. The affinities of the Specimen aren't clear due to its fragmentary nature. Has been classified as Saurischia indeterminate, although shows clearly characters of the Orionides group (concave articular surfaces and a dished lateral pleurocoel, remnants of the neural arch and postzygapophyses).[99] The vertebrae centrum measures 80 mm, implying a medium-sized theropod (~5 m long). Can be related with Yunyangosaurus. |
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Gravisauria Indeterminate |
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A Saurischian, member of the clade Gravisauria inside Sauropoda. The specimen is believed to be a juvenile, based on the ossification and unfused spine. Has affinities with the genus Tazoudasaurus and it is clearly distinctive form the also Toarcian Ohmdenosaurus, who is thought to be more basal. The pelvic girdle elements can be clearly placed among the Sauropoda, on account of the presence of an elongated and strongly dorsally expanded iliac preacetabular process a possible relative. The ischia GG411/3-4 resemble those of Tazoudasaurus in exhibiting a subtriangular iliac peduncle which create a short anteriorly directed expansion to reach the medial acetabular rim, and are slightly less developed than the Genus Barapasaurus. |
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GG 504, osteoderm |
An Ornithischian, basal member of Thyreophora inside Genasauria. Interpreted as representing a lateral osteoderm of the neck or shoulder region of an early diverging thyreophoran |
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Right side of the skull, the right lower jaw, caudal vertebrae, neural arches, a radius, a metatarsal, a claw, fragments of ribs, scutes and plates.[103] |
An Ornithischian, basal member of Thyreophora inside Genasauria. Its juvenile status makes controversial its phylogeny, being considered a relative of the also Early Jurassic Genus Scelidosaurus.[103] The compacted pile of disarticulated cranial and postcranial elements of the basal thyreophoran Emausaurus has been suspected to be a Speiballen (i.e., a compacted mass of indigestible stomach contents) regurgitated by a large marine reptile.[103] |
Plantae
Coals
The Łęka Coal Basin has been known since 1800 for its abundant deposits; younger material has been suggested as redeposited from the Paleozoic, but the basin primarily yields a series of Pliensbachian-Toarcian coals. In the Early Jurassic the
The coals are generally dominated by vitrinite macerals, except for a high percentage of inertinite. This indicates wildfires or peat fires, confirmed by charcoal fragments.[104] Sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, common in conifers, angiosperms and bryophytes, were also recovered from the coal.[105] Vitrinite has a reflectance value of 0.49-0.56 %Ro. The cupressaceae and podocarpaceae families are considered the main peat-forming plant species, due to the presence of phenolic abietanes and dehydroabietic acids.[104] Lignite indicates significant benzohopane derivatives in the surrounding sandstones, probable differences in biodegradation, and a typically low coalification range.[106] Later, larger studies note the influence of fires on the region.[107]
The Kaszewy coals, found in an approximately 150-metre (490 ft) section of terrestrial and marine siliciclastic sediments in the Kaszewy-1 and Niekłan PIG-1 boreholes, are the Ciechocinek Formation's major coals.[107] This section was in a nearshore-deltaic setting, with increased terrestrial and marine organic matter reflecting increased weathering and transport of terrestrial matter.[107] Abundant fossil charcoal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been found. The number of coarse fossil charcoal particles (larger than 125 micrometers) in the Pliensbachian-Toarcian sections of the Kaszewy-1 core is very low (0-15 particles/10 g sediment), and fine charcoal particles (<125 μm) are more abundant (~12,000–256,000 particles/10 g sediment); there are also more non-charcoal particles.[107] There are more fine charcoal particles at the beginning of the Toarcian, reflecting environmental changes. In the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the pyrolytics (benz-anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, phenanthrene and pyrene) were detected in a wide variety of samples; phenanthrene is the most abundant component and coronene the least, suggesting the burning of organic matter.[107] Petrogenics are more abundant on the coal samples than pyrolytics, suggesting low wildfire activity.[107] Although the Kaszewy-1 borehole did not indicate increased wildfire activity, the fine fossil-charcoal abundance and pyrolytic concentration indicate regional wildfires.[107] Pyrolytics indicating the increased wildfire activity match the beginning of the Toarcian anoxic event, with intervals of fewer wildfires.[107] Wildfire changes match the Lower Toarcian negative carbon-isotopes emissions measured on the, which probably promoted a rise in atmospheric oxygen. Some questions remain; the climate was warmer and wetter (which can suppress wildfire activity), and wildfires persisted in the Kazewy-1 borehole wildfire activity was successfully sustained.[107] Wildfires may have subsided due to a lack of suitable fuel.[107]
Biomass
Beyond proper palynogy, biomass associated has been recovered, specially on the Brody-Lubenia borehole, with abundance of C29 diasterenes (>70%), that proves a great contribution of land plants and thus terrestrial deposits nearby.
Resins
Type | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Fossil Resin[104] |
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The local Resins containing sesqui-and diterpenoids that are produced by species of all contemporary conifer families, and in especially large amounts by Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, and Araucariaceae. The linked occurrence of inertinite, charcoal fragments, etc. show local Pliensbachian/Toarcian wildfires and/or peat fires.[104] |
Megaspores
Polish Lower Toarcian palynology is assigned to the Paxillitriletes phyllicus (Ph) level (Isoetales), due to the abundance of this genus.[109] The lower part of the Toarcian level has numerous occurrences of this species, sometimes before the genera Erlansonisporites sparassis (Selaginella-like) and Minerisporites volucris (Isoetaceae) in the Gorzów Wlkp. IG 1 borehole.[109] The upper part contains less of the genus.[109] The most common species found on Poland in this era include Erlansonisporites sparassis, E. excavatus, Minerisporites volucris and Biharisporites scaber (Lycopodiopsida); Aneuletes potera and Trileites murrayi (both Selaginella) are found on the upper levels.[109] The Toarcian disturbance of the carbon cycle recorded on the Ciechocinek Formation, coincides roughly with the appearance of Paxillitriletes phyllicus. The type of dominant palynomorphs recovered changed from pollen grains during the Upper Pliensbachian to megaspores, indicating a climatic change from moderate and relatively dry to warm and humid in the early Toarcian.[109] This shift in local climate correlates with a global maritime transgression in which volcanism in the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous provinces raised the global temperature and disrupted the carbon cycle, creating a major greenhouse effect.[109] The prevalence of megaspore Paxillitriletes phyllicus correlate with warmth and humidity; the flora, dominated by the family Isoetaceae, requires standing water to reproduce.[109] The megaespore Paxillitriletes phyllicus then drops significantly, indicating a return to a more moderate climate during sedimentation of the younger Borucice Formation.[109]
Bryophyta
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Affinities with Sphagnopsida inside Sphagnales. Spores nearly identical to that one found associated with the modern moss genus Sphagnum. Moss related to high humid environments. |
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Affinities with Anthocerotaceae (specially Phaeoceros, Megaceros) inside Bryophyta. Moss spores from humid settings |
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Affinities with Anthocerotaceae inside Bryophyta. Moss spores from humid settings |
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Lycophyta
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida, but also Lepidodendraceae. Reworked from Carboniferous layers |
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Affinities with the Lycopsida. Valvisisporites and Endosporites formed a sig- nificant component of the sporae dispersae flora in Upper Carboniferous and Pennsylvanian coals of the Northern Hemisphere
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Affinities with Lycophyta . Rworked from Carboniferous layers. Arboreal Lycopites
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Affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida. Resemble spores of the modern genus Lycopodium. If it belongs to a similar genus, represent low herbaceous flora spores. |
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Affinities with the Lycophyta. Spores related to modern Isoetes, representing Small plants related to water bodies. Paxillitriletes comprises the main Megaspore zonation of the Toarcian of Poland, being the most abundant spore found on the Ciechocinek Formation, and the genus that marks the start of the strata. The Abundance of this genus along with Minerisporites institus points to very humid conditions during almost the entire T-OAE, upwards from CIE step 2 of the carbon isotope curves.
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Affinities with the Lycopsida . Herbaceous Lycophyte flora, similar to Ferns, ralated with Humid Settings. This Family of Spores are also the most diverse on the Formation.
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spores | |||
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Affinities with Lycophyta . The Plueromeiales were tall Lycophites (2 to 6 m) common on the Triassic. Probably come from a relict genus.
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Equisetidae
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Affinities with Equisetopsida. Reworked from Palaeozoic horsetails Asterocalamites and Stigmatocanna .
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Affinities with Equisetopsida . Found only on Poland.
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Filicopsida
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Incertae Sedis affinities with the Pteridophyta . Uncertain Pteridophyte origin
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Affinities with the Filicopsida . Reworked from primitive ferns found in Devonian and Carboniferous rocks of Europe
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Affinities with the Schizaeaceae inside Schizaeales. Represents large spores from herbaceous ferns, that are more abundant on the south of the Toarcian polish basin than on the north. |
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Affinities with the Anemiaceae inside Schizaeales .
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Affinities with the Filicopsida .
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Affinities with the Filicopsida .
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Spores |
Affinities with Pteridophyta . Floor Herbaceous ferns, probably from covered forest areas.
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Spores | ||
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Spores |
Affinities with the family Polypodiopsida . Near Fluvial currents ferns, reted to the modern Osmunda Regalis.
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Spores | |||
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Spores | |||
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Affinities with the Marsileaceae inside Salviniales. Represents spore from fully aquatic ferns, found associated with fluvial or deltaic deposits, where probably formed large underwater colonies. |
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Affinities with the Polypodiidae . Resemble the modern Gleichenia Spores, and probably represent a similar genus or a member of it. Fern related to large colonies, found mostly on humid environments.
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Affinities with the Polypodiidae . Resemble the modern Marattia spores, probably belonging to a similar genus, related with large sized herbaceous ferns of humid environments.
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Affinities with the Polypodiidae . The so-called comb-ferns, found forming large colonies on humid settings.
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Spores |
Affinities with Cyatheaceae inside Cyatheales. Cyathidites minor almost certainly belong to well known Mesozoic species Coniopteris hymenophylloides and to other fossil cyatheaceous or dicksoniaceous ferns such as Eboracia lobifolia and Dicksonia mariopteri. |
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Spores | |||
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Affinities with the genus Polypodiopsida . Tree fern spores
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Cycadeoidophyta
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Affinities with Bennettitinae the inside Bennettitales. Very abundant Pollen. |
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Affinities with the Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. |
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Affinities with Williamsoniaceae the inside Bennettitales. Very abundant Pollen. |
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Pollen |
Affinities with the family Cycadales. Is among the most abundant flora recovered on the upper section of the coeval Rya Formation, and was found to be similar to the pollen of the extant Encephalartos laevifolius.[120]
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Affinities with the family Cycadales. The structure of the exine of Clavatipollenites hughesii from Jurassic deposits is fundamentally different from that of Cretaceous grains referred to the same species, confirming observations made previously on the basis of analysis under the light microscope, and suggesting a possible derivation from cycadalean rather than angiospermous plants.[121]
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Gnetophyta
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Type Pollen of the Gnetales. Thick tectum, infratectum of small granules, indistinct or absent foot layer. Originally was thought to come from Angiosperms, latter reports suggest it come from arbustive Bennetites. It was recently found to come from Eucommiitheca, member of the enigmatic Erdtmanithecales, reinterpreted as an unusual gymnosperm grain with a single distal colpus flanked by two subsidiary lateral colps. Is very similar to the Pollen of the extant Ephedra and Welwitschia (mainly on the granular structure of the exine).[122]
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Gnetophyta
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Affinities with the family Karkeniaceae and Ginkgoaceae in Ginkgoales. Monosulcites was initially mistaken as Pollen coming from early Agiosperms, yet is likely from Ginkgoales |
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Pollen |
Coniferophyta
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Affinities with Coniferae . Primitive Conifer and possible relict taxon
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Affinities with Coniferae . Reworked from Permian layers
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Affinities with Coniferae . Primitive Conifer and possible relict taxon
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Affinities with the |
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Affinities with the Coniferae .
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Affinities with both Pinopsida. This Pollen resemblance with extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae can be an extinct lineage of sciadopityaceaous-like plants.[125]
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Affinities with the family Pinopsida . Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants
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Pollen | |||
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Pollen | |||
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Affinities with the Pinopsida . Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants
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Pollen | |||
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Affinities with the Coniferae . Is very abundant on hot and dry settings, found specially on the Brody-Lubienia Borehole.
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Affinities with the Coniferae. The Pollen from this genus is similar to the present on the modern Fitzroya and Calocedrus .
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Affinities with the Coniferae. Resemble the pollen from the modern genus Agathis .
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Pollen |
Fossil Wood
The Blanowice Coals fossil wood from Zawiercie area were already described in 1917 as “Blanowicer Keuperholz”, on the basis of specimens from the “Elka”, “Kamilla” and “Zygmunt” coal pits, claimed to be xylologically similar, yet no taxon was named and the collection was not preserved.[126] Based on recent revisions of the local flora, likely belong to Agathoxylon.
Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
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Affinities with Hirmeriellaceae or Araucariaceae inside Pinales .
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Megaflora
The Lublin upland fluvial sandstones contain diverse fossil flora, associated genera and species with Lower Jurassic sediments. Carboniferous flora, similar to that of Jurassic formations, appeared in boreholes near the planned Bogdanka Coal Mine.[128] The age of the plant material was not determined until 2020, when it was identified as Lower Toarcian (with some Late Pliensbachian strata).[108] The Brody-Lubienia borehole is abundant in terrestrial palynomorphs and aquatic biomass.[108] The sediments from Brody-Lubienia have a more-terrestrial character, indicated by the frequent occurrence of plant roots and paleosol horizons;[108] moisture was probably fresh (not saline) water.[108] The environment was probably dry, developing flora near freshwater inflow from the east.[108]
The Lublin lias is dominated by cycads and Bennetites Ginkgoales. Ferns occur sporadically in the bottom of the Toarcian, where deposits are filled with coal, mudstone, sandstone and clay siderite (reworked from the Carboniferous) and pebbles from Devonian limestones.[129] Similar boreholes and nearby deposits indicate the end of a river which transported Devonian-Carboniferous deposits from the northeast to the aquatic inland environment.[129] Vegetation grew primarily outside the sedimentation area, on shores and in shallow water.[130]
At Ahrensburg there are plant remains in all horizons: wood, plant chaff and, in the Eleganticeras layers, nutty fruits, Araucariaceous cones, conifer branches, horsetail, etc.[20]
Equisetopsida
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. Found in a layer associated with coniferous wood |
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Affinities with Equisetopsida . This genus is rather scarce compared with other coeval Equisetalean fossils
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Affinities with Equisetopsida . A common horsetail on the Liassic of Europe. .
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Pteridospermatophyta
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Pinnae |
Affinities with the Peltaspermales inside Pteridospermatophyta. Bipinnate leaves, rachis longitudinally striated, with a long petiole and secondary rachises inserted oppositely to suboppositely on the upper side of the primary rachis. This Leaves belong to large Aboreal Ferns related with dry environments. |
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Pinnae |
Affinities with the Umkomasiaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta. Is very similar to Rhaphidopteris , characterized by usually bi-tripinnate, coriaceous leaves with narrow segments. It belongs to Large (up to 25 m tall) arboreal Fern-like plants.
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Ovulate Structure |
Affinities with the Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales . Represents the Ovulate organs or large Tree ferns, and is related with the middle Jurassic flora of United Kingdom.
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Pinnae |
Affinities with the Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales . Sagenopteris is most likely the Pinnae of the Tree Fern that also contain Caytonia.
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Bennettitopsida
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Pinnae |
Affinities with the Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Anomozamites is characterised by slender, (almost) completely and regularly segmented leaves whose leaflets are generally as long as broad or, at maximum, two times as long as broad. This genus is related with more arboreal Bennetitalean flora. Shows coriaceous leaves and is a genus linked more with dry climates. |
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Pinnae |
Affinities with the Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. A more arbustive type of Bennetite, abundant on the Pliensbachian-Toarcian strata along Eurasia, related to rather dry climates. |
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Pinnae |
Affinities with the Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. This Bennetite has a leaf similar to Nilssonia, large, lanceolate in outline with coriaceous structure, like the modern angiosperm Philodendron. Is related with rather Dry-hot environments, with less Fern flora. |
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Pinnae |
Affinities with the Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. The most abundant plant macrofossil locally, and the most diverse found on the Lublin coals. It represents a Cycad Like plant with Coriaceous leaves. Is related by some botanists with the Bennetite branch that led to Angiosperms. |
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Bennettitalean cone scales |
Affinities with the Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. |
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Bennetite "Flower" |
Affinities with the Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. The Bennetite flowers are the main organ that links this relatives with the Cycas with modern Angiosperms. Probably the Pollen assigned to Angiosperms come from plants with this "Flowers". |
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Pinnae |
Affinities with the Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitopsida. Leaves from Arboreal Bennetites, similar to the modern Cyca Encephalartos woodii, with robust Trunks, built for Dry and hot climates. |
Ginkgoidae
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Leaves |
Affinities with the Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoidae. Linked to the Hettangian-Sinemurian flora from Greenland and Skane, but also with coeval flora from the Sorthat Formation. Is the main Tree flora recovered locally. |
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Cuticles |
Affinities with the Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoidae. Associated with relatively warmer and humid conditions. |
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Cuticles |
Affinities with the Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoidae. Associated with relatively warmer and humid conditions. |
Coniferophyta
Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
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Ovuliferous cones |
Affinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. The type Leave from the Cheirolepidaceae family (as Cheirolepis, the genus that give name to the family, is a junior synonym), appears to be linked with Hot climates, able to survive in dry, extreme conditions, and been fire tolerant. |
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Terminal leafy shoot fragments |
Affinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae or Araucariaceae inside Pinales. This species is only known from the Middle Jurassic of Wildtshire. |
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Affinities with Hirmeriellaceae inside Pinales .
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References
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