Poland–Russia relations
Poland |
Russia |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Embassy of Poland, Moscow | Embassy of Russia, Warsaw |
Poland–Russia relations (
History
Poland and Kievan Rus
One of the earliest known events in Rus'-Polish history dates back to 981, when the
In 966, Poland accepted Christianity from Rome while Kievan Rus'—the ancestor of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus—was Christianized by Constantinople. In 1054, the internal Christian divide formally split the Church into the Catholic and Orthodox branches separating the Poles from the Eastern Slavs.
In 1018, Svyatopolk the Cursed who fled from Kiev turned for help to the Polish king Bolesław I the Brave, who defeated Yaroslav the Wise in the Battle of the River Bug. The Kiev campaign of Boleslaw I was crowned with the capture of the city, but Boleslaw, instead of transferring power to Svyatopolk, began to rule in the city himself. In response, the people of Kiev raised an uprising, as a result of which they began to “beat the Poles”. Boleslaw fled with the treasury, and also took Yaroslav the Wise's sisters with him. The Cherven cities, were restored to Poland until conquered again by Yaroslav the Wise and his brother Mstislav the Brave in 1030–1031.
A similar story took place in 1069, when the Grand Duke
At the same time, Kievan Rus' and Poland also knew long periods of peaceful coexistence (for example, during the life of Vladimir after 981) and military alliances. Thus, the Polish king, Kazimierz I, concluded an alliance with Yaroslav the Wise in 1042, marrying the first to the sister of the Grand Duke Maria Dobroneg. In 1074, according to the chronicle, peace with Boleslaw II was signed in Suteisk by the Smolensk prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, and in 1076 he together with the Volyn prince Oleg Svyatoslavich came to the aid of the Poles in a military campaign against the Czechs. The Grand Prince of Kiev, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, made peace with the Polish king, Bolesław III Wrymouth, who in 1103 married the daughter of Svyatopolk Sbyslav; when in Poland a struggle broke out between Boleslaw III and his brother Zbigniew, the Rus' troops came to the aid of the king and forced Zbigniew to recognize his power.
Like the principalities that arose from the disintegration of Kievan Rus', Poland experienced several
Muscovy and Russian Empire
Relations between Poland and Muscovite Russia have been tense, as the increasingly desperate
With the failure of the
Soviet Union
Poland |
Soviet Union |
---|
Nationalist opposition to Russian rule of Poland persisted through the 19th century, and after the fall of the Romanov dynasty in the Russian Revolution the German Empire forced Vladimir Lenin's new Bolshevik regime to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk surrendering most of Russian Poland as a German client state.[8][9] Immediately after regaining independence in 1918 after the fall of Germany, Poland was faced with a war with the new Bolshevik Russia, with the Polish–Soviet War eventually ending up with a Polish victory at Warsaw, spoiling Lenin's plans of sending his Red Army west to start a worldwide Communist revolution.[2] However, Poland failed in its war aims to annex Soviet-occupied territories such as Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania, which were incorporated into the Soviet Union as Soviet Socialist Republics.[10]
For the next two decades, Poland was seen by the Soviet Union as an enemy and, along with
Eventually a secret
At the
Many Poles were killed (e.g. during the
Soviet control over the
Post-communism
Occasionally, relations will worsen due to remembrance of uneasy historical events and anniversaries, such as when Polish politicians bring up the issue of Russia apologizing for the
Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of
According to a 2013 BBC World Service poll, 19% of Poles view Russia's influence positively while 49% express a negative view.[33]
After 2017, most of the
2008 Russo-Georgian war
During the
2010 plane crash
2011 dialog centers
Creation of parallel Polish and Russian dialogue centres was decided during President
Russia has created parallel foundation called The Russian-Polish Center for Dialogue and Understanding,[42] which does not fully cooperate with the Polish Centre. Its director, Juri Bondarenko, presents controversial opinions about Russian-Polish relations.[43] The Foundation has organised a trip for Polish students to Russian-annexed Crimea,[44] being aware the visit breaks Polish law.[45]
2014 airliner shootdown
Following the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over the separatist Donetsk People's Republic in eastern Ukraine July 2014, the Polish government on 24 July cancelled the "Polish Year in Russia" and "Russian Year in Poland" that were planned for 2015.[46][47]
Aftermath of the Russian annexation of Crimea
Poland has repeatedly requested the additional permanent deployment of
However, since the Russian annexation of Crimea, over 60–80% of Poles are worried about the possibility of a future conflict with Russia, given the fact that Russia maintains control of the Kaliningrad Oblast, directly bordering Poland.[50]
Historical revisionism
Both Poland and Russia had accused each other for their historical revisionism. Russia has repeatedly accused Poland for not honoring Soviet Red Army soldiers fallen in World War II for Poland, notably in 2017, in which Poland was thought on "attempting to impose its own version of history" after Moscow was not allowed to join an international effort to renovate a World War II museum at Sobibór, site of the notorious Sobibor extermination camp.[51] Meanwhile, Poland also accuses Russia for its unlimited historical distortion, notably back to 2014 when Putin signed a bill using any comparison of Nazi to Soviet war crimes as a punishment,[clarification needed] as the Poles were also treated brutally by the Soviets; although Russia's historical revisionism might have influenced Poland's Andrzej Duda over its Nazi war crime laws;[52] and Poland also has concerned that Russia's political and historical revisionism might put Poland at risk.[53]
Poland–Russia gas disputes
As part of Poland's plans to become fully
Russian invasion of Ukraine
In the lead-up to the
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Poland, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "
After the Russian invasion began on 24 February, Morawiecki tweeted, "We must immediately respond to Russia's criminal aggression on Ukraine Europe and the free world has to stop Putin."[64]
On 26 February, the Polish Football Association announced that it would not participate in a planned 24 March 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against the Russia in Moscow.[65] Poland joined other countries in spring 2022 in declaring a number of Russian diplomats persona non grata.
On 9 May, during
A survey from June 22 noted that only 2% of Poles hold a favourable view of Russia, while 97% have an unfavourable opinion, which was the most negative views of Russia among all countries included in that international survey. The 2% view was a stark decrease from previous polls, which for the past two decades had about 20–40% of Poles expressing a favourable view of Russia.[1]
In September 2022,
In October 2022, the Senate of Poland recognized Russia as a terrorist state.[69]
On November 2, 2022, Poland's Minister of National Defence Mariusz Błaszczak announced the construction of a barrier along the border with the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, as Poland believes that Russia will use the border to illegally transport African and Asian immigrants to Europe.[70][71][72][73]
Russia had failed to pay rent on a building in Warsaw and failed to vacate a building, despite a 2016 court order. After Poland took possession of these buildings Russia announced it would close the Polish consulate in Smolensk in July 2023.[74]
Russian intelligence and influence operations in Poland
The 1997 textbook Foundations of Geopolitics by a controversial Russian sociologist and philosopher Aleksandr Dugin, among other things, dwells upon the Eurasianism, and within Dugin's plans, Poland (as well as Latvia and Lithuania) would have a "special status" within the Eurasian-Russian sphere of influence.[75] In 1996, Poland's Prime Minister Józef Oleksy resigned because of his links to Russian Foreign Intelligence Service agent Vladimir Alganov.[76] In 2004 Polish intelligence recorded Vladimir Alganov talking about bribery of top Polish politicians.[77][78]
In 2023 May, Poland's Parliament voted for a law that will establish a commission to investigate alleged Russian influence during the period from 2007 to 2022.[79][80][81][82][83][84]
Russian military exercises have practiced attacks against Poland.
Trade
In 2021 Poland exported $8.83 billion worth of goods to Russia, the top product being computers. Russia exports to Poland were $12.7 billion with crude oil being the main product. Between 1995 and 2021 Polish exports rose by an average of 7.84% p.a. with Russian exports rising by an average of 7.92%[86]
EU sanctions and decisions taken by Russia and Poland, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, means that imports of oil and gas from Russia have fallen, affecting the balance of trade between the two nations.[87]
Resident diplomatic missions
- Poland has an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in Irkutsk, Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg[88] and used to have a consulate in the city of Smolensk.
- Russia has an embassy in Warsaw and consulates-general in Gdańsk, Kraków and Poznań.[89]
-
Embassy of Poland in Moscow
-
Consulate-General of Poland in Irkutsk
-
Consulate-General of Poland in Kaliningrad
-
Consulate-General of Poland in Saint Petersburg
-
Embassy of Russia in Warsaw
-
Consulate-General of Russia in Gdańsk
-
Consulate-General of Russia in Kraków
-
Consulate-General of Russia in Poznań
See also
- Poland–Soviet Union relations
- List of Ambassadors of Poland to Russia
- List of Ambassadors of Russia to Poland
- Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
- Anti-Katyń
- Augustów roundup
- Russification
- Russophobia
- Polonophobia
- Polish–Russian Wars
- Poland–Russia border
- Russia–EU relations
- Russians in Poland
- Poles in Russia
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Further reading
- Babiracki, Patryk. Soviet Soft Power in Poland: Culture and the Making of Stalin's New Empire, 1943-1957 (UNC Press Books, 2015).
- Brown, Heather. "Post-Communist Poland and the European Union: Energy Policy and Relations with Russia." The Polish Review 61.3 (2016): 85-98.
- Cienciala, A. M. (1999). Detective Work: Researching Soviet World War II Policy on Poland in Russian Archives (Moscow, 1994). Cahiers Du Monde Russe, 40(1/2), 251–269.
- Cieslak, Edmund. "Aspects of Baltic Sea-borne Trade in the XVIIIth Century: the Trade Relations between Sweden, Poland, Russia and Prussia." Journal of European Economic History 12.2 (1983): 239.
- Dąbrowski, Stanisław. "The Peace Treaty of Riga." The Polish Review (1960) 5#1: 3-34. Online
- Dabrowski, Patrice M. "Russian–Polish Relations Revisited, or The ABC's of 'Treason' under Tsarist Rule", Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History – Volume 4, Number 1, Winter 2003, pp. 177–199 muse
- Eberhardt, Adam. "Relations between Poland and Russia." Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy vol 1 (2007): 128-139.
- Fenny, Lucinda. The representation of the Second World War in Polish cinema 1945-1970: directors, the state and the construction of memor ( Diss. University of Oxford, 2020) online.
- Goldman, Minton F., "Polish–Russian relations and the 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections", East European Quarterly, vol 22 (December 2006)
- Gross, Jan T. Revolution from abroad: the Soviet conquest of Poland's western Ukraine and western Belorussia (Princeton University Press, 2002).
- Halecki, Oscar. "Polish–Russian Relations: Past and Present", The Review of Politics, Vol. 5, No. 3 (July 1943), pp. 322–338, JSTOR
- Harding, Luke, The Guardian. 1 September 2009 Fury as Russia presents 'evidence' Poland sided with Nazis before war
- Klatt, Malgorzata. "Poland and its Eastern neighbours: Foreign policy principles." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7.1 (2011): 61–76. online
- Korbel, Josef. Poland Between East and West: Soviet and German Diplomacy Toward Poland, 1919-1933 (Princeton University Press, 2015).
- Kuźniar, R. ed. Poland's Security Policy 1989-2000 (Warsaw: Scholar Publishing House, 2001).
- Lewitter, Lucjan Ryszard. "I. Russia, Poland and the Baltic, 1697–1721." Historical Journal 11.1 (1968): 3-34.
- Library of Congress, On Polish–Soviet relations in the early 1990s
- Litauer, Stefan. "The Rôle of Poland between Germany and Russia." International Affairs (1935): 654-673. online
- Małowist, Marian. "Poland, Russia and Western trade in the 15th and 16th centuries." Past & Present 13 (1958): 26-41.
- Mastny, Vojtech. "The Soviet Non-invasion of Poland in 1980-1981 and the End of the Cold War." Europe-Asia Studies 1999 51(2): 189-211. online
- Materski, Wojciech. "The Second Polish Republic in Soviet Foreign Policy (1918-1939)." Polish Review 45.3 (2000): 331–345. online
- Ochman, Ewa. "Soviet war memorials and the re-construction of national and local identities in post-communist Poland." Nationalities Papers 38.4 (2010): 509-530. online
- Ochmann, Cornelius, Alexey Ignatiev, Petr Shopin, "Polish–Russian Relations", Koszalin Institute of Comparative European Studies, working paper
- Ouimet, Matthew J. "National Interest and the Question of Soviet Intervention in Poland, 1980-1981: Interpreting the Collapse of the 'Brezhnev Doctrine.'" Slavonic and East European Review 2000 78(4): 710-734. ISSN 0037-6795.
- Sanford, George. Katyn and the Soviet massacre of 1940: truth, justice and memory (Routledge, 2007).
- Sofia, Sukhinina. "Historical memory as a factor in the modern Poland–Germany and Russia–Poland relations: A comparative analysis." (2017). online
- Soroka, George. "Recalling Katyń: Poland, Russia, and the Interstate Politics of History." East European Politics and Societies 36.01 (2022): 328-355.
- STANISŁAWSKA, STEFANIA. "Soviet Policy Toward Poland 1926-1939." The Polish Review (1975): 30-39. online
- Sword, Keith. "British reactions to the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland in September 1939." Slavonic and East European Review 69.1 (1991): 81-101. online
- Terry, Sarah Meiklejohn, ed. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe (Yale University Press, 1984) link
- Turkowski, Andrzej. "A Return to Prometheanism: The Space of Opinion on Polish–Russian Relations in Postcommunist Poland." Europe-Asia Studies (2022): 1-25.
- Wandycz, Piotr S. "Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921." in Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921 (Harvard University Press, 2013). Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921
- Zembrzuska, Agnieszka. "» The Socialist Model of Woman in Poland and its Soviet Prototype.«." Topics in feminism, History and Philosophy (2000) online.
- Zięba, Ryszard. Poland's Foreign and Security Policy Springer, 2020) online
- Zięba, Ryszard. "Russia as the Main Problem in Polish Foreign and Security Policy." Poland’s Foreign and Security Policy (Springer, Cham, 2020). 55-93.
- Zyzniewski, Stanley J. "The Soviet Economic Impact on Poland." American Slavic and East European Review 18.2 (1959): 205-225.
External links
- Lubecki, J. "In the Shadow of the Bear: Polish–Russian Relations 1999–2005" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois. 8 May 2008 allacademic