Aleksandr Dugin
Aleksandr Dugin Александр Дугин | |
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Born | Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin 7 January 1962 |
Education | Moscow Aviation Institute (no degree) |
Spouses |
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Children | 2, including Neo-Eurasianism
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Institutions | Moscow State University (2008–2014) |
Main interests | Sociology, Neo-Eurasianism |
Aleksandr
Born into a military intelligence family, Dugin was an
Dugin served as an advisor to Gennadiy Seleznyov,[12] and later Sergey Naryshkin,[13] when they served as Chairman of the State Duma. He was the head of the Department of Sociology of International Relations at Moscow State University from 2009 to 2014, losing the position due to backlash over comments regarding the 2014 Odesa clashes.[14][15] Dugin also briefly served as chief editor of the pro-Kremlin Christian Orthodox channel Tsargrad TV when it launched in 2015.[16] In 2019, Dugin was appointed as a senior fellow at Fudan University in China.
His influence on the Russian government and on president
Early life and education
Dugin was born in Moscow, into the family of a colonel-general in the
In 1979, Aleksandr entered the Moscow Aviation Institute. He was expelled without a degree either because of low academic achievement, dissident activities or both.[24] Afterwards, he began working as a street cleaner. He used a forged reader's card to access the Lenin Library and continue studying. However, other sources claim he instead started working in a KGB archive, where he had access to banned literature on Masonry, fascism, and paganism.[25]
In 1980, Dugin joined the "
Studying by himself, he learned to speak Italian, German, French, English,
Career and political views
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Early activism
In the 1980s, Dugin was a dissident
Publishing career
Dugin published
Dugin soon began publishing his own journal entitled Elementy, which initially began by praising Franco-Belgian Jean-François Thiriart, belatedly a supporter of a "Euro-Soviet empire which would stretch from Dublin to Vladivostok and would also need to expand to the south, since it require(s) a port on the Indian Ocean."[43] Consistently glorifying both Tsarist and Stalinist Soviet Russia, Elementy also indicated his admiration for Julius Evola. Dugin also collaborated with the weekly journal Den (The Day), previously directed by Alexander Prokhanov.[38] In the journal he obtained the last interview of the Belgian Nazi collaborator Leon Degrelle six months before his death.[44]
Ideology
Dugin disapproves of liberalism and the West, particularly
According to political scientist
Dugin adapts
In 2019, Dugin engaged in a debate with French intellectual Bernard-Henri Lévy on the theme of what has been called "the crisis of capitalism" and the insurrection of nationalist populisms.[50]
Eurasianism, and views on geopolitics
Dugin has theorized the foundation of a "Euro-Asian empire" capable of fighting the US-led Western world.
In the early 1990s, Dugin's work at the
Dugin spent two years studying the geopolitical, semiotic and esoteric theories of the controversial Dutch thinker Herman Wirth (1885–1981), one of the founders of the German Ahnenerbe. This resulted in the book Hyperborean Theory (1993), in which Dugin largely endorsed Wirth's ideas as a possible foundation for his Eurasianism.[60] Apparently, this is "one of the most extensive summaries and treatments of Wirth in any language".[61] According to the Moldovan anthropologist Leonid Mosionjnik, Wirth's overtly wild ideas fitted perfectly well in the ideological void after the demise of communism, liberalism and democracy.[62] Dugin also promoted Wirth's claim to have written a book on the history of the Jewish People and the Old Testament, the so-called Palestinabuch, which could have changed the world had it not been stolen.[63]
At the end of the Second Chechen War, Dugin was apparently requested by the Chechen side to come and negotiate, in addition he has met with the former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, and the ambassadors of Iran and Syria.[64]
Dugin's ideas, particularly those on "a
In principle, Eurasia and our space, the heartland Russia, remain the staging area of a new anti-bourgeois,
The Basics of Geopolitics(1997)
The reborn Russia, according to Dugin's concept, is said by Charles Clover of the
The Kremlin invited Dugin to speak at its Anti-Orange Rally in Moscow in February 2012. There, Dugin addressed tens of thousands with this message:[69]
Dear Russian people! The global American empire strives to bring all countries of the world together under its control. They intervene where they want, asking no one's permission. They come in through the fifth column, which they think will allow them to take over natural resources and rule over countries, people, and continents. They have invaded Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya. Syria and Iran are on the agenda. But their goal is Russia. We are the last obstacle on their way to building a global evil empire. Their agents at Bolotnaya Square and within the government are doing everything to weaken Russia and allow them to bring us under total external control. To resist this most serious threat, we must be united and mobilized! We must remember that we are Russian! That for thousands of years we protected our freedom and independence. We have spilled seas of blood, our own and other people's, to make Russia great. And Russia will be great! Otherwise it will not exist at all. Russia is everything! All else is nothing![69]
Russian Orthodoxy and Rodnovery
Dugin was
Dugin's Eurasianism is often cited as belonging to the same spectrum of these movements,[72] as well as also having influences from Hermetic, Gnostic and Eastern traditions.[73] He calls to rely upon "Eastern theology and mystical currents" for the development of the Fourth Political Theory.[74]
According to
Other views
Dugin wrote a 1997 essay in which he described Soviet-era serial killer Andrei Chikatilo as a mystic and "a practitioner of Dionysian “sacraments" in which the killer/torturer and the victim transcend their "metaphysical dualism" and become one".[75]
Political parties
National Bolshevik Party
In 1992, Eduard Limonov founded the National Bolshevik Front (NBF) as an amalgamation of six minor groups.[76] Aleksandr Dugin was among its earliest members and was instrumental in convincing Limonov to enter politics, and signed the declaration of the founding of the party in 1993.[77] The party first attracted attention in 1992 when two members were arrested for possessing grenades. The incident gave the NBP publicity for a boycott campaign they were organizing against Western goods.[78]
The NBF joined forces with the
Eurasia Party
The Eurasia Party, which advances neo-Eurasianist ideas, was launched in April 2001. Dugin was reported as the group's founder. He said the movement would stress cultural diversity in Russian politics, and oppose "American style globalisation, and would also resist a return to communism and nationalism." It was officially recognized by the Ministry of Justice on 31 May 2001.[38] The Eurasia Party claims support in some military circles and by leaders of the Orthodox Christian faith in Russia. The party hopes to play a key role in attempts to resolve the Chechen problem, setting the stage for Dugin's objective of a Russian strategic alliance with European and Middle Eastern states, primarily Iran.
In 2005, Dugin founded the
Stance on Ukraine and role in Russian politics
"It is impossible to do without the mobilization of the Russian people, without explaining to them its historical mission, without awakening its deepest beginning, without these words “brothers and sisters”. Get up,
Ukrainian Nazism. We were created for this mission. That's what is needed now - a call is needed."
— Dugin demanding a full-scale Russian societal mobilization in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, March 2022[83]
Dugin supports
In
During the
On 31 March 2014, Oleg Bahtiyarov, a member of the Eurasia Youth Union of Russia founded by Dugin, was arrested.[82] He had trained a group of about 200 people to seize parliament and another government building, according to the Security Service of Ukraine.[82]
Dugin stated he was disappointed in President Putin, saying that Putin did not aid the pro-Russian insurgents in Ukraine after the
Halya Coynash of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group said that the influence of Dugin's "Eurasian ideology" on events in eastern Ukraine and on Russia's invasion of the Crimea was beyond any doubt.[91] According to Vincent Jauvert, Dugin's radical ideology became the basis for the internal and foreign policy of the Russian authorities.[92] "So Dugin is worth listening to, in order to understand to which fate the Kremlin is leading its country and the whole of Europe."[92]
Ukraine gave Dugin a five-year entry ban, starting in June 2006,[93] and Kyiv declared him a persona non grata in 2007.[94] His Eurasian Youth Union was banned in Ukraine.[93] In 2007, the Security Service of Ukraine identified persons of the Eurasian Youth Union who committed vandalism on Hoverla in 2007: they climbed up the mountain of Hoverla, imitated sawing down the details of the construction in the form of the small coat of arms of Ukraine by tools brought with them and painted the emblem of the Eurasian Youth Union on the memorial symbol of the Constitution of Ukraine.[93] He was deported back to Russia when he arrived at Simferopol International Airport in June 2007.[95]
Before
On 10 October 2014, Dugin said, "Only after restoring the Greater Russia that is the
Dugin said Russia is the major driving force for the current events in Ukraine: "Russia insists on its sovereignty, its liberty, responds to challenges thrown down to it, for example, in Ukraine. Russia is attempting to integrate the post-Soviet space."[99] As Israeli political scientist Vyacheslav Likhachov states, "If one seriously takes the fact that such a person as Alexander Dugin is the ideologist of the imperial dash for the West, then one can establish that Russia is not going to stop as far as the Atlantic Ocean."[101]
In the 2014 article by
On 16 July 2014, Novaya Gazeta provided a videotape of its correspondent Eugen Feldman walking along the main square in Sloviansk, asking local old women if they had heard of the murder of the child. They said such an event did not take place.[103] The website Change.org hosted a petition of citizens who demanded "a comprehensive investigation with identification for all persons involved in the fabrication of the plot."[103]
On 2 October 2014, Dugin described the situation in Donbas: "The
Influence on Putin
Dugin's influence on the Russian government and on president Vladimir Putin is disputed.[6] He has no official ties to the Kremlin,[16] but is often referred to in the media as "Putin's brain",[17] and as being responsible for shaping Russian foreign policy.[106][107][108][109] Others contend that Dugin's influence is limited and has been greatly exaggerated,[19][18][9] on the basis that the correlations between his views and Russian foreign policy do not imply causation.[20]
In 2016, international relations professor Peter Rutland wrote a review of a book by Charles Clover, the
In November 2022, the Latvia-based newspaper Meduza reported that, according to sources close to the Kremlin, Dugin's influence on Putin had grown after the killing of his daughter Daria Dugina. According to Meduza's interlocutors, the Western media had often exaggerated Dugin's political influence in the past, but after the murder of Dugina, Putin had allegedly started to take a serious interest in his ideas and to use one of his favourite terms ("Anglo-Saxon") in a public speech.[112]
Dugin openly criticized Putin for failing to defend "Russian cities" such as Kherson, which was liberated from Russian control on 11 November 2022.[113][114]
Relationships with radical groups in other countries
Dugin made contact with the French far-right thinker
According to the book War for Eternity by
Fifth column
The typical rhetoric about the
He sees the United States standing behind all the scenes, including the Russian fifth column. According to his statement, "The danger of our fifth column is not that they are strong, they are absolutely paltry, but that they are hired by the greatest 'godfather' of the modern world—by the United States. That is why they are effective, they work, they are listened to, they get away with anything because they have the world power standing behind them."[123][124] He sees the US embassy as the center for funding and guiding the fifth column and asserts, "We know that the fifth column receives money and instructions from the American embassy."[104]
According to Dugin, the fifth column promoted the
Dugin proposes to deprive the fifth column of Russian citizenship and deport the group from Russia: "I believe it is necessary to deport the fifth column and deprive them of their citizenship."[127] However, in 2007, Dugin argued, "There are no longer opponents of Putin's policy, and if there are, they are mentally ill and should be sent to prophylactic health examination."[128][129] In 2014, Dugin in an interview to Der Spiegel confirmed that he considers the opponents of Putin to be mentally ill.[36]
In one of his publications, Dugin introduced the term the sixth column and defined it as "the fifth column which just pretends to be something different",
Russian-American artist
According to Dugin, the whole Internet should be banned: "I think that Internet as such, as a phenomenon is worth prohibiting because it gives nobody anything good."[131] In June 2012, Dugin said in a lecture that chemistry and physics are demonic sciences, and that all Orthodox Russians need to unite around the president of Russia in the last battle between good and evil, following the example of Iran and North Korea.[132] He added: "If we want to liberate ourselves from the West, it is needed to liberate ourselves from textbooks on physics and chemistry."[132]
Dugin has characterized his position on the Ukrainian conflict as "firm opposition to the Junta and Ukrainian Nazism that are annihilating peaceful civilians" as well as rejection of liberalism and US hegemony.[89]
Loss of departmental headship
In 2008 Dugin established a Center for Conservative Studies at the Moscow State University. The Center focused on counter-Enlightenment and conservative ideas of authors such as Guénon, Evola, Schmitt and Heidegger, and on their application to Russian politics.[24] In 2014 Dugin lost that academic position due to the controversy following an interview where he commented on the death of 42 anti-Maidan activists in Odesa saying "But what we see on May 2nd is beyond any limits. Kill them, kill them, kill them. There should not be any more conversations. As a professor, I consider it so". Media outlets interpreted this as a call to kill Ukrainians.[88][133][134] A petition entitled "We demand the dismissal of MSU Faculty of Sociology Professor A. G. Dugin!" was signed by over 10,000 people and sent to the MSU rector Viktor Sadovnichiy.[135][133]
Dugin claimed to have been fired from this post. The university claimed the offer of the position of the department head resulted from a technical error and was therefore cancelled, and that he would remain a professor and deputy department head under contract until September 2014.[88] Dugin wrote the statement of resignation from the faculty staff to be reappointed to the Moscow State University staff due to the offered position of department head, but since the appointment was cancelled he was no longer a staff member of the faculty nor a staff member of the Moscow State University (the two staff memberships are formally different at the MSU).[14]
Chief editorship of Tsargrad TV
Dugin was named chief editor of Tsargrad TV by businessman Konstantin Malofeev soon after the TV station's founding in 2015.[136]
Cooperation with Fudan University
After the loss of leadership in Russia, Zhang Weiwei, director of the China Institute of Fudan University, invited Dugin for lectures, which caused a shift in Dugin's attitude towards China. Originally advocating "territorial disintegration, division, and political and administrative partition" of China, Dugin has since supported China's "Tianxia" and believes that a Russian-Chinese alliance would help counter Atlanticism. Dugin has been appointed as a senior fellow at Fudan University, and Chinese public opinion considers Dugin to be the most important thinker around Putin.[137][138]
Personal life
Dugin's first wife was
Sanctions
On 11 March 2015, the
On 3 March 2022, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned the outlet
In January 2023, both Japan and Ukraine imposed sanctions on Dugin for promoting Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[146][147]
Bibliography
Several of Dugin's books have been published by the publishing house Arktos Media, an English-language publisher for Traditionalist and New Right books.[148][149]
- The Great Awakening vs the Great Reset, Arktos (2021)
- Political Platonism, Arktos (2019)
- Ethnos and Society, Arktos (2018)
- Konflikte der Zukunft – Die Rückkehr der Geopolitik, Bonus (2015)
- Noomahia: voiny uma. Tri Logosa: Apollon, Dionis, Kibela, Akademicheskii proekt (2014)
- Yetnosociologiya, Akademicheskii proekt (2014)
- Ethnosociology, Arktos (2019)
- Martin Hajdegger: filosofija drugogo Nachala, Akademicheskii proekt (2013)
- Martin Heidegger: The Philosophy of Another Beginning, Washington Summit (2014)
- V poiskah tiomnogo Logosa, Akademicheskii proekt (2013)
- Geopolitika Rossii, Gaudeamus (2012)
- Last War of the World-Island: The Geopolitics of Contemporary Russia, Arktos (2015)
- Putin protiv Putina, Yauza (2012)
- Putin vs Putin, Arktos (2014)
- The United States and the New World Order (debate with Olavo de Carvalho), VIDE Editorial (2012)
- Chetvertaya Politicheskaya Teoriya, Amfora (2009)
- The Fourth Political Theory, Arktos (2012)
- Die Vierte Politische Theorie, Arktos (2013)
- The Rise of the Fourth Political Theory, Arktos (2017)
- Evrazijskaja missija, Eurasia (2005)
- Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism, Arktos (2014)
- Pop-kultura i znaki vremeni, Amphora (2005)
- Filosofiya voiny, Yauza (2004)
- Absoliutnaia rodina, Arktogeia-tsentr (1999)
- Tampliery proletariata: natsional-bol'shevizm i initsiatsiia, Arktogeia (1997)
- Osnovy geopolitiki: geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii, Arktogeia (1997) (The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia)
- Metafizika blagoi vesti: Pravoslavnyi ezoterizm, Arktogeia (1996)
- Misterii Evrazii, Arktogeia (1996)
- Konservativnaia revoliutsiia, Arktogeia (1994)
- Konspirologiya(1993)
See also
- All-Russian nation
- Anti-globalization movement
- Eurasianism
- Igor Panarin
- Intermediate Region
- Pan-Slavism
- Rashism
- Russian irredentism
- Russian world
- Russophilia
- Slavophilia
- Statism
- List of Russian philosophers
Notes
- ^ Also spelled Alexander.
- ^ Sources:
- Lewis, Lall, Alexandra, Marie (4 July 2023). "From decolonisation to authoritarianism: the co-option of the decolonial agenda in higher education by right-wing nationalist elites in Russia and India". Higher Education. 87 (5): 1471–1488. S2CID 259600071.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
- Lewis, Lall, Alexandra, Marie (4 July 2023). "From decolonisation to authoritarianism: the co-option of the decolonial agenda in higher education by right-wing nationalist elites in Russia and India". Higher Education. 87 (5): 1471–1488.
- Zizek, Slavoj (25 August 2022). "Degeneracy, Depravity, and the New Right". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023.
- Lall, Marie (2022). "The effects of the Ukraine conflict on South Asia – uncovering the clashing world views of populist autocracies vs. (neo)liberal democracies". Suntory. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023.
References
Citations
- ^
Lukic, Rénéo; Brint, Michael, eds. (2001). Culture, politics, and nationalism in the age of globalization. Ashgate. p. 103. ISBN 9780754614364. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Dugin defines 'thalassocracy' as 'power exercised thanks to the sea,' opposed to 'tellurocracy' or 'power exercised thanks to the land' ... The 'thalassocracy' here is the United States and its allies; the 'tellurocracy' is Eurasia.
- ISBN 978-5469006510.
- ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (12 May 2022). "The far-right mystical writer who helped shape Putin's view of Russia – Alexander Dugin sees the Ukraine war as part of a wider, spiritual battle between traditional order and progressive chaos". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
- ^ ISSN 0043-8200.
- ^ "Russia: National Bolsheviks, The Party Of 'Direct Action'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 April 2005.
- ^ a b c d "Alexander Dugin: who is Putin ally and apparent car bombing target?". The Guardian. 21 August 2022.
- ^ Shekhovtsov, Anton (2018). Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir, Abingdon, Routledge, p. 43.
- ^ "A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? The roots of Putin's ultranationalism". Los Angeles Times. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- ^ a b c "Russia Probes Car Bomb That Killed Daughter of Putin Ideologist". Bloomberg News. 21 August 2022.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- In a 1999 interview for the Polish magazine Fronda, Dugin explains: "In Hegelianism is Ivan Peresvetov – the man who in 16th century invented the oprichnina for Ivan the Terrible. He was the true creator of Russian fascism. He created the idea that state is everything and an individual is nothing." "Czekam na Iwana Groźnego"[I'm waiting for Ivan the Terrible]. 11/12 (in Polish). Fronda. 1999. p. 133. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- Shekhovtsov, Anton (2008). "The Palingenetic Thrust of Russian Neo-Eurasianism: Ideas of Rebirth in Aleksandr Dugin's Worldview". S2CID 144301027. Archived from the originalon 18 September 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Numerous studies reveal Dugin – with different degrees of academic cogency – as a champion of fascist and ultranationalist ideas, a geopolitician, an 'integral Traditionalist', or a specialist in the history of religions. . . . This paper is not aimed at offering an entirely new conception of Dugin and his political views, though it will, hopefully, contribute to a scholarly vision of this political figure as a carrying agent of fascist Weltanschauung.
- Shekhovtsov, Anton (2009). "Aleksandr Dugin's Neo-Eurasianism: The New Right à la Russe". Religion Compass: Political Religions. 3 (4): 697–716. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00158.x. Archived from the originalon 3 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- Ingram, Alan (November 2001). "Alexander Dugin: geopolitics and neo-fascism in post-Soviet Russia". .
- "The Most Dangerous Philosopher in the World". Big Think. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- Rascoe, Ayesha (27 March 2022). "Russian intellectual Aleksandr Dugin is also commonly known as 'Putin's brain'". NPR News. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
Dugin is a good old-fashioned mystical fascist of the sort that kind of flourished after World War I, when many people in Europe felt lost, felt like the Old World had failed, and were searching around for explanations. And a certain set of them decided the problem was all of modern thinking, the idea of freedom, the idea of individual rights. And in Dugin's case, he felt that the Russian Orthodox Church was destined to rule as an empire over all of Europe and Asia. And eventually, in a big book in 1997, he laid out the road map for accomplishing that. He's continued to be intimately involved in the Russian military, Russian intelligence services and Putin's inner circle.
- Dunlop, John B. (31 January 2004). "Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics". The Europe Center, Stanford University. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
By summer 2001, Aleksandr Dugin, a neo-fascist ideologue, had managed to approach the center of power in Moscow, having formed close ties with elements in the presidential administration, the secret services, the Russian military, and the leadership of the state Duma.
- Umland, Andreas (July 2010). "Aleksandr Dugin's transformation from a lunatic fringe figure into a mainstream political publicist, 1980–1998: A case study in the rise of late and post-Soviet Russian fascism". Journal of Eurasian Studies. Disciplinary and Regional Trends in Russian and Eurasian Studies: Retrospective Glances and New Steps. 1 (2): 144–152. S2CID 154863277.
- In a 1999 interview for the Polish magazine Fronda, Dugin explains: "In
- ^ Burton, Tara Isabella (12 May 2022). "The far-right mystical writer who helped shape Putin's view of Russia". The Washington Post. Washington D.C. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
In the early 1990s, he co-founded the National Bolshevik Party with controversial punk-pornography novelist Eduard Limonov, blending fascist and communist-nostalgic rhetoric and imagery; edgy, ironic (and not-so-ironic) transgression; and genuine reactionary politics. The party's flag was a black hammer and sickle in a white circle against a red background, a communist mirror image of a swastika. The party's half-sincere mantra? 'Da smert' (Yes, death), delivered with a sieg-heil-style raised arm.
- ^ Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism, Arktos (2014) p.26
- ^ Shaun Walker (23 March 2014). "Ukraine and Crimea: what is Putin thinking?". The Guardian.
- ^ BBC Russian Service. 30 June 2014.
- ^ Benjamin R. Teitelbaum (2020). War for Eternity: The Return of Traditionalism and the Rise of the Populist Right. Allen Lane. pp. 155–156.
- ^ a b c "Factbox: Alexander Dugin advocates a vast new Russian empire". Reuters. 21 August 2022.
- ^ a b Multiple sources:
- Barbashin, Anton; Thoburn, Hannah (31 March 2014). "Putin's Brain: Alexander Dugin and the Philosophy Behind Putin's Invasion of Crimea". Foreign Affairs.
- Rutland, Peter (December 2016). "Geopolitics and the Roots of Putin's Foreign Policy". JSTOR 26549593.
Dugin ... has attracted a great deal of publicity since the annexation of Crimea, with analysts even describing him as 'Putin's brain.'
- "Russian intellectual Aleksandr Dugin is also commonly known as 'Putin's brain'". NPR. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- Heintz, Jim (21 August 2022). "Car blast kills daughter of Russian known as 'Putin's brain'". Associated Press.
- "Who Is 'Putin's Brain' Whose Daughter Was Just Killed In A Car Bomb In Russia?". Outlook. 23 August 2022.
- Rahman, Khalida (21 August 2022). "Who is Alexander Dugin? 'Putin's Brain' in Distress After Daughter Killed". Newsweek.
- ^ a b "Putin under fire from the ultranationalists after Daria Dugina's assassination". Le Monde. 22 August 2022.
- ^ ISBN 9781498510691.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ a b Barros, George (8 July 2019). "The West Overestimates Aleksandr Dugin's Influence in Russia". Providence. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ Доктор Дугин (in Russian). Литературная Россия. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
Dugin, who left Alexander's mother when his son was three. While Dugin had very little contact with the man after that, it does appear that his father loomed large in his life. Dugin has been vague in various interviews about his father's profession. He told me and others that Geli was a general in military intelligence (the GRU). But when pressed, he admitted he didn't actually know for a fact what he did. 'At the end of his life he worked for the customs police, but where he worked before that – he did not tell me. That I do not really know.' Dugin's friends, however, are adamant that his father must have been someone of rank within the Soviet system. For starters, the family had the accoutrements of prestige – a nice dacha, relatives with nice dachas, and access to opportunities. According to Dugin's close friend and collaborator Gaidar Dzhemal, Geli Dugin had, on more than one occasion, intervened from a high-ranking position in the Soviet state to get his son out of trouble.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
Alexander, Geli was transferred to the customs service after his son's detention in 1983 by the KGB.
- ^ S2CID 202323563.
- ^ S2CID 154863277.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-14-199204-4.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
Dugin is very forthright about his early Nazi antics, which he says were more about his total rebellion against a stifling Soviet upbringing than any real sympathy for Hitler. Still, virtually everyone who remembers Dugin from his early years brings it up.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
He adopted the nom de plume 'Hans Sievers', which added a hint of Teutonic severity to an already colourful and fairly camp militaristic–folklore style. The impression he created was, as his later collaborator Eduard Limonov described it, a 'picture of Oscar Wildean ambiguity'. Sievers was not just a stage name: it was a complete persona and alter ego. This was painstakingly composed of as many antisocial elements as its creator could find – a total and malevolent rebellion not just against the Soviet Union, but against convention and public taste as a whole: his namesake, Wolfram Sievers
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
In the evenings he read voraciously, learned to speak Italian, German, French and English, played the guitar and wrote songs.
- ^ Alexandr Dugin en Argentina: "Nada puede frenar la transición hacia el mundo multipolar". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ ISBN 9780765611642.
- ISBN 978-0-14-199204-4.
- ^ a b Charles Clover (5 October 2011). "Putin's grand vision and echoes of '1984'". Financial Times. In Russian: Чарльз Кловер (6 October 2011). Грандиозные планы Путина и отголоски "1984" (in Russian). inoSMI.
- ^ a b Christian von Neef (14 July 2014). "Jeder Westler ist ein Rassist". Der Spiegel (in German). No. 29. In Russian: Кристиан Нееф (16 July 2014). Дугин: На Западе все расисты (in Russian). InoSMI.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
The KGB's goal, according to Yakovlev, was to allow the dissident movement to 'let off steam', but it quickly lost control of Pamyat. 'From Pamyat there grew a new generation of more extreme Nazi movements. In this way the KGB gave birth to Russian fascism.'
- ^ a b c John Dunlop (January 2004). "Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya. 12 (1): 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2016.
'It is especially important,' Dugin adds, 'to introduce geopolitical disorder into internal American activity, encouraging all kinds of separatism and ethnic, social and racial conflicts, actively supporting all dissident movements—extremist, racist, and sectarian groups, thus destabilizing internal political processes in the U.S.'
- ^ "Александр Гельевич Дугин, политик постмодерна". The Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
- ^ Dunlop, John B. (30 July 2004). "Russia's New—and Frightening—"Ism"". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ "The Unlikely Origins of Russia's Manifest Destiny". Foreign Policy. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ a b Andreas Umland (15 April 2008). "Will United Russia become a fascist party?". Hürriyet Daily News.
- ^ Allensworth, Wayne (1998). The Russian Question: Nationalism, Modernization and Post-Communist Russia. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 251.
- ^ "Последний фольксфюрер". Elementy (6). 2000. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018.
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- ^ Laruelle 2019, pp. 95–96.
- ^ a b "Ereticamente intervista Aleksandr Dugin, a cura di Eduardo Zarelli" [Ereticamente interviews Aleksandr Dugin, edited by Eduardo Zarelli]. Ereticamente.net (in Italian). 31 March 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ^ "Did philosopher Alexander Dugin, aka "Putin's brain," shape the 2016 election?". 5 May 2018.
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A few weeks earlier, the confrontation with Aleksandr Dugin, Russian intellectual and theorist of the Euro-Asian empire. ... Sometimes he [Lévy] stands as a witness, sometimes he thinks as an activist. Sometimes, and in certain periods more and more, he stands as a bulwark. Against Zemmour and for the Kurds. Against Dugin and for democracy.
- ^ doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00158.x. Archived from the originalon 3 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ .
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- Hegelianism is Ivan Peresvetov – the man who in 16th century invented the oprichnina for Ivan the Terrible. He was the true creator of Russian fascism. He created the idea that state is everything and an individual is nothing.
- ^ The Ordo Templi Orientis Phenomenon. "Mega Therion and his books in the Russian tradition". Archived 24 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Ordo Templi Orientis. Russia
- ^ Fr. Marsyas. "Christian Bouchet's Interview in 1993". Parareligion.ch
- ^ Aleksandr G. Dugin, Hyperborean Theory: The Experience of Ariosophical Research (Giperboreiskaia teoriia: Opit ariosofskogo issledovaniia), Moscow 1993; Aleksandr G. Dugin, "Herman Wirth and the Sacred Proto-Language of Humanity: In Search of the Holy Grail of Meanings" (transl. Jafe Arnold), in: Dugin, Philosophy of Traditionalism (Filosofiia Traditsionalizma), Moscow 2002, p. 135–167; Aleksandr G. Dugin, '"Herman Wirth's Theory of Civilization" (transl. Jafe Arnold), in: Dugin, Noomakhia: Wars of the Mind, vol. 14: Geosophy – Horizons and Civilizations (Noomakhia: voinii uma, vol. 14: Geosofiia: gorizonti i tsivilizatsii), Moscow 2017, p. 153–157.
- ^ Jafe Arnold, Mysteries of Eurasia: The Esoteric Sources of Alexander Dugin and the Yuzhinsky Circle, Research Masters Thesis, Amsterdam 2019, p. 72–73. Cf. Marlene Laruelle, Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields, Abington, Oxfordshire / New York 2019, p. 95–133 (A Textbook Case of Doctrinal Entrepreneurship: Aleksandr Dugin) (download here). Ibidem, 'Alexander Dugin and Eurasianism', in: Mark Sedgwick (ed.), Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy, Oxford 2019, p. 155–169, 157, 159. Jacob Christiansen Senholt, "Radical Politics and Political Esotericism: The Adaption of Esoteric Discourse within the Radical Right", in: Egil Asprem, Kennet Granholm (red.), Contemporary Esotericism, Abbington, Oxfordshire / New York 2013, p. 244–264, 252–254. Jafe Arnold, "Alexander Dugin and Western Esotericism: The Challenge of the Language of Tradition", in: Mondi: Movimenti Simbolici e Sociali dell'Uomo 2 (2019), p. 33–70.
- ^ Highly critical of Dugin's enthousiasm for Wirth: Leonid A. Mosionjnik, Technology of the Historical Myth (Tekhnologiya istoricheskogo mifa), Saint Petersburg 2012, p. 95–102 et passim (here for download).
- ^ Aleksandr G. Dugin, "Herman Wirth: In Search of the Holy Grail of Meanings" (German Virt: v poiskakh Sviatogo Graalia smislov Archived 14 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine) (1998), in: Ibidem, Philosophy of Traditionalism (Filosofiia Traditsionalizma), Moscow 2002, p. 135–167, 162. See also Dugin, 'Runology According to Herman Wirth' (transl. Jafe Arnold), in: Absolute Homeland (Absoliutnaia Rodina Archived 7 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine), Moscow 1999, p. 489 (Ch. 9). Ibidem, 'Herman Wirth: Runes, Great Yule, and the Arctic Homeland' (transl. Jafe Arnold), Foreword to the 2nd ed. of Hyperborean Theory: Signs of the Great Nord (Znaki Velikogo Norda: Giperboreiskaia teoriia Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine), Moscow 2008, p. 3–20, 17.
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- ^ Lee, p. 314
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For this mobilization, the NBP used a bizarre mixture of totalitarian and fascist symbols, geopolitical dogma, leftist ideas, and national-patriotic demagoguery.
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Paul Sonne (4 July 2014). "Russian Nationalists Feel Let Down by Kremlin". The Wall Street Journal. - ^ a b "Russia This Week: Dugin Dismissed from Moscow State University? (23–29 June)". interpretermag.com. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
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After unsuccessful interventions in post-Soviet party politics, Mr. Dugin focused on developing his influence where it counted – with the military and policymakers ... In Mr. Dugin's adjustment of Eurasianism to present conditions, Russia had a new opponent – no longer just Europe, but the whole of the 'Atlantic' world led by the United States. And his Eurasianism was not anti-imperial but the opposite: Russia had always been an empire, Russian people were 'imperial people', and after the crippling 1990s sellout to the 'eternal enemy', Russia could revive in the next phase of global combat and become a 'world empire'.
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- ^ "Александра Дугина много раз называли "мозгом" Кремля. Как утверждают источники "Медузы", его влияние на Путина действительно выросло — но произошло это после убийства его дочери Дарьи Дугиной" [Alexander Dugin has been called the "brain" of the Kremlin many times. According to Meduza's sources, his influence on Putin did grow, but this happened after the murder of his daughter Daria Dugina]. Meduza (in Russian). 3 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
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- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
Before being introduced to Alexander Dugin in June 1990, the French writer Alain de Benoist had never really gone out of his way to meet Russians, and they had never really gone out of their way to meet him.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
Another radical Dugin courted was Jean-François Thiriart, an eccentric Belgian optician, who was a proponent of National Bolshevism and a European empire stretching from Vladivostok to Dublin ... Dugin also met Yves Lacoste, publisher of Hérodote, a journal devoted to geopolitics, who appears to have been an adviser to various French political figures.
- ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1.
Dugin travelled extensively in Europe. He spoke at a colloquium organized by de Benoist, and appeared on Spanish TV and at various conferences. In 1992 he would ultimately invite his new cohort of European far-rightists to Moscow, where they met some of Dugin's new patrons, who – they were surprised to realize – included quite a few military men.
- ISBN 978-0-14-199204-4.
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Works cited
- Clover, Charles (2016). Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. Yale University Press. OCLC 944961411.
- Laruelle, Marlene (2006). "Aleksandr Dugin: A Russian Version of the European Radical Right?". Occasional Paper #254. Kennan Institute, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
- ——— (July 2015). Eurasianism and the European Far Right: Reshaping the Europe-Russia Relationship. Lexington Books. OCLC 1105524560.
- ——— (2019). "A textbook case of doctrinal entrepreneurship: Aleksandr Dugin". Russian Nationalism. Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields. London and New York: OCLC 1042352311.
- Malić, Branko (7 May 2017). "The Invisible Empire: Introduction to Alexander Dugin's "Foundations of Geopolitics", pt. 1". Kali Tribune.
- ——— (9 May 2015). "Against The Gnostics: Anti-Traditional and Anti-Christian Core of Alexander Dugin's 4th Political Theory". Kali Tribune.
- ——— (23 January 2015). "Idiot's Guide to Chaos: Some Passages from Dugin's "4th PT" Left Untranslated Into English". Kali Tribune.
- Marinescu, Mihai (31 January 2017). "A Serpent Oil Salesman: Alexander Dugin from Eastern Orthodox Perspective". Kali Tribune.
- Millerman, Michael (18 September 2020). Beginning with Heidegger: Strauss, Rorty, Derrida, Dugin and the Philosophical Constitution of the Political. London: Arktos Media Limited. OCLC 1198715113.
- Umland, Andreas. "Post-Soviet "Uncivil Society" and the Rise of Aleksandr Dugin: A Case Study of the Extraparliamentary Radical Right in Contemporary Russia". PhD in Politics, University of Cambridge, 2007.
- R. Teitelbaum, Benjamin (21 April 2020). War for Eternity Inside Bannon's Far-Right Circle of Global Power Brokers. Dey Street Books. OCLC 1152156905.
External links
- The Fourth Political Theory
- Movement Eurasia Archived 23 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- PaideumaTV
- Geopolitika.ru
- Works at Eurasianist Archive
- Liverant, Yigal (Winter 2009), "The Prophet of the New Russian Empire", Azure, archived from the original on 2 February 2020
- Will the Russian bear roar again? Archived 15 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Russia's rise in conservative family values, Alexander Dugin featured prominently at 12:30.